DIRECT AND

BENDING STRESSES
CHAPTER VII

ECCENTRICITY 1
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
3. SYMMETRICAL COLUMNS WITH
ECCENTRIC LOADING ABOUT TWO AXES
CHAPTER VII

In the proviso articles, we have discussed the cases of eccentric loading

about one axis only. But, sometimes the load is acting eccentrically
about two axes
as shown in fig. Now consider a column ABCD subjected to a load with
eccentricity about two axes as shown in fig.
Let Y

P : Load acting on the column ABCD A

eY B
A : Cross-sectional area of the column Load
P
eX : Eccentricity of the load about X-X axis point eX
X X

M X = P.e X :Moment of the load about X-X axis

D
C

I XX = Moment of inertia of the column section about X-X axis

Y

eY , M Y , I YY : Corresponding values of, Y-Y axis. 2

Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
The effect of such a load may be split up into the following three parts:
•Direct stress on the column due to the load
CHAPTER VII

P + e, − e sign depends upon the

o = position of the fiber with respect to
A the load. A little consideration will
.
•Bending stress due to eccentricity e X show that the stress will be maximum
MX P.e X at B, where both the + e signs are
 b (X ) = y= y
I XX I XX to be adopted. The stress will be
minimum at D, − e where both the
•Bending stress due to eccentricity eY signs are to be adopted. While
MY P.eY calculating the stress at A, the value
 b (Y ) = x= x of M X is to be taken as + e ,
IYY IYY whereas the + e value of M y as −e.
Total stress at the extreme fiber similarly or the stress at C, the value
of M yis to be taken as + e, whereas
=  o   b ( X )   b (Y ) the value of M X as −e .
P MX M
=−  y Y x
A I XX I YY
P Pe X Pe
=−  y Y x
A I XX I YY 3
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
Example (5)
A column 800 mm x 600mm is subjected to an eccentric load of 60 kN
as shown in fig.
CHAPTER VII

What are the maximum and the minimum intensity in the column?

Solution: Y
A B
Width b = 800 mm 100

Thickness d = 600 mm 100

X X 600
Load P = 60 kN = 60x10 N 3

Eccentricity along X-X e X = 100 mm D Y C

eY = 100 mm 800
Eccentricity along Y-Y
Section area of the column A = bd = 800 x600 = 480 000 mm 2
3 3
Moment of inertia of the column about X-X axis: I YY = db 600 x (800 )
= = 25.6 x10 9 mm 4
12 12
3 3
Moment of inertia of the column about Y-Y axis: I XX = bd 800 x ( 600 )
= = 14.4 x1049 mm 4
12 12
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
Moment due to the eccentricity of the load along X-X axis:

M X = P.e X = (60 x10 3 ) x100 = 6 x10 6 N .mm

CHAPTER VII

Moment due to the eccentricity of the load along Y-Y axis:

Y
M Y = P.eY = (60 x10 3 ) x100 = 6 x10 6 N .mm A B
100

100
X X 600

D Y C

800
From the geometry of the loading,
We find distance between Y-Y axis and corners A and B (or A and D)
x = 400 mm
Similarly, distance between X-X axis and corners A and C
y = 300 mm
5
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
•Maximum intensity of stress in the column at A:
P M M
 ( A) = − − X y − Y x
A I XX IYY
CHAPTER VII

60 x103 (6 x106 ) x300 (6 x106 ) x 400

 ( A) = − − −
480 x103 14.4 x109 25.6 x109
 ( A) = −0.125 − 0.125 − 0.094
 ( A) = −0.344 N / mm 2
= 0.344 N / mm 2 Compression
•Minimum intensity of stress in the column:
P MX M
 (C ) = − + y+ Y x
A I XX IYY
60 x103 (6 x106 ) x300 (6 x106 ) x 400
 (C ) = − + +
480 x10 3
14.4 x10 9
25.6 x109
 (C ) = −0.125 + 0.125 + 0.094
 (C ) = 0.094 N / mm 2 Tension
6
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
Example (6)
A masonry pier of 3 m x 4 m supports a vertical load of 80, kN, as shown
in fig.
CHAPTER VII

•Find the stresses developed at each corner of the pier

•What additional load should be placed at the center of the pier, so that
there is no tension anywhere in the pier section?
•What are stresses at the corners with the additional load in the centre?

Solution: Y
A B
1m
Width b=4 m 0.5m
X X 3m
Thickness d =3 m
Load P = 80 kN D Y C
Eccentricity along X-X e X = 0.5 m
4m
Eccentricity along Y-Y eY = 1 m
Section area of the column A = bd = 4 x3 = 12 m
2
7
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
Y
Moment of inertia of the column about X-X axis: A B
1m
bd 3 4 x(3) 3
I XX = = = 9 m4 X
0.5m
X 3m
CHAPTER VII

12 12
Moment of inertia of the column about Y-Y axis: D C
3 3 Y
db 3x(4)
I YY = = = 16 m 4 4m
12 12
Moment due to the eccentricity of the load along X-X axis:
M X = P.e X = 80 x 0.5 = 40 kN .m
Moment due to the eccentricity of the load along Y-Y axis:
M Y = P.eY = 80 x1 = 80kN .m
From the geometry of the loading,
We find distance between Y-Y axis and corners A and B
x=2 m
Similarly, distance between X-X axis and corners A and D,
y = 1. 5 m 8
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
Y
a) Stresses developed at each corner: A B
P MX M 1m
A = − − y+ Y x
A I XX IYY 0.5m
X 3m
CHAPTER VII
X
80 40 x1.5 80 x 2
A = − − +
12 9 16
D Y C
 A = −6.67 − 6.67 + 10 = −3.34 kN / m2 = 3.34 kPa Compression
P M M 4m
B = − − X y − Y x
A I XX IYY
80 40 x1.5 80 x 2
B = − − −
12 9 16
 B = −6.67 − 6.67 − 10 = −23.34 kN / m2 = 23.34 kPa Compression
P MX M
C = − + y− Y x
A I XX IYY
80 40 x1.5 80 x 2
C = − + −
12 9 16
 C = −6.67 + 6.67 − 10 = −10 kN / m2 = 10 kPa Compression
P MX M
D = − + y+ Y x
A I XX IYY
80 40 x1.5 80 x 2
D = − + +
12 9 16 9
 D = −6.67 + 6.67 + 10 = 10 kN / m2 = 10 kPa
Prof. Yassin Sallam
Tension
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
b) Additional load at the centre for no tension in the pier section:

Let
CHAPTER VII

W : Additional load in (kN) that should be placed at the

center for no tension in the pier section
We know that the compressive stress due to the load

W W ………………………(1)
= kN / m 2
A 12

Also for no tension, in the pier section the compressive stress due to
the load

W should be equal to the tension stress at D.

W
= 10
12
W = 10 x 12 = 120 kN 10
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
c) Stresses at the corners with the additional load in the centre:
CHAPTER VII

We find that the stress due to the additional load

W 120
= = 10 kN / m 2
A 12

The stress at a:

 A = −3.34 − 10 = −13.34 kPa = 13.34 kPa Compression

 B = −23.34 − 10 = −33.34 kPa = 33.34 kPa Compression

 C = −10 − 10 = −20 kPa = 20 kPa Compression

 D = 10 − 10 = 0 kPa
11
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
4. LIMIT OF ECCENTRICITY
Then
If  max  min
CHAPTER VII

a o  b Same nature Compressive

b o =  b 2 b 0

c o  b Partly compressive Party Tensile

• The tension ❑It means that for no tensile

stress is not be b  o condition, the eccentricity e should
permitted to be less than Z / A or equal.
P.e P
come into play,  ❑The limit for eccentricity in the
then the bending Z A following cases:
stress should be ❑Rectangular section
less than the Z ❑Hollow Rectangular section
e
direct stress or A ❑Circular section
maximum: ❑Hollow circular section. 12
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
•LIMIT OF ECCENTRICITY OF RECTANGULAR SECTION
The limit of eccentricity for a rectangular section, will be calculated by
considering a rectangular section of width b and d depth
CHAPTER VII

1
Z = bd 2 A = bd
6 d /3 d
Condition for no tension: Z
e
A b/3
b
1
e b.d 2 This is called the middle third
6 b.d
It means that the load rule, if the point of application of a
can be eccentric on column on a rectangular or square
section lies no farther
either side of the d / 6 than
geometrical axis, by on either side of the center , within
an amount equal to the middle third, then there will be
no tension any where across the
d section. It should be remembered
e
6 that there is a rule for every section
depending on its properties. 13
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
c) LIMIT OF ECCENTRICITY OF CIRCULAR SECTION
A circular section of diameter d

CHAPTER VII

Modulus of section: Z= d3
32

Area of section A= d2 d /4
4
For no tension condition: eZ/A
( / 32).d 3 d
e  d
( / 4).d 2
8
It means that the load can be eccentric on either side of the geometrical
axis, by an amount equal to d
e
8
If the point of application of a column on a circular section lies no farther than
d /8 = r / 4 from its center, within the middle quarter, then the
stresses everywhere across the section will be compressive. This is the
middle fourth rule, for circular section. 14
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
b) LIMIT OF ECCENTRICITY OF HOLLOW RECTANGULAR SECTION
Consider a hollow rectangular section of
The outer width and depth: B and D
CHAPTER VII

The internal dimensions respectively b and d

BD3 − bd 3
Modulus of section: Z=
6D
Area of section A = BD − bd
For no tension condition: eZ/A

( BD3 − bd 3 ) / 6 D BD3 − bd 3
e 
BD − bd 6 D( BD − bd )
It means that the load can be eccentric on either side of the geometrical axis,
by an amount equal to 3
BD − bd
3

e
6 D( BD − bd ) 15
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
d) LIMIT OF ECCENTRICITY OF HOLLOW CIRCULAR SECTION
CHAPTER VII

 D4 − d 4
Modulus of section: Z= ( )
32 D

Area of section A= (D 2 − d 2 )
4
For no tension condition:
eZ/A
 ( D 4 − d 4 ) / 32 D D 2 + d 2
e 
 (D − d ) / 4
2 2
8D
It means that the load can be eccentric on either side of the geometrical
axis, by an amount equal to
D2 + d 2
e
8D 16
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
Example (5)
A bracket is fixed to the center of a square foundation as shown in fig.
Determine the stress distribution on the soil if weight of foundation = 2 t/m,3
CHAPTER VII

the base side b equal: 0.6 m

(a) 2.2 m
(b) 2 m and
(c) 1.8 m. 10 t

Solution:
a) The base side b= 2.2 m
Width b = 2.2 m 1m

Thickness t =1 m
Section area A = (2.2) 2 = 4.84 m 2 b

Moment of inertia of the column about X-X axis:

b 4 (2.2) 4
I XX = = = 1.94 m 4
12 12 17
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
Weight of foundation (t = 1m) = 4.84 x1 x 2 = 9.68 t
3
Where reinforced concrete density = 2t / m
CHAPTER VII

Normal load P = Direct + weight of foundation

𝑃(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = −10 − 9.68 = 19.68 t Compression

•Moment due to eccentricity load:
0.6 m
M = P.e = 10 x 0.6 = 6 m.t
M 6
e= = = 0.305 m P
P 19.68
d
Third rule e 1m
6
d 2.2
= = 0.367 m b
6 6 d
e = 0.305  = 0.367 OK
Then 6 18
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
•The maximum Stress:
P 6e
 max = − (1 + )
CHAPTER VII

A d
19.68 6 x0.305
 max = − (1 + )
4.84 2.2
 max = −4.07(1 + 0.83) = 7.45 t / m2 Compression

2.2 m
•The minimum Stress:
P 6e
 min = − (1 − ) 0.69 t/m2
-
A d
19.68 6 x0.305
 min =− (1 − ) (a)
4.84 2.2 7.45 t/m2

 min = −4.07(1 − 0.83) = 0.69 t / m2 Compression

19
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
•b) The base side b= 2 m
Width b=2 m
Thickness t =1 m
CHAPTER VII

Section area A = (2) 2 = 4 m 2

Moment of inertia of the column about X-X axis:
b 4 (2) 4
I XX = = = 1.33 m 4
12 12
Weight of foundation (t= 1m) = 4 x1 x 2 = 8 t
Normal load P = Direct + weight of foundation
𝑃(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = −10 − 8 = 18 t Compression
•Moment due to eccentricity load:
M = P.e = 10 x0.6 = 6 m.t
M 6
e= = = 0.33 m
P 18
Third rule d d 2
e = = 0.33 m
6 6 6
d
Then e = 0.33 = = 0.33 OK 20
6 Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
•The maximum Stress:
CHAPTER VII
P P
 max = − −
A A
18 18
 max = − − = −9 t / m2
4 4
 max = 9 t / m2 Compression
•The minimum Stress:
2m

0 t/m2
P P
 min = − +
A A -
 min = −18 + 18 = 0

(b)
9 t/m2

21
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
c) The base side b= 1.8 m
Width b = 1.8 m Thickness t =1 m
CHAPTER VII

Section area A = (1.8) 2 = 3.24 m 2

Moment of inertia of the column about X-X axis: 0.6 m

b 4 (1.8) 4
I XX = = = 0.88 m 4 P
12 12
Weight of foundation (t= 1m)
= 3.24 x1 x 2 = 6.48 t 1m

Normal load P: P = −10 − 6.48 = 16.48 t b

Compression

22
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
•Moment due to eccentricity load:
M = P.e = 10 x0.6 = 6 m.t 0.6 m
CHAPTER VII

M 6
e= = = 0.364 m
P 16.48 P

Third rule d , d 1.8

e = = 0.3 m
6 6 6
d 1m
Then e = 0.364  = 0.3
6
b

There is tension
?
23
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
•The maximum Stress:
P 6e
 max = − (1 + )
A d
CHAPTER VII

16.48 6 x 0.364
 max = − (1 + )
3.24 1.8
 max = −5.087 (1 + 1.21) = 11.24t / m 2
Compression
1.8 m
 min = 1.068 t / m 2
1.6 m

•The minimum Stress: B

A
x
P 6e
 min = − (1 − )
A d
 min = −5.087 (1 − 1.21) = 1.068 t / m 2
Tension

Prof. Yassin Sallam

 min = 11.24 t / m2
 DIRECT AND
BENDING STRESSES
1.8 m
CHAPTER VII
x2
 min = 1.068 t / m2
A B
x1 C

• The stress is equal to zero at a distance:

Find the distance x1 and x2

 min = 11.24 t / m2

25
Prof. Yassin Sallam