CONTENTS

SLNo. TOPIC Page

No.
01. Certificate 01
02. Acknowledgement 02
03. Introduction 03-04
04. Commercial 05
preparation
05. Fat in soap 06 ten
dco 06. Preparation of soaps 07-08 nce
ntr 07. Experiment 09 ate
the 08. Objective 10
09. Theory 11
10. Requirements 12
11. Procedure 13
12. Observation 14
13. Result 15
14. Bibliography 16
15. Samples 17
solution on the surface and causes foaming.
This helps the soap molecules make a
unimolecular film on the surface of water
and to penetrate the fabric. The long non-
polar end of a soap molecule that are
hydrophobic, gravitate towards and
surround the dirt (fat or oil with dust
absorbed in it). The short polar end
containing the carboxylate ion, face the
water away from the dirt. A number of soap
molecules surround or encircle dirt and
grease in a clustered structure called
'micelles', which encircles such particles and
emulsify them. Cleansing action of soaps
decreases in hard water. Hard water
contains Calcium and magnesium ions
which react with sodium carbonate to
produce insoluble carbonates of higher fatty
acids. This hardness can be removed by
addition of Sodium Carbonate.
COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS

The most popular soap making process

today is the cold process method where fat
such as olive oil sector will strong alkaline
solution wild some Soapers use the
historical hot process Handmade soap
different from industrial shopping, usually
and I accept that is sometimes used to
consume the alkali and is not removed,
leaving a natural moisturizer soap and
detergent emollient search as search added
actress which is the saponification process
is sufficiently advanced that the soap has
begun after most of the oils have saponified
So that they remain undirected in the
finished soap.
 FAT IN SOAP
Soap is derived from either vegetable or
animal fats sodium tallowate is derived
from fat soap can also be made of vegetable
oils as palm oil and the product is typically
softer. An array of saponification and fats
are used in the process of chest only with
coconut Palm oil to provide different
qualities for example only for oil provides
info coconut oil provides lots of leather wild
coconut and farmers provide hardness
Sometimes castor oil can also be used as an
event. Unsaponifiable oils and fats that do
not yield so headed for further benefits.
PREAPARATION OF SOAPS

In cold Process and hot process soap

making it may be required the cold process
of making take place at the sufficient
temperature set of a story the fat big used
process can be used right away because the
early and fat saponified quickly at the
higher temperature used in hot process
soap making. Cold process of making
required measurements of alkali and mouse
and computing the ratio using
saponification charts to answer that the
finished product is mild and skin friendly.

IN HOT PROCESS
Hot process in the hot process together at
80- 1000 c saponification which is the soap
maker can determine by taste or by eye.

IN COLD PROCESS
Cold which is the news to calculate the
process soap makes up the saponification
value of the fat used on a saponification
chart appropriate amount of alkali Excess
unreacted allegory in the shop will result In
a very high PH and can burn are edited skin
not enough so far easy teacher the alkalies
dissolved in water that also heated. Then if
the solid at room temperature .Once both
substances to have cooled to approximately
10 degrees fahrenheit guide this Twister
interest there are wearing levels of traces
 EXPERIMENT
Soap samples of various brands are taken
and their capacity with the next informing
capacities said to be heavy tails capacities in
notice sample taken separately and their
foaming capacity is observed best cleaning
capacity the test request to be done with
distilled water as well as with the test of
soap on distilled water give the actual
strength of the cleaning capacity request to
be done with distilled water as well as
Ca+2 ,Mg+2 capacity
 OBJECTIVE

TO COMPARE THE
FOAMING CAPACITY
OF VARIOUS SOAPS.
 THEORY

The foaming capacity of soaps upon the

nature of the shop and its concentration
this may be compared by equal having the
same concentrations which saves the same
amount of time used during disappears
gradually the time taken to disappear in
equal sample is determined the longer the
time take it for the form today disappear
elite sample is determined the longer time
taken for the disappearance of the given
sample offshore of greater is its foaming
capacity cleaning action.
REQUIREMENTS
 Five 100 ml. conical
flask.
 Five test tubes.
100ml. measuring
cylinder
 Test tube stand
 Weighing machine
Stopwatch
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
 5 different of Soap sample
 distilled water and tap water.

Procedure
1. Take 5 100ml conical flasks add
number 1,2,3,4,5 put 60 table of water
in each flask and add 8 grams of soap.
2. Warm the contents to get a solution.
3. Take 5 test tubes add 1 ml of soap
solution to 3 ml of water Repeat the
process for each soap solution in
different test.
4. Close the mouths of the test tube and
vigorously for a minute do the same for
all test tubes and with equal force.
 5. Start the timer immediately and not is
the rate of 2 mm froth.

OBSERVATIONS
Test tube Volume Volum Time taken
no. of soap e of for
solution water disappearan
s added ce
1.Dove 8 ml. 16 ml. 11’42”
2.Lux 8 ml. 16 ml. 3’28”
3.Tetmos 8 ml. 16 ml. 5’10”
ol
4.Santoor 8 ml. 16 ml. 15’32”
5.Cinthol 8 ml. 16 ml. 9’40”
 RESULT

The cleansing capacity of soaps taken is

in the order

SANTOOR>DOVE>CINTHOL
>TETMOSOL>LUX
From these experiment we can infer
that santoor has the highest foaming
capacity in other words highest cleaning
capacity l Lux on the other hand is found
to be have least amount of time taken
disapperance of the foam Produced and
thus is said to be have least foaming
capacity and cleansing capacity test for
handness in water. TEST for Ca+2 and
Mg+2 salts in the water supplied Test for
Ca+2 in water . H2O + NH4Cl +NH4OH+
(NH4)2CO3 No precipitate. That show
negative result for the presence of salts
Causing hardness in water.The water
used doesn’t contain salts of Ca+2 and
Mg+2 .the tap water provided is soft and
thus the experimental.
 BIBLIOGRAPY

1.Together with lab manual chemistry

class xii
2.NCERT books of chemistry
3.www.yahoo.com
4.www.google.com
5.www.cbse.nic.in
6.www.ask.com