erRODUCTION COMPARATIVE STUDY - INDIA, CHINA AND PaKisTaN 02 ApPRNSAL OF DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES 403 wra0DUCTION {1 Pee tere en eee Ci preceding chapters, we have studied in detail all the aspects of Indian economy, its Boss, policies and development. We know that the economies of the world have been fempinto developed and developing economies, a st old War" world, nations have been primarily try steps! n ‘ ng to adopt various means which then their own domestic econom false © this effect, they are also forming various jaland global economic groupings such as SAARC, European Union, ASEAN, G-8, G7, 62, BRICS, etc. Out of these, India is a member country of SAARC, G-20 and BRICS. “forYour Reference: The Cold War (1947-1991) was a sustained state of political and. ‘military tension tetween the powers of the Western world (led by USA and its NATO allies) and the communist world {ulby he Soviet Union, its satellite states and allies). \oeover, various nations are also trying to understand the developmental processes pursued ‘yt neighbouring countries as it allows them to realise their own strengths and weaknesses ’xonpatison to their neighbours. In the process of globalisation, fedeveloping countries are facing competition not only from ‘eloped nations but also from other developing nations. So, Aunerstanding of the other economies in our neighbourhood Sruired., was Chape, we will compare the trends in various economic man development indicators of India (the largest “ey of the world with a Secular and liberal Constitution i 1) cpl century) with its two principal neighbours: hing i Wagah Border is not only a | l Which has recently started moving towardsa more Mae tis also used for | tan | “al restructuring of its command economy. “trade between ndlaand Pakistan 10.1 =Indian Ee een CON Oi mic D, 2eveK ss eer ome, he ritarian militarist political power structure, (i) Pakistan, having an autho sna and Pakistan) have more than six decades o¢ eVelo, All the three countries (India, Chi t ‘ experience behind them. We will also appraise the strategies adopted by a : reach their present sta cour 0 te of development. Development Path of India, Pakistan and China i : have many similarities in their = te ae < India, Pakistan and China developmental strategies. e All the three nations startec the same time. « India and Pakistan | Republic of China was estab | « Allthe three countries had started planning their development | strategies in similar ways. India announced its first Five Year “rs Plan in 1951, Pakistan announced in 1956 and China in 1953. | eae countiey aa « Since 2013, Pakistan is working on the basis of 11"" Five Peconte Sa Year Development Plan (2013-18), while China is working = on 13 Five Year Plan (2016-20). Until March 2017, India has been following F; Plan-based development model. 8 Five Yea, + Currently Pakistan is following its 12" Five Year Plan from 2018 to 2023, whi signalled a major strategic shift in the approach to economic and social ie its 14% Five Year Plan (2021-25). In India, Five-Year Plans have been laid to pment in government. Test by the « India and Pakistan adopted similar strategies, such as creatin; ; zs a i as creating a large publ raising public expenditure on social development. B® Public sector and « Till 1980s, all the three countries had similar growth rates and per capita incomes, All the thee countries have performed differently. India and Pakistan have made dow jrregular progress as compared to China, which has made a miraculous progress Bu a «we make a comparative study ofthe three countries, let us first analyse the structure of econ China and Pakistan. 4 their developmental path at got independence in 1947 and People’s lished in 1949. China Historical Background bose es ie pons oldest people and continuous civilizations, co lating back more than six millenni: 's ic of Chi known as China, was established in 1949. erin. The Peps Repuief Cea PRO. sisting of states ‘commonly Geography China is si ir ; situated in eastern Asia, bounded by the Pacific in the east. tis the third largesteou"? in the world, f next to Canada and Russia, with an area of 9.6 million square kilometersage Se anguas iy tio" aost populous country in the world with of io vo and a8 amily, spoken by 29 ethnicities. There a fe ange ae 9 opine i : wth rate of 0.5% per annum. Most lan 1,371 million people (as per 2015 guages in China belong to the Sino- re also several major dialects within thcaticns! A ord ofthe oldest civ! izations in the world, China has been the world’s largest economy. fs Saablishment of People’s Republic of China under one-party rule, all the critical "economy, enterprises and lands owned and operated by individuals, were brought es nament control. at LeaP Forware’ (GLF) campaign: In 1958, a programme named ‘The Great Leap or ard (GLF) campaign was initiated by Mao to modernise China’s economy. « Theaim of this campaign was to transform agrarian economy into a modern economy through the process of rapid industrialisation. « Under this programme, people were encouraged to set up industries in their backyards. + In sural areas, ’Communes’ were started. Commune is a system of collective farming, under which people were made to cultivate farm land in China, i. people collectively cultivated lands. « jn 1958, there were 26,000 communes, covering almost all the farm population. * GLF campaign met with many problems. A severe drought caused havoc in China killing about 30 million people. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution: In 1965, Mao Zedong introduced the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-76), under which students and professionals were gent to work and learn from the countryside. However, when Russia had conflicts with China, it withdrew its professionals, who had earlier been sent to China to help in the industrialisation process. Reforms Introduced in China: The present day fast industrial growth in China can be traced back to the reforms introduced in 1978. China introduced reforms in phases. * Inthe ial phase, reforms were initiated in agriculture, foreign trade and investment sectors. > Inagriculture, commune lands were divided into small plots which were allocated (only for use and not as ownership) to the individual households. ° They were allowed to keep all income from the land after paying stipulated taxes. * In the later phase, reforms were initiated in the industrial sector. ° Private sector firms and township and village enterprises (enterprises which were owned and operated by local collectives) were allowed to produce goods. > Atthis stage, enterprises owned by government (known as State Owned Enterprises ies nal SOEs), ‘were made to face competition. / ; ea mae in the Reforms Process: The reform process also involved dual pricing. This ing the prices in two ways:Farmers and industrial units were required to buy and sell fixed ~ and outputs on the basis of prices fixed by the government. HANtities of iny « For other transactions, the inputs and outputs were purchased and sold at atmark 5. Special Economic Zones (SEZ): In order to attract foreign investors, speci et ices were set up. pes ‘ial economic zon : les Pakistan Historical Background Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, gained independence on 14 A\ 1971, acivil war in East Pakistan resulted in the independence of Bangladesh, Paka, 1947.14 has been characterized by periods of economic growth, military rule and political Re Be Stability, Geography Pakistan is located in South Asia and borders Central Asia and the Middle East. Its 5 Ils border are with China in the North and towards West and Northwest are Iran and Afghanistan towards East and South East, its borders are with India. The country has an area esas square Kilometers. The total cultivated area is 221,300 square kilometers, whereas fear area under forest is 42,300 square kilometers. Population and Language Pakistan is the sixth most popu! estimates) with a growth rate of 2.1 official poverty line. It has the secon ‘The national language is Urdu and English is the official language. lous country in the world with 188 million people (as per 2015 % per annum. One third of total population lives below the d largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia, Economy « Mixed Economic System: Pakistan follows the mixed economy model with co-existence of public and private sectors. “In the late 1950s and 1960s, Pakistan introduced a variety of « Introduction of Various Policies: regulated policy framework for growth of domestic industries. The policy combined tariff together with direct import controls on protection for manufacturing of consumer goods, competing imports. the introduction of Green Revolution and increase « Green Revolution: In case of agriculture, in public investment in infrastructure led to a rise in the production of foodgrains. This changed the agrarian structure dramatically. © Importance to Role ‘of Public Sector in early 1970s:In the early 1970s, goods industries took place. + Importance to Role of Private Sector in late 1970s: In the late 1970s, there was 4 shift in the government policy, when it adopted the policy of denationalisation. Government encouraged the private sector and also offered various incentives to them. All this created a conducive climate for new investments. nationalisation of capitalNeighbours 1 ae . ~~ . rt during late 1970s: Duriy Fi — 10.5 Ol Supp! Western nations; 78 this period, Paki a fill ego: i) avons; and (ii) Remittance: from nat also received financial t * eypP jped the country in stimulating economi Ss from emigrants to the Mi ncial -g helP ‘ mic growth, 'e Middle-east. is mel 1988, reforms were initiated in the country, ld : ypARATIVE STUDY ~ INDIA, CHING aND PAKISTAN we ee a brief out! vine yer ake a devel . in terms of i ot ; pment and other developmental indicators, Population, growth, se elf qraphic Indicators mi per -ompare Some demographic indicators of Indi 7 oor India, China and Pakistan with the help of ple 107 ql Table 10.1: Select Demographic Indicators, 2017-18 Estimated | Annual Growth | Densi Gountty ; ensity Se — — ou Population | of Population | (per sq, km) nee aoe Urbanisation’ | (in millions) late iia 1,362 1.03 | fgrasc: 924 22 7} china 1,393 0.46 148 949 17 59 pakistan ele 2.05 275 943, aa @ Jauce: World Development Indicators 2019, www.worldbank org + Population: China is the most populous country in the world with 1,393 million people and India is the second most populated country with 1,352 million people. As compared toChina or India, population of Pakistan is very less (212 million people). Itwe look at the global population, out of every six persons living in this world, one is an Indian and another Chinese. The population of Pakistan is very small and accounts for roughly about one-tenth of China or India. | « Growth Rate of Population: Though, China is the most populated country, but its annual | growth rate of population is the lowest (0.46%) as compared to India (1.03%) and Pakistan | (205%). The reason for the low growth of population is the ‘One-Child Policy introduced in China in the late 1970s. - One-Child Policy**: This policy was launched in the year 1979 (after a decade-long two-child policy) ‘o control the size and growth rate of population of China. It was modified in the beginning of mic 1980s to allow rural parents a second child ifthe first was a daughter. One-Child Policy lasted er 4round 35 years, when in late 2015, government. announced a reversal to two-child bee ig a the demographic crisis, China allowed all married couples to have thee children in2021 andet ‘he two-child policy as it has failed to raise the country's declining birth rate. a et i rate of * Density of Population: China is the third largest country ee pee Population is lowest in China as compared to India an km) as compared to India (455 °f population of China is the lowest (148 persons Per $4: Persons per sq, km) and Pakistan (275 persons per $4; km).10.6 i «ig low and biased agains, ratio is lo Bainst f erence of SO ST i femal male, «Sex Ratio: Due to preferene the lowest in India with ae females per 1,099 Maley pay three countries. Sex ratio is iy and 943. at and Pakis' arresponding fig res are Pakistan, the corres onding fi § Inthe a i ti - af fs three jos aro adopting various Measures t nt times, al countri hil Fertility Rate is calculated as the nuonber of children borne by q - Fertil ie wage, since the introduction oe Fertility Sere TiES years) on ant average: ne a roduc the ma = raprouctice age TST A fallen from over 3 Pi en oes the fertility te rate is the highest in Pakistan at 3.6 births per woman ang Pn is. Fertility rate second with 2.2 births per cor = t jsation is the hij rbanisation is # I U re 34% and 37%. : a Situay Urb tion: ighest in China (69%). In India ang Pat rhanisation: corresponding figures Soaenan countries in terms of growth of Letus havea comparative study of the three cpp nig growth. Domestic Product (GDP) i i ingle most important indicator of an economy gy: th rate is considered as the sing! omy dn GDP. Mitre second largest GDP in the world, as measured by purchasing pow er, xg ectimated to be of $ 22.5 trillion. India’s GDP (PPP) is $ 9.03 trillion, which igay Heieern ‘CP. Pakistan's GDP (PPP) is $0.94 trillion, which is about 11% of indi =< When many developed countries were finding it difficult to maintain a growth rate of ere, Boy ee able to maintain near double digit growth for more than two decades tay Growth Rate of Gross 5%, Table 10.2). Table 10.2: Annual Growth of Gross Domestic Product in Percent (1980-2017) Country 1980-90 201617 India 57 China 103 “ Pakistan 63 | Source: Key Indicators for Asia & Pacific 2016, Asian Development Bank, Philippines; World Developmert Indicators 2018 © During 1980-90: © China was having double-digit growth of 10.3%; 2 Pakistan's growth rate was 6.3%; ° India was at the bottom with just 5.7% growth rate. © During 2015-17: ° There was a drastic fall in China’s growth rate from 10.3% to 6.8%.| | | pakistan also met witha decline in growth rate fr ° ‘OM 6.3% to 5.3% Political instability . As per some scholars, were the main reasons seform processes introduced in 1988 and pehind this decline. o India recorded an increase from 5.7% to 7.3%, Explore More: PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) PPP shows the equality of purchasing power amon services that can be bought with a unit of money, + Atthe international level, the unit of money of India, Pakistan a Pakistani Rupee and Yuan respectively. + The value of each domestic currency is itferentin diferent counties. For example, one Indian Rupee cannot buy the same quantity of goods and services in Pakistan or Ching as it can buy in India. Similar is the case with Pakistani Rupee and China's Yuan. * US Dollaris the universally accepted currency. Therefore, GDPs of different countries are expressed in US Dollars (S) and called ‘PPP US $’. 19 Countries, i.e. quantity of goods and ind China are Indian Rupee, Sectoral Contribution In all the three economies, the industry and service sectors have less proportion of workforce, [put they contribute more in terms of output. Let us have a brief review of proportion of workforce engaged in each sector and its contribution to the GVA. (Refer Table 10.3). Table 10.: ectoral Share of GVA, GDP and Employment (%) in 2018-19 ‘Sector Contribution to GVA Distribution of Workforce ; India China Pakistan India China Pakistan Agriculture 16 7 24 43 26 44 | Industry 30 44 19 25 28 24 Services 54 52 57 32 46 Sal 35 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 Source: Human Development Report 2019; Key Indicators of Asia and Pacific 2019 Agriculture (Primary Sector) In China * Due to topographic and climatic conditions, the area suitable for cultivation is just 10% of its total land area. * The total cultivable area in China accounts for 40% of the cultivable area in India. * Till 1980, more than 80% of its population was dependent on farming as their sole source of livelihood. * Since then, the government encouraged people to leave their fields and pursue other activities, such as handicrafts, commerce and transport. : * Asa result, proportion of workforce engaged in agriculture reduced to 26% in 2018-19, with contribution to GVA at 7%.roportion °F EE — £ workforce engageg ed in 08 46%. THE P : ova 0? rand ion of agile to e contribu jon of workfo! %. a feportion Oh Won tacen Jericultare WAS ya was at ath, but PFOP” Baged in Jn Pakistan c agriculture 8 1 43% f India compa) agriculture Wa sector) a di mate GVA ORE in India and Pakist to China's | respectively: Industry Contribution f seipuned 42% 09 In China, pecondary sector owes yom and 197 the share of SeCOAM secto! ee oe i ss ina has ow roportion of workfo ment, cniM é g - i on the normal cours of develope g then to S© jces. In India and Pakistan, the shift, from agricult to manufacturing ear : taking place directly t0 the Seeamet aa manufacturing sector, in India and Pakistan in . vison of workforce TY ‘ gs 28% of population was en me, Pome jow at 25% and jaye respectively aged in China. Service (Tertiary Sector) tribution to GVA ' ; = a the three countries, service sector contributes highest share of GVA. In both India . np; Pakis' ice sector iS emerging a5 4 major player of development. Service sector contributes the highest t0 their GVA, with contribution of 54% in case of India and 57% for Pakistan. ' : «The contribution of service S2ctOr to the GVA in China was 52%. service sector than India and Proportion of Workforce ‘otan was faster in shifting its workforce to e Inthe 1980s, Pal China. * The prop’ din service sector in 1980 fo: were 17%, 1 of 32%, 46% and 35° yr India, China and Pakistan ortion of workforce engage -% respectively in 2018-19. 12% and 27%. It reached the level e sector to GVA in all the three Conclusions ‘« In the last five decades, the contribution of agriculture countries, has declined. « In the industrial sector, began showing decline in recent years. For Indi pee service sector, China was able to main\ while th th So, Chin's rowth i : iH vated growth of India’s service sector output: 5 contributed by the it - sector. During this peri ed by the manufacturing and servic ia’ h e sectors. China has maintained a double-digit growth rate in 1980s, but a and Pakistan, growth rate has declined. tain its rate of growth during 4980-1990, py service _ av6 pevelopment Experiences of India and its Neighbours —— 7 10.9 wing table shows growth of Sutput in different sectors during 19; table 10.3a: Trends in Output Growth i 81980-2018, wth in Different Sectors, 1980-2018 1980-90 a Agriculture | Indust ie - 14-18 34 7 ry Service Agriculture Industry Service . 4 69 at 5.9 10.8 . 6.9 76 i . 13.5 34 eon 4 77 ea i 53 ral eis : Ww 48 5.0 é Source: NCERT lopment Indi {yan Devel oP Indicators us now discuss the performance of India, China and Pakistan in some of the selected dicators of human development (Refer Table 10.4), Table 10.4: Some Selected Indicators of Human Development, 2017-2019 s India| China _| Pakistan Human Development Index (Value) 0.645 | 0.761 0.587 ‘Rank (Based on HDI) 130 87 154 Life Expectancy at Birth (Years) 69.7 76.9 67.3 lean years of Schooling (% aged 15 and above) 65 8.4 52 Gross National Income Per Capita (PPP USS) 6,681 | 16,057 | 5,005 Percentage of People living Below Poverty Line (National) 21.9" Aa 24.3" Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births) 29.9 74 57.2 Maternal Mortality Rate (per 1 lakh births) 133 29 140 Population using at least Basic Sanitation (%4) 60 75 60 “Population using at least Basic Drinking Water Source (2%) 93 96 91 Percentage of Undernourished Children 37.9 84 37.6 Note: “for the year 2011; **for the year 2015 _ Sources: Human Development Report 2019 and 2020 and World Development indicators (www.worldbank. 079): Key indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2019, Asian Development Bank (ADB), * Human Development Index (HDD: HDI is an important indicator to study the human development. Higher value of HDI shows the higher level of growth and development of country. In 2019, HDI for India, China and Pakistan was estimated to be 0.645, 0.761 and 0.557 respectively and Global ranks accorded were found tobe 130,87 and 154 respectively. * Life Expectancy at Birth: Life expectancy refers to the average number of years for which People are expected to lie. A higher life expectancy indicates longer and a more scive average ee Span. China has the highest life expectancy of 76.9 years. India and Pakistan have the life expectancy of 69.7 and 67.3 years respectively.2p. Indian Eco NOMI O, E20 Dovey ~SOlop, 10.10 China with 8.1%, while the cory, ment es} Pending # Mean years of Schooling: Its highest in case oF h figures for India and Pakistan are 6.5% and 5.2% respectively. © Gross National Income Per Capita (PPP USS): I igher ranking of China in Hy is due to higher Gross National Income per capita, In 2019, China’s Gross Nationa} ely mated to be US § 16,057, while it was just US $ 6,681 for Ingi, ame Us per capita was es $5,005 for Pakistan. a * People below Poverty Line: People below the pov line are the people who do not even jy ‘whic is necessary to meet specified minimum ley, intake. Pakistan has the largest number of poor people among the three countries an, d pas ing has the small hare of poor among the three countries. refers to number of infants dying before ‘eachin, © Infiant Mortality Rate (IMR): Infant mortality rate one year of age per 1,000 live births in a year. Low IMR shows better health and Sanitation, facilities as most of the infants die due to unhygienic and insanitary environments a . It ig lowest in China and highest in Pakistan. © Maternal Mortality Rate: Both India and Pakistan have not been able to save women f, i om maternal mortality. In China, for one lakh births, only 29 women die, whereas in in, and Pakistan, maternal mortality rate is 133 and 140 respectively. ia eA to Basic Sanitation: China’s performance in providing sanitation is better than Indi and Pakistan. China has provided basic sanitation to 75% of population, whereas Pekistan and India have been able to provide basic sanitation to just 60% of population. «Access to Basic Drinking Water Source: It refers to the percentage of population which has reasonable access to basic drinking water source. China (96%) is ahead of India (93%) ang level of income and expenditure, Pakistan (91%), in providing basic drinking water source « Population undernourished: The percentage of population, which is not able to obtain adequate diet, is termed as undernourished population. China has the lowest percentage of population (8.1%), which is being undernourished. In India, 37.9% and in Pakistan, 37.6% of the population was undernourished. Liberty Indicators Human development indicators are all extremely important, but not sufficient. Along with these, we also need liberty indicators. Liberty Indicator may be defined as the measure of the extent of demographic participation in the social and political decision making. Examples of liberty indicators: (i) Measures of the extent of the Constitutional Protection Rights given to the citizens; (ii) Extent of the Constitutional Protection of the independence of the Judiciary and Rule of Law. Human development index may be said to be incomplete unless such indicators are included. 10.3 APPRAISAL OF DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES _____" guidance for ighbouring Developmental strategies of a country act as a model to others for lessons and their own development. In order to learn from economic performance of our neiint Experiences of India : jve Developme! riences of India and its Neighbours toa ries, it 8 necessary to understand the roots of their success and failures and different | ot ir strategies. oof their st E [pe gh different countries go through their development phases differently, | fron of reforms as a point of reference. Reforms were initi pitg and India in 1991, Let us briefly assess their achieweme ot in b is. a. a Sa did not have any compulsion to introduce reforms jemational Monetary Fund to India and Pakistan. But, Fr to 1978, forced China to go for reforms, pri let us take the iated in China in 1978, Pakistan nts and failures in pre and post reform as dictated by the World Bank and ‘some adverse situations of the: economy Reforms Period « There had been massive extension of basic health services in rural areas. + Through the commune system, there was more equitable distribution of food grains. + Despite extensive land reforms, collectivisation, the Great Leap Forward and other initiatives, the per capita grain output in 1978 was the same as it was in the mid 1950s. 1n 1978, the then Government of China was not satisfied with the slow pace of economy and lack modernisation under the Maoist rule. They felt that Maoist vision of economic development id failed. As a result, a number of reform measures were introduced in 1978. ost Reforms Period he various reform measures led to rapid growth in China. * Each reform measure was first imy massive scale, + Development of infrastructural facilities in th long existence of decentralised plannin, in improving the social and income indicators. + Agricultural reforms (handing over plots of land to individuals for cultivation) brought Prosperity to a vast number of poor people. It created conditions for the subsequent phenomenal growth in rural industries and built up a strong support base for more reforms. [Pakistan i Pakistan, the reform process led to worsening of all the economic indicators. As compared '91980s, the growth rate of GDP and its sectoral constituents decreased in the 1990s. The IRoportion of poor in 1960s was more than 40 per cent which declined to 25 per cent in 1980s and started rising again in 1990s. Tre reasons for the slow-down of growth and re-emergence of poverty in Pakistan's economy are: Agricultural growth and food supply situation was based on good harvest and not on insttutionalised process of technical change. When there was. good! harvest, the economy Was in good condition, when it was not, the economic indicators showed stagnation or Negative trends. plemented at a smaller level and then extended on a \e areas of education and health, land reforms, ig and existence of small enterprises helped positivelyjan Economic Dey Economic Developm, . ment t for any country and it is always preg, © Foreign exchange eves through exports ‘of manufactured goods. However’ to build foreign exchange reset , ne ‘ Pakistan, ac ‘of the foreign exchange earnings came ea ao sine aa from Paki, workers in the Middle-east ‘and the exports of highly vol ance Products © There was growing dependence on foreign loans on the one 2 easing difficulty in paying back the loans on the other ast few years, Pakistan ha ; ‘of 2019-20, GDP registe! ide, While agriculture recorded growth rate f, r lors grew at 4.9% and 6.2% respectively, Nan table and positive trends. y 10.12 2 jis an essential componen stanj : «5 recovered its economic growth an However, during the l red a growth of 5.5% in oe bee been sustaining. As per Annual Plan he previous deca highest when compared to # d from satisfactory level, industrial and service se macroeconomic indicators also began to show s| Conclusions India, China and Pakistan have travelled more than seven decades of developmental path with ase yewulte Till thelate 1970s, all ofthem were maintaining the same level of low development, “The last three decades have taken these countries t0 different levels. INDIA « Indian economy performed moderately, agriculture. © India has taken many ini of living. © Itis yet to raise the standard below the poverty line. PAKISTAN © Political instability, performance of: agriculture sector are the reason: © In the recent past, it is hoping to improve the situation by maintaining high rates of GDP growth. « Many macroeconomic indicators began showing positive and higher growth rates reflecting the economic recovery. CHINA © InChina, the lack of political freedom and its implications for human rights are major concerns. * However, in the last four decades, it used the ‘market system without losing political commitment’ and succeeded in raising the level of growth alongwith alleviation of poverty. * China has used the market mechanism to create additional social and economic opportunities. ' a Hea aera ownership of land and allowing individuals to cultivate lands, ah ed social security in rural areas. shut ir pra ae infrastructure brought positive results in human but majority of its people still depend on, tiatives to develop the infrastructure and improve the standard ofliving of more than one-fourth of its population that lives cover-dependence on remittances and foreign aid along with volatile for the slowdown of the Pakistan economy,