CHAPTER: HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION Class X (Biology) 4.Define heredity. The transmission of characters (or traits) from parents to their offsprings is called heredity, Eg: Height, Complexion Colour of the eyes etc 2. What are variations? State the importance of variations. Variations are the differences in the characters (or traits) among the individuals of a species Eg (a) human height shows variation; as some people are very tall, some are less tall, some of medium height etc, (b)Free and attached ear lobes. (i)They enable the organisms to adapt themselves to the changing environment, (ii)Variations form the basis of heredity. (iii)They form raw materials for evolution and the development of new species. (iv)Increase their chance of survival 3. How does the creation of variations in a species promote survival?(T.Bk Pg 143 Qn 2) The significance of a variation is important only if it continues to be inherited by the offsprings for several generations, Eg: Ifa bacterium produces two bacteria by asexual reproduction. Suppose that one of the offsprings has a variation due to which it can tolerate a little higher temperature than the other. Now, this variation of little more heat resistance will go on accumulating in the offsprings of successive generations which will ultimately give rise to a variant bacteria having high heat resistance and is able to survive high temperatures and thus it increases the chance of its survival ina changing environment. 4. Who was Gregor Mendel? What was his contribution? Gregor Mendel was an Austrian geneticist and regarded as the ‘Father of Genetics’. His experiments with garden pea plants and the inferences together with his interpretations constitute the foundation of modern genetics. Mendel's experiments explains us the mechanism for the inheritance of traits form one generation to the next. 5.Define the following: (i) Chromosome: Thread like structure in the nucleus of a cell formed of DNA which carries the genes. (ii) Genes: Itis a unit of DNA on the chromosome that controls a specific character. They work in pairs and are represented by letters. Eg: T-tallness t-dwariness (iii) Dominant Gene: Gene which decides the appearance of an organism even in the presence of an alternative gene. (iv) Recessive Gene: Gene which decides the appearance of an organism only in the presence of another identical gene. (v) Genotype: It shows the genetic constitution or it is the description of the genes present in an organism, Genotype is always a pair of letters, Eg: Genotype ofa Tall plant: TT or Tt ; Genotype of a dwarf plant: ttible trait in an organism. E-g : Tall or Dwarf / Black or Blue eyes. (vt) Homozygous: An individual receiving similar genes for the same character from both the parents (vill) Heterozvgous: An individual rec ‘eiving dissimilar genes for the same character from each of the parent. Eg: Tt (ix) Alletes: Two alternative forms of a gene lying in a homologous chromosome. They are inherited one from each parent. These alleles segregate independent of each other during gamete formation. (G9 Hybrid; An individual (plant/animal) resulting due to a cross between the parents, (xii) Monohybrid Cross: A cross that involves production of a hybrid with one contrasting character. Eg: Tall & Dwarf ( Height Of the Plant) (xiii) Dihybrid Cross: Across that involves production of a hybrid with two sets of contrasting characters. Eg: Round & Yellow , Wrinkled & Green (Shape & Colour of the seed) 6.Why did Mendel chose pea plants for his experiments? (Gi) Pea plants had a number of clear cut differences which could be identified easily Eg: Tall & Dwarf ; Round Yellow & Wrinkled Green seeds (ii)Pea plants were self-pollinating and produced the next generation easily. (iii)Many generations of pea plants could be produced in a comparatively short span of time. BRID CRi NC) Mendel first crossed pure-bred tall pea plants with pure-bred dwarf pea plants and found that only tall plants were produced in the F1 generation (first generation). Mendel then allowed the self-pollination of F1 progeny and found that tall plants and dwarf plants were obtained in the F2 generation (second generation ) in the ratio of 3:1 which is known as the monohybrid ratio. Explanation of Results of Monohybrid Cross: (Mendel said that each trait is determined by a pair of ‘factors’ (earlier term for genes). This means that the pure -bred tall pea plants have 2 factors TT for the trait of tallness and the pure- bred dwarf pea plants also have 2 factors tt for the trait of dwarfness. (ii) The factors of inheritance of tallness TT separate into the two gametes as T and T and the factors of inheritance of dwarfness tt separate into the two gametes as t and t. foes (iii) The gametes of the plant when crossed with the gametes of the dwarf plants during fertilization produce progeny of the F1 generation which consists of tall plants (Tt). (iv)When two hybrid Tt, tall pea plants of the F1 generation are cross-bred , the progeny of the F2 J generation have genotype as TT, Tt, Tt and tt. (Genotypic Ratio -1: $ d (v)Since T is a dominant trait, then 3 plants were tall and 1 dwarf. Therefore, ratio of tall plants; dwarf plants is 3:1.(Monohybrid ratio)Ac Bae SUV! Uruit of on bepesing te dorerecinet by a pair of factors (genes) . Only cording t ane factor from the pare SDT can be present in a single gamete, as factors segregate to gametes, This is termed as Law OF Segrrener” sine Ramete, a factors segregate tog According to Mendel, evs a aes ig to Mendel, ever trait of an organism is determined by a pair of factors Out of the two ks the eth eases itself immediately in the F, generation, tis known as dominant trait. ft masks the eflect of recessive trait. This is known as Law Of Dominance. MONOHYBRID CROSS- FLOW CHART Parental Phenotype —+ Tall X Dwarf ParentalGenotype —— = TT. tt Gametes — @&e Fertilisation _— eo 2 7 tw > Tn Ta Fi generation genotype = Tt Fl generation phenotype =m All are tall F1 CROSS Parental Phenotype ——» Tall X Tall Parental Genotype — Tt Tt Gametes = >. & @ ® Fertilisation —. oe @®] 7 n (t) ot ta 5 Fai « ta wart F2generation genotype=mme TT,Tt&tt Fz generation phenotype mmm Tall & Dwarf Monohybrid Ratio / Phenotypic Ratio- 3: 1 (3 Tall: 1 Dwarf) Genotypic Ratio -1:2:1 (1TT :2 Tt :1tt)RITAN x ist crossed pure-bred plants having round-yellow seeds with purebred pea pa (@Mendet fi re found that only reund-yellow seeded progeny were prow’ having wrinkled-green seeds an in E: generation, indicating that Gi)When the F, generation of pea plants with round yellow seeds were cross-bred by self Pollination, then 4 types of seeds having different combinations of shape and colour were obtained in the F: generation progeny. These were round-yellow, round-green, wrinkled-yellow, wrinkled-green, in the ratio of 9:3:3:1 which is known as the dihybrid ratio. In the above experiment round and yellow seeds are crossed with with wrinkled and green seeds. FI progeny are all round and yellow seeds (dominant traits). On the self pollination of Ft progeny, jew mixtures like round and green and wrinkled and the progeny of the F2 generation showed ni yellow seeds .Therefore, yellow/green colour and round seed/wrinkled seed trait are independently inherited. IN. IS OF Di According to Mendel, in the inheritance of more than one pair of traits in a cross simultaneousty, the factors responsible for each pair of traits are inherited independently in the gametes, This is known as Law of Independent Assortment. DIHYBRID CROSS: FLOW CHART PARENTAL CROSS ——~ Round &green X Wrinkled &yellow — why YY Parental Phenotype Parental Genotype Gametes Fertilisation Fi generation genotype = RrYy Fi generation phenotype sme All are Round & YellowF1cROSS Parental Phenotype —=Round & Yellow X Round & Yellow | ParentalGenotype —— my eo aint Gametes _ hy KO we Fertilisation — 7 B my |B oad Yo | end Yee nly Tey oad Yar | Rowdee ai aly ied Yl | Wile Yeo ait my ited Yeo | Wine Ge Round&Yellow -2 DIHYBRID RATIO-9:3:3:4 Round &Green -3 Wrinkled & Yellow-3 Wrinkled & Green-1 7 How are the characteristics transmitted to the progeny? snetparacteristics( traits) of parents are transmitted to thelr PYOE TY through the genes present gn their chromosomes during the process of sexual reproduction. This happens as follows: Genes work in pairs ~ For every tratis presenta pair of genes (one is dominant gene and the other recessive gene). } Each parent possesses a pair of ge position of a pair of chromosomes. oes wever, each parent passes only one of the two genes ofthe pair to its progeny through the > gamete. > Thus the male gamete and female gamete carry one gene for ‘each trait. > rine amale gamete fuses with the female gamete during fertilization, hey produce a zygote with a full set of genes; having characteristics from both parents. res for each trait that is always present on the corresponding ‘How do genes control the traits? Agene is a segment ‘of DNA ona chromosome which codes for the formation ofa protein ‘controlling a specific trait ofthe organism.Is to Suppose plant progeny has the gene for taliness. This gene will give instruction to the plant Ce Secrete a lot of plant growth hormones. Due to the excess of plant growth hormone, the plant grow tall. On the other hand, if the plant has the gene pair for dwarfness, then less plant growth hormones will be produced due to which the plant will grow less and remain short and become a dwarf plant 9.How are blood groups inherited in humans? A person can only have any one of the blood groups A, B, AB or O. This blood group system is controlled by a gene which has 3 different forms denoted by the symbols IA, I8, 1°, Both the I4 and I show no dominance over each other; they are co-dominant. However, A person can have only two of them. So the blood group of a person depends on which two forms of the genes he possesses. (i If the genotype (gene combination) is !* * then the blood group of the person is A. If the genotype is I 19 even then the blood group is A ( Since I° is a recessive gene). Gi) If the genotype is I" 1, then the blood group is B If the genotype is I® I° even then the blood group is B ( Since I® is a recessive gene). (iii) If the genotype is I* I® the blood group of a person is AB (They are co-dominant). (iv) If the genotype is I° 19, then the blood group of the person is 0. 10. How is the sex of a child determined in humans? (T.Bk Pg 147 Qn 4) The process by which the sex of a unborn baby is determined is called sex determination. In humans the sex of an individual is genetically determined. Sex Determination In Humans Parent = Father xX Mother Chromosomes mm 44 +XY 44 +XX Gametes — & @®D nx 2K (Sperm/ova) ne 224k ere ren eo) Fertilisation —— => — = p= is => 44+XY(BabyBoy) 44 +XX (Baby Girl) is called the Offspring Human beings have 23 pairs of chromosomes in every cell; of which one pair i sex chromosomes. one is called X chromosome and the other + There are two types of sex chromosomes; is called Y chromosome. res have a pair of sex chromosomes , named as XX, Males have one X and Y hence are XY paar ee nies of chromosomes are exactly similar and called the autosomes.: sper BI) bat one X chroma me and one Y chromosome. This means that half the Aroma ill have X chr Godthe ater eli eves oe + Afemale (moune,y ctOmosome and ine ee ceromOS reaver: ay Sacra AT Baa tos Kegan ooh inl will tava ry X chromosomes THE SEX OF THE CHILD IS DETERMINED BY WHAT HAPPENS DURING FERTILISATION the sperm carrying x eroio0Me fertiliser he ovum, then the child will ee girl (XX combination of chromosomes), : ithe sperm carrying Yehromoso; ation of chromosomes) "ne fertilises the ovum, then the child will be a boy (XY ) It is the father that determ, mines the sex of a child, ') There is a 50% chance ofa boy and a 50% chance of a girl being born to parents. That is why man Population is roughly half mals cre half female. 11. Sex Determination is Zils controlled by environmental factors. Justify the statement. Ans: In some animals sex Setermination is also controlled by environmental factors For eg In turtles, high incub: bation temperature leads to the development of female offsprings. ture leads to the development of male offsprings, In case of lizard, high incubations tempera change the sex according to the environment in which it In some animals like snail individuals can survives, 1-How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits may be dominant or recessive? (T.Bk Pg 147 Qn 1) Ans: Explain Mono hybrid Cross with given Flow chart. ‘ 2.How do Mendel (T.Bk Pg 147 Qn i's experiments show that traits are inherited independently? 2) Ans: Explain Dihybrid Cross with given Flow chart. 3. A study found that children with light coloured eyes are likely to have Parents with light coloured eyes.On this basis, can we Fret eis about whether the light eye coloured & is dominant or recessive. Why or why not? (T.Bie Pg 159Qn4) Ans: Light coloured eye is dominant trait because children born from parents having light coloured eyes also had light coloured eyes, low does this affects the evolution of those organisms that reproduce sexually? (T.Bk Pg 159 Qn 10) Ans: In asexual reproduction, the offsprings are almost identical to thei ‘Parents bécause they have the same genes as that of ther single parencre much genetic variations are not possible in this type of reproduction. Hence itinhibits the further evolution of the organism, In sexual reproduction, the offsprings are not identical to their parents because the offsprings Teceive some genes from the father and some from the mother. Thus much 8enetic variations are seen in this type of. reproduction due to mixing of genes of both the Parents. This in turn leads tion of various Species to form better organisms. 4. Explain how ‘Sexual reproduction Bives rise to More viable variations than asexual Teproduction?How di2 sured in the profe?y. genetic contribution of male and female parents en S, mosomes have a maternal & paternal copy. Out of 23 pairs actly similar 5. How is the equal rrest of the 22 pairs of chromosomes are ex: (T.Bk Pg 159 Qn 11) Ans: In case of humans 23 pairs of chro one pair is called the and are called the AULOSOMES, Jay fases with the haplold sperm to form a diploid 2¥80t® Hence zygote contains 23 chromosomes from the father & 23 chromosomes from the mother. In this way the equal genetic contribution of male and female parents is ensured in the progeny. 6,0nly variations that confer an advantage to an individual organism will survive in a population, Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not? (T.Bk Pg 159 Qn 12) Ans: Yes, we agree to the statement mentioned above. ‘All the variations do not have an equal chance of surviving in their environment.It is because the chances of survival depends on the nature of variations. For eg a bacteria that can withstand heat will survive better in a heat wave .d with greater variations will be able to survive and adapt. are fit in the competitive environment an Thus more offsprings and populations with genetic variations will survive. i.e the organisms which 7.A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood group 0 and their daughter has blood group 0. Is this information enough to tell you which of the traits ~ blood group A or 0 -is dominant? Why or why not? (T.Bk Pg 147 Qn 3) ‘Ans: The information provided is insufficient. The dominant and recessive group should be mentioned . Normally the blood group that is obtained in F; generation will be dominant. But here it isa recessive trait. Let us assume that trait A is dominant. Then father may have I4 14 or 14 1° . Mother will have 1° 1° P Pp eae w [mm fo bh [Pe Tre Pre | 170 Ie 8. Ifa trait A exists in 10% ofa speci ti population of an asexuall exists in 60% of the same population, whi ikely Coaees cartier? pecs (T.Bk, Pg 147Qn3) ao = ‘ Trait B is likely to have arisen earlier as it is more in number