ta, AC Voltage Con{rallers 2 Ac voltage contmallers aire tnyeistor Vased devices whieh convert fixed alternating Voltage directly +o variable alternating voltage w tthoot oa change in tus Frequency 7 Applications of ac voltage controllers: (y dumestie and industolal hesting ip trancformer tap changing | (i) ighving con {no| ty stawting vf TM W) Speed cdntral of 4-d and 3- ac drives ) ac voltage controllers are phose-contialled devices (x-vary xara 2) Gi) ON-OFF CindTO|-> (tod feIzeyite sunnee AB ATPFeanect ATE thn dane} mW) Phase, conrtno| Dp feanirt| is odhieved Wa. corner tin the \o nd then disconnecting’ from 64, power z cotttre\ 5 ¢ a to source for “onceycles \a * gne ‘load shor some, some ~ . ot eels Wig ned Integr eyete AGO? 00151 Mle entonge bnNin NJ we “S 6 yi Nov wy ) on 1s erottonilean AAR AAS \ v fete ete oe } TT 10 paltorte wy Vt bxtf lanl 3 ae meat eee oe bag vA Ke gate pulses : dunn: on, ut, WGatehe Thand Te oc ot Zerd-voltage exassing of the ‘supply voltages. Tre anes energies tus load for neyeles, When gate pulses are Withdrawn, load remains off for m eyelts.. Ty this, mamer, Process of +urn-pn and turnofS is repented for} fur ewvitrel of lead powers By voring Fur number ofNang m wele, power delivewed fo ladd can be regulated as desired 4 4 Trtegral cycle conirol is also Known as on-off control, iat Firing » Bero-vo (lage! hl: cycle welection ov el symabation vets va snot MwBion,0 6 af. cd Var sin tat ave] ap 1 Nie cepa - fs & a aa a a a a AS & \l " Ney ofele 4Gt) Phage control’ aaah | UnidlrreeHamel — Bidlmec tidal” P0reie a CHai-wave conn!) (-Futrwave conde!) a By Unidirtectional control s Po) Jeo > ptsitive half cyle ax prise eri ZEN [v0 ety >, VcxmarTrablem—> zero Frequency ante 4a ary freansformer sa, SOF UAT “NYPWAT “ONG | Ig) ov | Vier Ve =° a emis win dete > Me= ah ] Verne a. faa Ve sin Fast awd) ee _exsoh Jato) és fs spt e : > ar i = et a ; ; eee (ax +a sina) xy i . Alo oft Lis\ 2A Yong = Mae (a ax bsinyegative half eyele conn: sinwt dod | mm Vn A \. Vsiniot wt) + U Vac= ar wae {util + ve OLSAT 2\n4 Va ( cos(nia)- ¢082H) | [2a Vm ( (-osg-al] [2Vm —Vm(s4ex) LS Ee) yeti al tr eo wh dwt) +f vere 1) = i ay ~iy Bidirectional Confenl § Re bead 4 yas r yo, wp Wo, NZ wey, Oe is Ky haa ~ ‘ : _©)Vasinust j Gua ; Sa poring postive. ha\feeyele of tpt voltage, the power Siow is eaniaolled by varying the ict my mle of Gh coninols the power flor during the egetive, ha feqate of tae input Voltage. * . . w Fring pulses of ty and Ta ove Kerl ‘acs apart. (The trigger sevrces for the two thyristors must be isvlated from one ayoiher becavse otherwise fre two cathodes would be connected together and Jus Roo thyristors would be out ob cireult.Neverinvdl gwh odb vols exsayer oppiat aa o uo "“SINTO >2Uprad ventere oa mor) belaloe! Do hokosaras od blyou avbadtno oot Ravi Vy sees cdinrad 7 OT AAT Grier @ config ag yrowents Qa $/ de V2, oe out vt oer Firing TAT VE !OUTS A o* an ret Commtn, ealhnde @) Garg Quit driver clvcuit ker We Sire Pap une > wwe half ~ecle: Ta, PA, Be SUM * meee —ve half-cyele » Ta a: Fes teh © Nat confi. 28 promlem Qtr Qvy9 eMPicieney wr becawe 4 Vse Teo condvelion less ga | ' — We halt-eyele ee Ua» biee® = HF ae a @ ve wattle © Poh PFBIT! 448/163 eu } 4 aslave frm “eure “We EA | wovefarm syqater thyristor Gy iniding curren} neglect BM STE | Velde) = ah | " Um sinwitd(ol) -F J Vin Si nto} ates) 4 a | v jew]? 4g [oui] | 4 Vin 4 S(t - easan)y J} #e [vm (@sKtn + in. {5 (tH) ot Mm (a xens + = coho —1) = ~2T = 0 view)= & C | ur Tye sinh dwt) + \ Var sinut dtaty | Ri TH v = YEU {a-tosowl) dtut) {" (1 2 eau4) du) a I, ra 1 2 i eel be spa } = ar ml Zhe [rer gesine + ane n= sinaten)| (ata ssinnr td sine) <= ep v < al ale. APIS + Ssonip oe a (Ne f } MSY (eaevilla anole \ Tip ay Thy Mision 3a Holding cutnent ta effec! Leds st Thoiaing = gma ReAKM i. NV Aev =4.9mA aa reve , R AKS > TS Tasting >T OFF Tryristor current Berd S Tope NZ 4 @) Rh witha} olding 5 curtre tt | ‘ Ie ex slomn i is only Ro NA L—1FF Tryrislor Ae canter} Walairg ewrpent HE wm ATH T OHh UU (Reda ape pani7 Zeut LV 1 2Y 5 pmh VT" b tw) BAT ght @ (3q2-eurrerdd I- OF fully. <-> Fei) "STiHe Sinusoldak —°23NTO: apart -outp t padore ar 29-1 el curren}:3, Bidirectional cons, Rides head 7% Ww Cose-as + Riva angle (&) > Lead angle/Pooer fo angle (6) tas¢mumd + Pulse type + short pulse DM BF trating > The Siving anglers is such, that the thyristor Te 5 Sired after He current of thyeiblow Ta vetorng, fe SIT ! <4 Ne@) Both the Ahyvistors eondued -for 'pp- iol ) Poe => conduction angle + S= p-x| | wp > extinction , angle The cutpul voliagé and tue “outad eorrent are discontinudys and symmetric fy - _ Comment Power delivered Yo load ‘is coninoiable with beth Tryvistors Ta and ta: fins | } . ‘ oe -Roing angie (x)> Land “Ingle/ oF “yr le. + Pulse type: stort pulse thy | Tre Firing, amgle oo 12 is such frat the Thyristor Te ‘is dived before te cure of Arepristor ary velorns +o Ftrd: - : “wy Badga TH ar UE TT Wen Case Ar (ARO mr ZTE \ orvir pulse auivehiohy wa Ort + foment Power delivered $0 load 13 He ion with only one of the Ihyvistors (either Th oF. Te, dependivg on whieh k Aysistor 1S fired fist) .' \ 4) Ta 2a 8H Fos WAT convent Stes QfyAr OUT Ve negative Zr Tp Fas Jo windvct el oy Th conduets for p-% degree teTha. ovine vablge and tla autre ovrvent ave dismrfinuons and fla 9 og ; iS aleLage-3) Fring ang\e (k) > Ld angle Pr angle } +Pube yee : conlinuons pulse => "Tre Firing -argle, % is such Wal the thy viston yy, ‘Is Fired witha omtinuous pulse of width = lefore | dre eworent Of Thyvistos Th vetuens te Zevon | 3S Sine the pule is emtinuas, the thyristr Th stir}. to conduct _limmediarery ; after 3 the “eee come beeomes Zero. SThe output voltage and the outpett current | ave - snus “Le, Simlar—te That when Whe lysis _diveelly | connected with an ac swree. “eae es Comment: Pawer delivered te load is net controllableWe range of Firing cmngle . & +o con|no) the powe'r delivey, jo bad with bolh the thyristors D> Tryristor Th is Fred at angle « and Te is tired ot angle Nal. The difference behoeen the Firing moments of TG ayd To is Te Thabis why to ensur, hat the fiving pulse of % fs not missed tug, eprent of Ta must efor to ero ~ within Tr, ie, Hae maximum conduction, period, of ta. shiv not exceed T, The equation of load current: 35 Ls ; a Vine Viv) = 0 > Nin tie + La =o —W Sptution of equation a). th 4 iw= ywt ww nah el® & igW= i a Ae sinwt 9) whtre, Q= ten! ~+, Me ; ~9 “Twere tes a sin(ust-8)phn Wem —s Loo i wet 0= AE + 4 Tl ¢ i Yau 'sin(e-0) €° , Sh een w\ tend fae for LLu14p Xe [snieo — sinle-o) © . ee , U (wt) = oturulse 6 Tre angle at which ta load eurrent returns +o Zero is called extinetion angie, P . By putting wt= Bm jun above equation (-p) Jw i@=o= ee [pine -o) — sin(a-8) © | £ (+r)/w S sin(p-8) = sin («- ® e — (2) From this equation the valve f pcan be foond. If we pub 6= K in equation (2)> sin(a—x) = sin (x-«) > sin(p-a)= sin (tt) > le-A=n (3)Were, po is conduction angie. So, From (3) Thig! shown Prat when the> firing angle >< is equah to the lead angle 28> Tx eonduction angle. will ve equal te Ths’ “maximum valve (1) “to ensre the missing pulse of ore of que, So, tie rayee of 6 is: 1G a oH vv } Pes , tr slvr rel ef = be 5 9 bolin | yd oli : \ i \Caq- r (0 , 14 - ; ’ ( Is , ty \ Yer 4 Jrw) 7 Fa -q\ aie bau { >) TS gulp : e ;