Front Back

Smallest air spaces within the lungs Alveoli

Air
twopassing throughspaces
large air-filled the larynx
in the uppermostspeech part of the
respiratory
in system the oral cavity inferior
forced breathing nasaltocavities
the nasal
cavities is included
lies behind the nasal cavities and above the level of nasal cavities
the soft palateinferiorly with oropharynx
communicate NASOPHARYNX
posterior to
the oral cavity
hollow tubular organ containing cartilaginous NASOPHARYNX
framework
flexible air tube responsible
that extendfor producing sounds
larynxto the
from the larynx
thorax trachea
conduit for air trachea
bifurcates into paired main bronchi trachea
enter root of the right or left lung PAIRED MAIN (PRIMARY) BRONCHI
terminal
paired chamberspart of the conducting
separated by apassa
bony BRONCHIOLES
and
cartilaginous
communicates anteriorly with the external CAVITIES
septum NASAL
environment
communicatesthrough the anterior
posteriorly with thenares NASAL
(nostrils)
nasopharynx CAVITIES
through the choanae
and nasolacrimal duct (drains tears from NASAL
the eyeCAVITIES
into
the nasal
dilated cavity)
space of the nasal cavity just inside NASAL CAVITIES
nostrils and lined
by skin Nasal
largest part (inferior two-thirds) of the nasal cavities and vestibule
lined
located by atrespiratory mucosaone-third) of
the apex (upper Respiratory
each nasalregion
cavity
and lined by specialized olfactory mucosa
forms a part of the external nose and communicates Olfactory region
anteriorly with the external environment nasal cavities
lined
beforewith it isstratified
carried insquamous epithel
the air stream to nasal
the restcavities
of the
cavity
lateral wall; shelf-like, bony nasal cavities
projections
divide each nasal cavity into separate air conchae
chambers / turbinates
and play
a dual role
filtration of inspired air through the process conchae / turbinates
of turbulent
precipitation
general name for cells that has short, conchae / turbinates
blunt microvilli
basal cells but has secretory granules; brush cells
enteroendocrine
stem cells from which cells of
thethe APUD
other cellsystem
Small granule cells (Kulchitsky cells)
types arisevascular network that includes
has a rich, basal cells
a complex
set of capillary
contains mucous loops
glands whose secretion LAMINA PROPRIA
supplements
that of the goblet cells
variable extent, the contiguous lateral and medial LAMINA PROPRIA
nasal
in color walls
due to the pigment in the olfactory OLFACTORY REGION OF THE NASAL CAVITY
epithelium
and olfactory glands OLFACTORY REGION OF THE NASAL CAVITY
Contiguous
Contains, blood and lymphatic vessels,▪unmyelinated
with the periosteum of th Lamina propria
olfactory
Apical domain nerves,hasmyelinated
a dendriticnerves,
processolfactory
▪that
Lamina glands
propria
projects above
the
vesicle and extend radially in a plane parallel to vesicle
epithelial surface as a knoblike structure
olfactory called
the epithelial
surface;
dura andnonmotile
arachnoidor may have
matters, limited▪ OLFACTORY
surrounded mobility
by pia mater, RECEPTOR CELLS
enters
formedthe by olfactory bulb of the brain ▪ OLFACTORY RECEPTOR CELLS
the collections
of axons from olfactory receptor cells olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I)
Lifespan
autonomic of nervous
about 1 month
system, they appear OLFACTORY
to be the onlyRECEPTOR CELLS
neurons readily replaced during postnatal OLFACTORY
life RECEPTOR CELLS
columnar cells that are similar to neuro S UPPORTING
provide mechanical and metabolic support to the olfactory OR SUSTENTACULAR CELLS
receptor cells SUPPORTING OR SUSTENTACULAR CELLS
synthesize and secrete odorant-bindinSUPPORTING OR SUSTENTACULAR CELLS
most
Nucleinumerous
occupy a more cells inapical
the olfactory
position inSUPPORTING
the epithelium ORthan
SUSTENTACULAR CELLS
do those ofmicrovilli
numerous the otheroncell types
their SUPPORTING
apical surface, OR SUSTENTACULAR CELLS
and abundant
mitochondria SUPPORTING OR SUSTENTACULAR CELLS
Numerous SER and limited RER ▪ SUPPORTING OR SUSTENTACULAR CELLS
Have
Adhering junctions are found between▪these
lipofuscin granules SUPPORTING
cells andORtheSUSTENTACULAR CELLS
olfactory receptor cells ▪ SUPPORTING OR SUSTENTACULAR CELLS
No gap
stem andfrom
cells tightwhich
junctions ▪ SUPPORTING
new olfactory receptor cells andOR SUSTENTACULAR CELLS
supporting cells differentiate basal cells
small,
ensheatherounded cellsportion
the first locatedofclose to t basalreceptor
the olfactory cells cell
axon basal cells
same cell type that occurs in the respi brush cells
large, surface
basal blunt microvilli at their
is in synaptic apicalwith
contact s brush
nervecells
fibers
that penetrate the basal lamina brush
Involved in transduction of general sensory stimulation of cells
the mucosa
vesicles near the apical cell membrane,brush and acells
well-defined
Golgi
their proteinaceous secretions via ducts ontocells
apparatus brush the
olfactory surface serves as a trap and solvent
serous secretion OLFACTORYfor GLANDS (BOWMAN’S GLANDS)
odoriferous
air-filled spacessubstances
in the bones of the walls OLFACTORY
of the nasalGLANDS (BOWMAN’S GLANDS)
cavity PARANASAL SINUSES
lined
Ethmoid,by respiratory epithelium
frontal, sphenoid, and maxillary PARANASAL
(named SINUSES
after the bonewith
communicate where thethey arecavities
nasal located) PARANASAL
via narrow SINUSES
openings onto the respiratory mucosaparanasal sinuses
Mucosal surface has
Mucus produced numerous
in the goblet
sinuses is swept paranasal
into the sinuses
nasal
cavities
connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynxsinuses
by coordinated ciliary movements paranasal and
esophagus pharynx
passageway for air and food pharynx
acts as a resonating chamber for spee pharynx
posterior
connect the to the nasal and oral cavitiespharynx
nasopharynx
to each middle
nodules ear
at the junction auditoryand
between the superior (Eustachian) tubes
posterior
passageway for air between the oropharynx and tonsil
walls of the pharynx pharyngeal
trachea
elastic cartilage (epiglottis and the vocal larynx
processes of
the arytenoid cartilages) larynx
serves as the organ for producing sou larynx
two folds
lateral of mucosa
boundaries ofthat project into
the opening vocal
of the foldsthe rima
larynx,
glottidis vocal folds
Skeletal muscle; contained within eachvocalis muscle
 Insert on cartilages of the larynx extrinsic laryngeal muscles
 originate in extralaryngeal structure extrinsic laryngeal muscles
 move the larynx during deglutition ( extrinsic laryngeal muscles
 Elongated recess above the vocal co ventricle
Pair
do notof mucosal
have thefolds immediately
intrinsic muscular abov ▪ ventricular
investment folds
of the true(false cords)
vocal cords = do
Inflammation andnot modulate
swelling in phonation
of the larynx▪ ventricular folds (false cords)
caused by viruses
and other microbial agents ▪ Acute
hoarseness or, in more severe cases, the total loss of voice, laryngitis
coughing,
caused by and difficulty
prolonged with swallowing
exposure ▪ Acute
and
of irritating breathing
laryngitis
agents such as
tobacco
short, smoke,airdust,
flexible, tubeand/or
about polluted
2.5 cm inair
Chronic
diameter laryngitis
and
about
conduit10for cmairlong trachea inspired
and its wall assists in conditioning
air trachea
extends from the larynx to about the mtrachea
divides
lumen staysinto the
open two main (primary)
because brtrachea of the
of the arrangement
series ofpseudostratified
ciliated, cartilaginous rings epithelium and trachea
an elastic,
fiber-rich lamina propria mucosa
composed of a slightly denser connective tissue than
the lamina propria SUBMUCOSA
composed of C-shaped hyaline cartilagCARTILAGINOUS LAYER
unique
preventfeature
collapseofofthe thetrachea
tracheal lumenCARTILAGINOUS
particularly LAYER
during expiration
composed of connective tissue that binds CARTILAGINOUS
the trachea LAYER
to adjacent structures
most numerous and extend through the full thickness adventitia
of the hair-like
short, epithelium profiles projecting fromCILIATED the apicalCELLS
surface
below the cilia is a dark line formed by the aggregated CILIATED CELLS
ciliary
serves basal
as an bodies
important protective mechanism CILIATEDfor CELLS
removing
small inhaled
similar particlesto
in appearance from the lungs
intestinal “mucociliary
goblet cells and are escalator
thus often referred to by the same
interspersed among the ciliated cells and also extend name
mucous cells
through the full thickness
number increases of the epithelium
during chronic mucous
irritation cells
of the air
passages
Respiratory representatives of the general classcells mucous of
enteroendocrine
usually occur singly cells of the
in the gut and
trachea andgut
SMALL
arederivatives
GRANULE CELLS (KULCHITSKY CELLS)
sparsely
dispersed
microscope among
without thespecial
other cell types SMALL
techniques such as GRANULE
silver CELLS (KULCHITSKY CELLS)
staining, which reacts with the granules SMALL GRANULE CELLS (KULCHITSKY CELLS)
the secretion
reserve is catecholamine
cell population that maintains SMALL individualGRANULE
cell CELLS (KULCHITSKY CELLS)
replacement
prominent because their nuclei form abasal
in the epithelium row in cells
close
proximity to the basal lamina
Diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymphatic nodules basal cells
characteristically
Contains the larger extend into this
distributing layersubmucosa
vessels and
lymphatics
C-shaped; sometimes anastomose w/ adjacent submucosa
cartilages
arrangement provides flexibility to theCARTILAGINOUS tracheal pipe LAYER
and also maintains
lies peripheral patency
to the cartilage of the
ringslumenCARTILAGINOUS
and trachealis LAYER
muscle
Binds trachea to adjacent structures in the neck and adventitia
mediastinum
supply the tracheal wall and larger lymphatics adventitia that
drain the wall
bronchopulmonary segments; left lungadventitia has _ and the
right lung has
segmental _
bronchus 8, 10
and the lung parenchyma
discontinuous cartilage plates it supplies
that becomebronchopulmonary
smaller as segment 
bronchial diameter diminishes
with that of adjacent structures (pulmonary artery and Cartilage layer
lung
smallerparenchyma)
units of structure that Adventitia
make up the pulmonary lobules Pulmonary acini
smallest functional unit of pulmonary
consists of a single respiratory bronchiole respiratory
and the bronchiolar
alveoli unit
that it supplies
nonciliated cells with rounded or dome-shaped respiratory bronchiolar unit
apical
surface projection
preventing luminal adhesion should the Clara
wallcells
of the
airway collapse on itself during
first part of the bronchial tree that allows gasexpiration
Clara cells
exchange Respiratory bronchioles
involved
Have a narrow diameter and are lined Respiratory
in both air conduction and g by cuboidal bronchioles
site of gas exchange; actual sites of gasRespiratory
epithelium exchange bronchioles
between
increases the the air and the
surface area blood
availabale for alveoli
lung
exchange alveoli
terminal
surrounded air spaces of the of
by a network respiratory
capillariesalveoli
bringing blood
closer to the
elongated inhaled
airways thatairhave
insidealmost
the alveolus
noalveoli
walls, only
alveoli, as their peripheral boundary Alveolar ducts
spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoAlveolar sacs
surrounding
May occur atalveoli open into of
the termination these
the spAlveolar
ducts but may sacs
occur anywhere along the length of the Alveolar
ducts sacs
surrounds
thin and separates
connective tissue layer thethat
alveoli f alveolar
contains bloodseptum or septal wall
capillaries alveolar septum or septal wall
decreases the alveolar surface tension and actively
participates in the clearance of foreignsurfactant
materials