GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER: 3 WATER RESOURCES CLASS: X Q1. What are the main causes of water scarcity? (3 m) Ans. The causes of water scarcity in India are: (elaborate each point) *Growing population *Generation of electricity “Domestic use “Urbanisation and urban life style * Agriculture * Pollution “Unequal access to water “Intensive industrialization *Reduction of ground water level Q2. Give any two examples of traditional water harvesting systems prevalent in various Parts of India. What values do you learn from this? (3m or 5m) OR Explain any three methods of Rain Water Harvesting being practiced in India. Ans. *Diversion channels like “Guls” and “Kuls” of western Himalayas are built in hilly and mountainous areas for irrigating agricultural field. *in arid regions of Rajasthan, agricultural fields are converted into rain fed storage structures, locally known as “Khadins” in Jaisalmer and “Johads” in other parts of Rajasthan. _ *Roof top rain water harvesting was commonly practiced to store drinking water in Rajasthan, known as “tankas” or tanks particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer. the hilly areas of Meghalaya, bamboo drip irrigation system, taps stream and spring water is dation channels are constructed to irrigate agricultural fields in flood plains of Bengal. s; Conservation and judicious use of resources. in any three ill effects of industrialization and urbanization on water resources in20S. Industrialisation: *Large number of industries need more fresh water. *Require water for generation of power. “Large machines require water for cooling . Urbanisation “Urban centers have their own ground water pumping devices. *Urban lifestyles, the consumption of water is more. Q4.(a) In recent years, why have multipurpose projects and large dams come under criticism and great scrutiny /opposed? Explain. (write disadvantages) (b) Write three advantages of multipurpose river valley projects. (3m/Sm) (or) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects. Iti-purpose river projects: They not only help in irrigation but also in electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood control, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding. For example, the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood control. Disadvantages: Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor Sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir resulting in rockier Stream beds and poorer habitats for the rivers’ aquatic life. Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate, specially for spawning. Reservoirs created on the floodplains also submerge the existing vegetation and soil leading to its decomposition over a period of time. Write a short note on ‘Hydraulic structures’ in ancient India’. (Sm) Hydraulic structures have been in existence since time immemorial. Below is given some lic structures that existed in ancient India.» “Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works have also been found in Kalinga, (Odisha), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh), Bennur (Karnataka), Kholhapur (Maharashtra), etc. “In the 11" Century, Bhopal lake, one of the largest artificial lakes of its time was built. *In the 14" Century, the tank in Hauz Khas, Delhiwas constructed by IItumish for supplying water to Siri Fort area. Q6 How water becomes a renewable resource? (3m) Ans. All of our drinking water comes from two sources: groundwater (underground aquifers) and surface waters (lakes, rivers, streams). These sources get renewed through the water cycle. That is how water keeps moving between atmosphere and the earth. This is termed as a hydrological cycle. This circulation and conservation of the earth’s water is called the “hydrological cycle’. Sal Why should we conserve water resources? (3m) Ans. The need of the hour is to conserve and manage our water resources, to save ourselves from the health hazards, to ensure food security, continuation of our livelihoods and productive activities and also to prevent degradation of our natural ecosystems. Over-exploitation and mismanagement of water resources will impoverish this resource and cause ecological crisis that may have profound impact over our lives. Q8. What is a dam? What is a spillway? How are dams classified? (5m) Ans. (i) A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often _ Creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment. {ii) Most dams have a section called a spillway or weir over which or through which it is that water will flow either intermittently or continuously. is are classified on the basis of: ed on Structure and material used — dams are classified as timber dams, embankment masonry dams, with several subtypes. on Height — dams are categorized as large dams and major dams or alternatively as medium height dams and high dams. anges have occurred due to irrigation? (3m)(i) Irrigation has changed the cropping patter of many regions with farmers shifting to water intensive and commercial crop. (ii) It has increased the social gap between the richer land owners and the landless poor. ) Dams created conflicts between people wanting different uses and benefits from the same water resources. (iv) Inter-state water disputes are also becoming common with regard to sharing the costs and benefits of the multipurpose project. Q10 How is rooftop rainwater harvesting done? (5m) (i) Roof top rain water is collected using a PVC pipe (ii) Filtered using sand and bricks (iii) Underground pipe takes the water to the sump for immediate usage. (iv) Excess water from the sump is taken to the well (v) Water from the well recharges the underground. vi)Take water from the well (later) 888888888Geo- 3 thalr Resources . Q@ Ee | klas-F PANS Daa P.O Elia ase(i) Discuss how rainwater harvesting in seml-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out. Ans. In arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan large agricultural fields were converted into rain-fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moist the soil like the khadins in Jaisalmer and johads in other parts of Rajasthan. Rooftop rainwater harvesting is commonly practised to store drinking water, in Rajasthan, In arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, almost all the houses traditionally have underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. The tankas are either built inside the house or in the courtyard, They are connected to the sloping roof of the house through a pipe. Rainwater falling on the rooftop trickles down the pipe and is stored in underground tankas. It is called palar pani. \t is an extremely reliable source of drinking water. The tankas are helpful in beating the summer heat, as they keep the rooms adjoining them cool. (ii) Describe how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to conserve and store water. Ans. The following points show how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to conserve and store water.Yhex wth? Social Science—10 (a) Inaridand semi-arid regions of Rajasthan rooftop rainwater harvesting is carried out to store drinking water. (6) Inhillsand mountainous regions, people build diversion channels like guls or kuls for agriculture. (c) Inundation channels are developed by the people in Bengal to irrigate their fields. (@ Agricultural fields have been converted into rain-fed storage structures that allowed water to stand and moisten the field like khadins in Jaisalmer and Johads in other parts of Rajasthan. (e) In Meghalaya, a 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring water by bamboo pipes is common.