LAKSHMI NARAYANA VIDYANIKETHAN

SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

(Affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education, Delhi
Affiliation No: 930368)
Palappuram, Ottapalam
Kerala - 679103

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

DONE BY
RISWANA MUJEEB RAHMAN
 BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
ON
CORONARY ARTERY DESEASE

DONE BY
RISWANA MUJEEB RAHMAN

CLASS XII-A
REG NO:

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Ms SAJITHA K U
Dept. of Biology
LAKSHMI NARAYANA VIDYANIKETHAN
Palappuram, Ottapalam
Submitted for the AISSCE – 2023
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that is a bonafide record of biology project work titled CORONARY
ARTERY DESEASE done by RISWANA MUJEEB RAHMAN of class XII Science, Reg
No …………………………Under the guidance of Ms Sajitha K U Faculty Department of
science & PGT Biology, Lakshmi Narayana Vidyanikethan, Ottapalam-3 of this school in the
school laboratory during the academic year 2022-2023 for the purpose of submitting for
practical examination of All India Senior School Certificate Examination (AISSCE) 2023.

DATED :

Mrs K S Sheela
Principal
Lakshmi Narayana
Vidyanikethan
Senior secondary school
Palappuram, Ottapalm -3
 GUIDE’S CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the biology project work titled CORONARY ARTERY DESEASE
submitted for the practical examination of All India Senior School Certificate Examination
(AISSCE) – 22-23 is a bonafide record of the work done by RISWANA MUJEEB
RAHMAN, class XII science, Reg No:…………………….. under my supervision &
guidance in the school laboratory during the academic year 2022-2023.

Dated: Ms Sajitha K U
FACULTY, Dept. of Science & PGT Biology
Lakshmi Narayana vidyanikethan
Senior secondary school
Palappuram, Ottapalam-3
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this is a bonafide record of the biology work titled CORONARY
ARTERY DESEASE done by me under the guidance of Ms Sajitha K U, Faculty Department
of science & PGT Biology, Lakshmi Narayana Vidyanikethan Senior Secondary School,
palappuram , Ottapalam-3 in the school laboratory during the academic year 2022-2023 for
the purpose of submitting for practical examination of All India Senior School Certificate
Examination (AISSCE) 2023.

RISWANA MUJEEB
RAHMAN Class : XII-A
REG NO:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who directly or indirectly helped me in planning
and completing this project work successfully.
I also thank our respected Chairman Sri.K.RAMAKRISHNAN SIR and manager Sri.K.R
SANDEEP NARAYANAN SIR for providing me with all the facilities and equipments
needed for the same.
I woold also like to immensely thank our Principal Mrs.K.S. SHEELA for the
encouragement and support she rended to complete this project work. I would like to
acknowlwdge with profound gratitude the most valuabale guidance, suggestions and
inspirations given bymy Biology Teacher and Project Guide Ms Sajitha K U, Faculty, dept
of science &PGT Biology and also for providing us with ample laboratory hours so as to
complete bthisn project work in time and prepare this report.
My sincere thanks to the lab assistant Mrs.JALAJA.K who has helped me immensely in
completing the project within the stipulated time.
I express my sincere thanks and gratitude to each one f my friends and my parents for the
support during the period of the project work and for their exemplary help in the preparartion
of the report.
Beyond everything I am indebted to the omnipotent God for his grace that enabled me to
complete this project work in time.
Dated :
RISWANA MUJEEB RAHMAN
Class XII-A Science
Reg No:

INDEX

SL NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1. CERTIFICATE
2. GUIDE'S
CIRTIFICATE
3. DECLARATION
4. ACKNOWLEDGEME
NT
5 AIM
6. INTRODUCTION
7. CAUSES
8. SYMPTOMS
9. TREATMENT
10. RISK FACTORS
11. EFFECTS
 AIM
To study and understand about coronary artery desease,its causes
symptoms and treatment.

INTRODUCTION
Coronary artery desease (CAD, also called coronary heart desease, or
CHD) is caused by the narrowing of the large blood vessels that
supply the heart with oxygen. These are called coronary arteries.
Arteries that have become extremely narrow can cause shortness of
breath and chest pain during physical activity. If a coronary artery
suddenly becomes completely blocked, it can result in a heart attack.
CAD can also lead to other health problems like heart failure or heart
rhythm problems. Various treatments can be used to reduce the
symptoms and the risk of complications.

CAUSES
CAD is caused by arteriosclerosis (hardening of the blood
vessels ).Arteriosclerosis develops from minor inflammations in the
walls of blood vessels. Cells, fats and other substances stick to the
walls there and form deposits. These are called plaques.
Deposits in the coronary arteries aren't noticeable at first. If they build
up over time,they may start affecting the flow of blood through the
blood vessel more and more, until one part of the heart muscle doesn't
get enough oxyge. Physical activity or emotional stress can then lead
to discomfort and chest pain (stable angina).
But the plaques can also suddenly break open.A blood clot may form
there that blocks the blood vessel almost entirely. If this happens, the
chest pain may also occur with out any previous physical exertion
(unstable angina). If one of the arteries is blocked completely
(infarct), part of the heart muscle will die if no immediate action is
taken.
In stable angina this threshold remains unchanged for a longer period
of time. The severity of the symptoms is always about the same, too.
The symptoms go away quickly with rest or after taking medicine.
Unstable angina is used to describe angina in which the symptoms
become worse suddenly without any change in physical exertion, or if
the threshold changes.The pain may start earlier, last longer, occur
more frequently or become more intense. The very first time that
angina is a medical emergency: there is a risk of heart attack because
the artery may become fully blocked without any warning.

SYMPTOMS
CAD symptoms can range from shortness of breath to chest pain of
varying intensity. This kind of chest pain is called angina. It is usually
associated with a feeling of constriction or anxiety, and it may extend
in to the arms, back of the neck, back, upper abdomen or jaw. These
symptoms are most often triggered by physical exertion because the
heart muscle needs more oxygen then. They occur if too little blood
flows through the coronary arteries. The levek of physical activity at
which the symptoms start to occur is also reffered to as the "angina
threshold".

TREATMEANT
The main goals of treatment for CAD are to relieve symptoms and
prevent complications.
Medication can reduce the symptoms and restrictions in everyday life
caused by stable angina. Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers and
nitrates are used for this purpose. If that doesn't help, doctors often try
to widen the narrowed coronary artery with a procedure using a
cardiac catheter. If the arteries are severely narrowed, or if several
blood vessels are affected, bypass
Surgery may be considered. This involves taking a blood vessel from
elsewhere in the body and using it to redirect blood around the
blocked coronary artery (bypassing it).

RISK FACTORS
Coronary artery disease is common.Age, genetics,other health
conditions and lifestyle choices can affect the health of the heart
arteries.
Coronary artery disease risk factors include:
● Age. Getting order increases the risk of damaged and narrowed
arteries.
● Sex. Men are generally at greater risk of coronary artery
desease. However, the risk for women increases after
menopause.
● Family history. A family history of heart disease makes you
more likely to get coronary artery disease. This is especially true
if a close relative ( parent, sibling) developed heart disease at an
early age. The risk is highest if your father or a brother had heart
disease before age 55 or if your mother or a sister developed it
before age 65.
● Smoking. If you smoke, quit. Smoking is bad for heart health.
People who smoke have a significantly increased risk of heart
disease. Breathing in secondhand smoke also increases the risk.
● A lot of stress. Emotional stress may damage the arteries and
worsen other risk factors for coronary artery disease.
● Unhealthy diet.Eating foods with a lot of saturated fat, trans fat,
salt and sugar can increase the risk of coronary artery disease.
● alcohol use. Heavy alcohol use can lead to heart muscle
damage. It can also worsen other risk factors of coronary artery
disease.
● Amount of sleep. Too little andtoo much sleep have both been
linked to an increased risk of heart disease.
● High cholesterol. Too much bad cholesterol in the blood can
increase the risk of atherosclerosis. Bad cholesterol is called
low- density lipoprotein(LDL) cholesterol. Not enough good
cholesterol -called high density lipoprotein (HDL)- also leads to
atherosclerosis.
● Diabetes. Diabetes increases the risk of coronary artery disease.
Type 2 diabetattack.oronary artery disease share some risk
factors, such as obesity and high blood pressure.
● Overweight or obesity. Excess body weight is bad for overall
health. Obesity can lead to type 2 diabetes and high blood
pressure. Ask your health care provider what a healthy weight is
for you.
● Chronic kidney disease. Having long-term kidney disease
increases the risk of coronary artery disease.

EFFECTS
Coronary artery desease can also lead to other health problems,
most commonly heart attacks heart rhythm problems like atrial
fibrillation, and heart failure (cardiac insufficiency ).
Some people who have CAD develop depression too. This is
more likely following a heart attack