Structural Steel Design

Flexural & Shear Members

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TeamTeaching
Teaching
Structural Design1
Steel Design
Civil Engineering
Civil Department
Engineering Department FTUI 2013
FTUI 2022
Beam Vs Plate Girder

tw h tw h

Rolled shape and built-up cross-sections

h 2550

Beams
tw Fy

h 2550 Plate girder


tw Fy

where Fy is yield stress, MPa

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Introduction
Introduction
•A beam is a structural member that is subjected primarily to transverse
loads and negligible axial loads.

•The transverse loads cause internal shear forces and bending moments in
the beams
w P

V(x)

M(x) #
Stress
Stressdue
duetotoflexure
flexure

A B

M (a)
RA V
M .c M M
f max = = =
c Ix Ix Sx
y c
x tw h x M

(b)

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The
Themaximum
maximumstress
stress

For maximum stress,

M .c M M
f max = = =
Ix Ix Sx
c
where c is the perpendicular distance from thr neutral axis to the extreme fiber,
Sx is the elastic section modulus of the cross section.

The two above equation are valid as long as loads are small enough so that the material remains
within its linear elastic range.

For structural steel if the maximum stress, this means that fmax must not exceed Fy, and the
bending moment must not exceed

M y = Fy .S x

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Longitudinal axial stresses caused by internal bending moment

  dF =  b dy

d y

M(x)
V(x)

 
b
+d / 2

Curvature = f = /(d/2)
F =   b dy
−d / 2

+d / 2
Plane remain plane M =   b dy y
−d / 2

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 Stress – Strain Curve of Steel
+d / 2
M =   b dy y
−d / 2

u

y

y  u
Curvature = f = /(d/2)
#
 Moment - Curvature (M-f) response
for monotonically increasing moment

Mp
B C D E
My A
y y y y y
Section Moment, M

y y y y y

y 2y 5y 10y

y 2y 5y 10y

A B C D E

Curvature, f

A: Extreme fiber reaches y B: Extreme fiber reaches 2y C: Extreme fiber reaches 5y #
D: Extreme fiber reaches 10y E: Extreme fiber reaches infinite strain
Behavior simply supported beam under stages of loading

A B

Bending Moment
f<Fy

A B
(a) f=Fy

A B
(b) f=Fy

A B
(c) f=Fy

A B
(d)
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Collapse mechanism

A B
Moment
Mp

A B

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 Plastic Moment capacity
Fy
C
=Ac.Fy

a
h
tw Plastic neutral axis

T=At.Fy
Fy

From equilibrium of forces, C =T

Ac .Fy = At .Fy
1
Ac = At 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴 𝑇 = 𝐴
2
The plastic moment Mp is the resisting couple formed by the two equal and opposite
forces: where
A= total cross-sectional area, mm2
a= distance between the centroids of the half-areas, mm
Z=(A/2)a= plastic section modulus, mm3 #
 Plastic Moment (Mp) & Section Modulus (Z)

Fy
C
=Ac.Fy

a
h
tw Plastic neutral axis

T=At.Fy
Fy
M = C * a or M = T * a C = Ac Fy
M = (½ ) A Fy a a = yc + yt

where yc = centroid of Ac
yt = centroid of At
• Plastic section modulus Z = ½ A (y1+y2)
M = Mp = Fy* A/2 (yc+yt) = Fy * Zx
• Plastic Moment : f Mp = 0.90 Z Fy
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Plastic centroid
y
F =  y A1 −  y A 2
A1 y1 y A 1
Plastic centroid.
\ A1 = A 2 = A / 2
A2 y2
y A 2 A
\ M = y ´ (y
2
y Where , y1 = cent
a) General cross-section b) Stress distribution (c) Force distribution
y 2 = cent
• The plastic centroid : A1 = A2 = A/2
• The plastic centroid ≠ elastic centroid or center of gravity
(c.g.) of the cross-section.

y1 A1, y1
c.g. = elastic N.A. A , y About the c.g. A 1 y 1 = A 2 y2
y2
2 2
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Determine the elastic section modulus (S), plastic section modulus (Z), yield moment
(My) and the plastic moment (Mp) of the cross-section. Assume 50 ksi steel.
12 in.
F1 0.75 in.

W t = 0.5 in. 16 in.

w

F2 1.0 in.

15 in.
Zx = A/2 (y1 + y2)
= 15.5625 (10.5746 +
1.5866)
= 189.26 in3

Mp-x = Zx Fy
= 189.26 x 50
= 9462.93 kip-in.

f Mp-x = 0.9 x 9462.93

= 0.9 x189.26 x 50
= 8516.64 kip-in #
 Determine Plastic
Moment at X & Y direction
if it uses steel BJ 34.

#
 Determine Plastic
Moment at X & Y direction
if it uses steel BJ 34.

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Stability:

If a beam can be counted on to remain stable up to the fully plastic conditions, the
nominal moment strength can be taken as the plastic moment capacity; that is,

Mn = M p
Otherwise, Mn will be less than Mp.

As with a compression member, instability can be overall sense or it can be local.

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Development of a plastic stress distribution
Fy
C
=Ac.Fy

a
h
tw Plastic neutral axis

T=At.Fy
Fy

The development of a plastic stress distribution over the cross-section can

be hindered by two different length effects:
(1) Local buckling of the individual plates (flanges and webs) of the cross-
section before they develop the compressive yield stress sy.
(2) Lateral-torsional buckling of the unsupported length of the beam /
member before the cross-section develops the plastic moment Mp

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Local buckling of beam section

1. Buckling of compression flange

M
(flange local buckling - FLB)
2. Buckling of compression part of the
web (web local buckling -WLB).

The buckling strength depend on the

M
width-thickness ratio (slenderness
ratio) of the compression elements
Local buckling of flange of the cross section.
due to compressive

..\hasil download
purdue univ\local
buckling.mpg #
#
#
Steel sections Classification

• Steel sections are classified as compact, non-compact, or slender

depending upon the slenderness ratio of the individual plates of the
cross-section

Compact shape   p

Non compact shape p    r

Slender shape   r
#
 Slenderness Ratio

Width-Thickness Parameters(*)

Element  p r

bf E E
1.0
Flange 0.38 Fy
2t f Fy

h E E
Web 3.76 5.70
tw Fy Fy
__________________________________________________________
___________
(*) For hot-rolled I- and H-shapes

#
Slenderness Ratio

Section Plate element  p r

Wide-flange Flange bf/2tf 0.38 E / Fy 0.38 E / FL

Web h/tw 3.76 E / Fy 5.70 E / Fy

Channel Flange bf/tf 0.38 E / Fy 0.38 E / FL

Web h/tw 3.76 E / Fy 5.70 E / Fy

Square or Rect. Flange (b-3t)/t 1.12 E / Fy 1.40 E / Fy

Box
Web (b-3t)/t 3.76 E / Fy 5.70 E / Fy

#
 Stress-strain response of plates subjected
to axial compression and local buckling

Only compact sections can

Compact develop the plastic moment Mp.
Co mpressive axial stress, 

y

Non-Compact
Non-compact sections can develop My
Slender but not Mp before local buckling occurs.

Slender sections cannot develop

Mp due to elastic local buckling

#
Effective axial strain, 
 (a)

Lateral Tortional Buckling (LTB) M

The laterally unsupported length of

a beam-member can undergo
(b)
lateral-torsional buckling due to the
applied flexural loading (bending M

moment). M

Lateral-torsional buckling of a wide-

flange beam subjected to constant
https://www.youtube.com/ https://www.youtube.com/ moment
watch?v=dBP2VFHvun4 watch?v=OoORi_2Vkcg
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#
Lateral-Torsional Buckling:

A B

Bending Moment

A B

(a)

Lateral support

(b)
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Design Strength of beam (Mn)

A beam can fail by reaching Mp and becoming fully plastic, or it can be fail by
buckling in one of the following ways:

1. Lateral torsional buckling (LTB), either elastically or inelastically;

2. Flange local buckling (FLB), elastically or inelastically;
3. Web local buckling (WLB) elastically or inelastically.

#
 DESIGN STRENGTH
OF BEAM, Mn

COMPACT
Non COMPACT SLENDER
SECTION, C
SECTION, NC SECTION, S

Fully Yielding, Flange Local

Y Buckling, FLB

Lateral Torsional Web Local

Buckling, LTB Buckling, WLB

Tension Flange
Yielding, TFY #
FLEXURAL MEMBERS IN AISC : SECTION F

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DESIGN STRENGTH OF COMPACT BEAM, F2

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 Design strength of Compact Beam
is a function of the unbraced length Lb,
Lb = distance between points of lateral support, or bracing

Mn = Mp
  Lb − L p 
M n =  M p − ( M p − M r ) 
 
 Lr − L p 
Zx Fy = Mp


Sx (Fy – 10) = Mr  2 EI y   2 ECw 

No instability No Mn = GJ + 
L2b  L2b 
Moment Capacity, M n

LTB

Inelastic Elastic LTB

LTB

Lp Lr
distance between points of
Unbraced length, Lb
lateral support, or bracing
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#
 Design strength of Compact Beam

Lb  Lp No instability

Lp  Lb  Lr Inelastic LTB

Lb  Lr Elastic LTB

#
The boundary between elastic and inelastic buckling:

The boundary inelastic stability:

12.5M max
Bending coefficient Cb: Cb =
2.5M max + 3M A + 4M B + 3M C

Mmax = absolute value of the maximum moment within the unbraced length
(including the end point points), N-mm
MA = absolute value of the moment at the quarter point of the unbraced length, N –mm
MB = absolute value of the moment at the midpoint of the unbraced length, N-mm
MC = absolute value of the moment at the three-quarter point of the unbraced length, N-mm

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#
Cb value for several common cases of loading 12.5M max
Cb =
and lateral support: 2.5M max + 3M A + 4M B + 3M C

The lateral torsional buckling moment for

Lb=L Lb=L/2 non-uniform bending moment case = Cb x
C
b=1.14 C
b=1.30 lateral torsional buckling moment for
(a) (b) uniform moment case.

B
Cb is always greater than 1.0 for non-
L/2 uniform bending moment.
Lb=L/2
Lb=L Cb=1.67
C
b=1.32 Cb is equal to 1.0 for uniform bending
(c) (d) moment.
M1 M2=M1 B C
Sometimes, if you cannot calculate or figure
Lb=L a a
out Cb, then it can be conservatively
C
b=2.27
ABand C
D: Cb=1.67 assumed as 1.0.
(e) Bc: Cb=1.00
Lateral restraint (f)

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 12.5M max
Example : Bending Coefficient Cb =
2.5M max + 3M A + 4M B + 3M C

P P

A B
L/3 C L/3 D L/3 Mmax = PL/3
MA = PL/4
Va = P Va = P MB = PL/3
MC = PL/4

Moment diagram

𝑃𝐿
12.5 ( )
PL/3 PL/3 𝐶𝑏 = 3 = 1.136
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
A B C 2.5 +3 +4 + 3( )
3 4 3 4

#
 12.5M max
Example : Bending Coefficient Cb =
2.5M max + 3M A + 4M B + 3M C

P P
Segment AC & DB
A B Mmax = PL/3
L/3 L/3 D L/3
C MA = PL/12
Va = P Va = P
MB = PL/6
Moment diagram MC = 3PL/12= PL/4

𝑃𝐿
A 12.5 ( )
PL/3 𝐶𝑏 = 3 = 1.67
B PL/3 𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
C 2.5 +3 +4 + 3( )
4 12 6 4
Segment CD
Mmax = PL/3
MA = PL /3 Cb = 1
MB = PL/3
MC = PL/3
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Moment capacity Vs Lb

Mp

Mr
Moment Capacity, Mn

Cb = 1.5
Cb = 1.2
Cb = 1.0

Lp Lr
Unbraced length, Lb
#
 Compact Beams

For compact beams, laterally supported, AISC F1.1 gives the nominal strength as

Mn = M p (AISC Equation F1-1)

where M p = Fy .Z  1.5M y

The limit of 1.5My for Mp is to prevent excessive load deformations and is

satisfied when

Z
Fy .Z  1.5Fy .S or  1.5
S

#
Structural Steel Design
Flexural & Shear Members

Team
TeamTeaching
Teaching
Structural Design1
Steel Design
Civil Engineering
Civil Department
Engineering Department FTUI 2013
FTUI 2020
DESIGN STRENGTH OF NON-COMPACT BEAMS

#
Design strength of non-compact beams
• Covered in AISC Point F.2 – F.12
• SNI Baja : 1729 – 2015 Bab F

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 F3 : COMPACT WEBS AND Bend in Major
NONCOMPACT OR SLENDER FLANGES Axis

LTB COMPRESSION FLB

NonCompact Flanges Slender Flanges
See compact
section

#
F6 : BENT ABOUT THEIR
MINOR AXIS

Yielding Flange Local Buckling (FLB)

Compact Flanges NonCompact Flanges Slender Flanges

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F7 : SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR
HSS AND BOX-SHAPED MEMBERS

Yielding Flange Local Buckling (FLB)

Compact NonCompact Flanges Slender Web Local Buckling
Flanges

Z = plastic section modulus

about the axis of bending

#
Load Resistance Factor Design for beams

For beams, the basic relationship between load effects and strength can be written as

M u  fb .M n
where

Mu= controlling combination of factored load moments

fb= resistance factor for beams =0.90
Mn= nominal moment strength

The design strength fb. Mn is sometimes called the design moment.

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DEFLECTION

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Deflections
Deflections

❖ To being safe, a structure must be serviceable.

❖ A serviceable structure : performs in a satisfactory manner, not causing
any discomfort or perceptions of unsafety for the occupants or users of the
structure.
❖ For a beam --- > vertical deformation or deflection must be limited.
❖ Excessive deflection indicate that the beam is very flexible which this can
lead to vibration problem
❖ The deflection itself can cause problems if elements attached to the beam
can damaged by small distortions.
❖ In addition, users of structure may view large deflections negatively and
wrongly assume that the structure is unsafe.

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Deflections
Deflections
For the common case of simply supported, uniformly loaded beam the maximum
vertical deflection is given by

5 w.L4
=
384 EI
w

A B 4
5 wL
=
384 EI
L
Deflection simply supported beam

Since deflection is a serviceability limit state, not one of strength, deflection should
always be computed with service loads.

#
 Deflections
The appropriate limit for the maximum deflection depends on the function of the beam and
the likelihood of damage resulting from the deflection. The following values are typical
maximum allowable total (service dead load plus live load) deflection:
L
Plastered construction:
300
L
Unplatered floor construction:
240
L
Unplastered roof construction: where L is the span length.
180

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 tf

y fv=VQ/It
d h
tw

V/Aw fv

SHEAR STRENGTH

#
Shear strength for I Shapes
tf

y fv=VQ/It
d h
tw

V/Aw fv

where :
fv = vertical and horizontal shearing stress at the point of interest V = Vertical shear force
Q = first moment, about neutral axis I = moment of inertia about neutral axis
t = width of the cross section at the point of interest.

Design Concept : Vu < f Vn

where :
Vu = maximum shear based on the controlling combination o factor loads, N
fv = resistance factor for shear = 0.90
Vn = Nominal shear strength, N
#
Shear strength for I Shapes
tf

y fv=VQ/It
d h
tw

V/Aw fv

• The web will completely yield long before the flanges begin to yield. Because of
this, yielding of the web represents one of the shear limit states.
• Taking the shear yield stress as 60% of the tensile yield stress.

Vn
fv = = 0.6 Fy
Aw
\Vn = 0.6 Fy Aw

#
Shear strength for I Shapes
Vn = 0.60Fy . Aw .Cv

Shear yielding
Unit : Fy (Mpa, Ksi)
Aw (mm2, inch2 )
E=2. 105 Mpa
E = 29.000 Ksi
Elastic shear buckling

#
 Web plate buckling coefficient Kv
h
Unstiffened web kv = 5 with  260
tw

5
Stiffened web : kv = 5 +
( a / h) 2
2
a a  260 
kv = 5 when  3 or when   
h h  h / tw 

Where :
a= clear distance between transverse stiffener (inch or mm)
h = clear distance between flanges or web length for W sections
and overall depth for tee sections (inch or mm)

#
 Transverse stiffeners

h E
• Transverse stiffeners are not required where  2.46  
tw  Fy 

or when the required shear strength is less then or equal to the available shear
strength provided (kv = 5)

• Transverse stiffener used to develop available web shear strength

#
Shear strength for Other Shapes
Vn = 0.60Fy . Aw .Cv

Single Angle Aw = bt b = width of the leg resisting the shear force, in. (mm)
t = thickness of angle leg, in. (mm)
h/tw = b/t
kv = 1.2
RECTANGULAR Aw = 2ht h = width resisting the shear force, taken as the clear distance between the flanges
less the inside corner radius on each side, in. (mm)
HSS AND BOX- t = design wall thickness, equal to 0.93 times the nominal wall thickness for electric-
SHAPED resistance-welded (ERW) HSS and equal to the nominal thickness for
MEMBERS submerged-arc-welded (SAW) HSS, in. (mm)
tw = t, in. (mm)
kv = 5

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Balok sederhana dg Profil W14x53 yang dibebani
dengan dua buah berfaktor (Pu) dengan besaran yang Pu =40kN Pu =40kN
sama 40kN seperti pada gambar mendapatkan
support lateral di C dan D. Pada bagian atas balok B
A
dicor pelat beton K225 setebal 12cm (Beban pelat C D
dan berat sendiri balok sudah diperhitungkan ke
3m 1m
dalam pembebanan). Akibat pembebanan tersebut, 3m
reaksi perletakan di A dan B masing-masing -20kN
dan +100kN dan sket diagram gaya dalam momen
dan lintang ditunjukkan pada gambar.

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• Struktur Tidak Kuat terhadap Bending
• Struktur Kuat terhadap geser
• Struktur Tidak aman, perlu diperkuat untuk meningkatkan
kapasitas bending momen negatif di segmen BC

#
BIAXIAL BENDING :
DESIGN OF PURLINS

#
#
 Roof Purlins
• Located at a sloping roof system
• Subjected to biaxial bending of
• The load is vertical, but the axes of bending are inclined.
• The component of load normal to the roof will cause bending about
the x axis, and the parallel component bends the beam about its y
axis.

#
 Roof Purlins
• The purlins are simply supported at the trusses (or rigid
frame rafters), the maximum bending moment about each
axis is 0.125 wL2, where w is the appropriate component of
load.
• If sag rods are used, they will provide lateral support with
respect to x-axis bending and will act as transverse
supports for y-axis bending, requiring that the purlin be
treated as a continuous beam.

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 STRONG
AXIS (X)
WEAK
AXIS (Y)

• only about half the cross section is considered to be

effective with respect to its y axis;
• when considering the strength of a single flange, use half the
tabulated value of Zy for the shape.

Mny = Fy * Zy * 0.5 #
Mny = Fy * Zy * 0.5
#
 References
• Steel Design – William T Segui
• AISC 360 - 2010
• SNI 1729-2015 : Spesifikasi Struktur Bangunan untuk Baja
Struktural
• Animated Video from Purdue University – USA