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Study of Wireless Power Transfer

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 Study of Wireless Power Transfer
Abhishek Bohare
Department of Physics, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University) Srinagar, India
Email: abhi.idfec2017@iitr.ac.in

Abstract- We can’t imagine the technological world without electricity. In general, the electric power is transferred from
one place to another place using conducting wires. This review describes an idea to eliminate the hazardous usages of
electrical wires which costs very high and involve lot of mess when use in industrial areas. Wireless electricity is a
technology to transfer energy using a transmitter to a receiver by means of the electromagnetic field. This technology can
be feasible in the near future. Imagine a future in which household electronics, mobile phones, robots, laptops, and other
portable electronics will be able to charge themselves without any conducting wire. This will eliminate the use of batteries
to operate portable devices. In this review, we described the various methods of wireless power transmission. Another
techniques are described of transmitting power without using conducting wires with an efficiency of about 90 percent with
non-radiative methods. It doesn’t affect environment because the frequency range lies in the non-radiative range. We
report the results of wireless power transfer using inductive method with an efficient way [1]. There are several methods
to transfer electricity. An alternative technique including transfer of power using rectennas through microwave method.
This is suitable for long range electricity transfer ranging meters to kilometers. This review provides an literature of
effective method with high performance techniques which can efficiently transfer the power to the receiver load. We also
discuss the medical applications of wireless power transmission technique [2]. The advantages, disadvantages, biological
impacts are also discussed in it.
Index Terms— Wireless Power transmission, wireless electricity, electricity in air, WiTricity etc.
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is a technology that can transfer electrical energy from the source to an electrical
load without any conducting wire. It can eliminate the use of wires, and connections for electricity transmission.
It is very useful technological development for applications where wired connections are not possible for electricity
transfer. Also, it eliminates the use of batteries that will help to reduce use of toxic materials resulting from disposal
of batteries on a large scale every year.
Non-radiative and radiative power transfer are the two types of this technology. Non-radiative is used for short-
range to midrange power transmission. For short-range power transmission, induction coupling method is used to
transfer energy from source to load and range is less than the diameter of the transmitter coil [1, 2]. Capacitor
coupling method is also considered for short range charging. In mid-range power transmission, resonant inductive
method is used to transfer energy. The range of resonant inductive power transfer is one to 10 times the trans-
mission coil’s diameter[3]. Radiative method is used for long range or far-field power transmission. Microwave and
Laser Photo electricity methods are used for long range transmission. The range of far-field power transmission is
twice of the wavelength of the transmitting signal from the antenna. Laser photo electricity has very week efficiency
and it emits harmful radiation.

2. WIRELESS ELECTRICITY TECHNIQUES

[A.]Non-Radiative Method-Non-Radiative power transmission or near-field transfer technology transmit elec-
tricity with good efficiency and high penetration.
[1.] Short Range-These methods are used for short range. There are two techniques for short-range wireless
power transmission.
[1.1]Inductive Coupling -A fundamental idea of physics underpins inductive coupling and inductive power
transfer. A magnetic field is used to transfer power between the transmitter and receiver. The receiver and trans-
mitter consists of coils i.e. called receiver coil and transmission coil, form a transformer. Ampere’s law states
that when alternating voltage is given to the transmission coil (Tx), an oscillating magnetic field (B) is created.
By this law, magnetic field passes through the receiver coil (Rx) which is aligned in the direct line of sight of the
transmitter coil. By Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, it induces an alternating voltage which produces

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an alternating current in the receiver. This inducting coupling method transfer voltage to the load. Frequency
varies between 20-40 KHz [1]. It is implemented successfully. The power transmission using inductive coupling,
frequency is 40 KHz and 30 KHz respectively for distance 20 cm [2].

Figure 1: Block diagram of an inductive power transmission method [Source: Wikipedia]

[1.2]Capacitive Coupling- Capacitive coupling or electrical coupling method uses electric field for transferring
electricity between two electrodes[4].

[2.]Mid-Range- These methods are used for mid-range transmission. There are two techniques for mid-range
wireless power transmission.
[2.1]Resonant Inductive Coupling - Resonant power transmission is a mid-range power transmission technique
over 4m distance. The operating frequency range is between 10 KHz to 200 MHz[5]. It has more than 50 percent
efficiency. When the matching of impedances is less than 50 percent, it approaches optimum efficiency [6]. It is used
for portable devices. Multiple devices can be charged using this technology. It has maximum efficiency between
few centimeters to few meters.
[2.2]Capacitive Inductive Coupling - With capacitive coupling, resonance is also used to extend the range
from short to mid-range.

[B.]Radiative Method- Radiative power transfer or far-field power transfer technology transmit electricity over a
long range with weak efficiency and weak penetration. It relied on the long-distance propagation of electromagnetic
waves. It relied propagation of electromagnetic waves for the long-distance. This type of transmission emit harmful
radiation. Directive and non-directive radiative power transfer are the two types of radiative power transfer.
[3.] Long Range- These methods are used for long range. There are two techniques for long-range wireless
power transmission.
[3.1]Microwave power transfer - Microwave power transmission is a long range power transmission technique.
The operating frequency range is between 300 MHz to 300 GHz. It has more weak efficiency. Microwaves are sent
to the long distances which are received through rectennas.

Figure 2: Block diagram of Microwave power transmission.

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 [3.2]Laser Photo Electricity - Laser photo electricity method is efficient way of electricity transmission wire-
lessly. This technology is not environment friendly because it emit harmful radiation. Lasers have low divergence
angle. So it is used for space based solar power systems, and transfer energy from space to Earth. This technology
is not flexible with movable receiver. The receiver is required to align in the direct light of the sight of the Laser.
3. APPLICATIONS
[A.]Venticular assist devices- Patients can’t exercise correctly because their Ventricular assist devices (VADs)
are tied to a battery or external power supply. Patients can be free using wireless power transmission technology
and have the opportunity to roam around and exercise like a regular human being. There are no power cords poking
through the skin when using wireless power transfer, which reduces the danger of infection and impregnation.

Figure 3: Future envision to install transmission coil at patients homes for quality life [7].

The free-range resonant electrical delivery (FREE-D) wireless power transmission system is used in magnetically
coupled resonators for efficient power transmission for short range transmission across a distance to a Ventricular
assist devices (VADs) implanted in the human body, as well as to provide robustness to VAD position changes
without interrupting [7].
[B.]Insulin Pump- Insulin pumps is used to measure blood glucose continuously to understand the patient’s
current blood glucose. Based on the current results and previous data learning, closed loop insulin pump infuse an
appropriate amount of insulin.

Figure 4: Insulin Pump [Source: Medtronics]

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 The study found that the most common occurrences were battery life termination within 72 hours of usage (50.0
percent), insulin pump suspension (21.2 percent), and battery fluid leakage (4.5 percent). A total of 53.2 percent
of the insulin pumps reported required to be changed, with 37.1 percent of them recovering when the battery was
changed [8]. There is a danger of infection due to the battery fluid leaks.
[C.]Cardiac Pacemakers- Cardiac Pacemakers are medical electronic devices that stimulate the heart with
electrical impulses to maintain the normal heartbeat. It consists of a tiny computer, a generator and a battery
along with wires that connects to a pacemaker to the heart of patients. This device make patients heart beat close
to normal. An artificial pacemaker attach to patient’s heart always.

Figure 5: Cardiac Pacemaker device.

Wireless Power Transfer will eliminate the replacement of the battery in the cardiac pacemakers. The risk of failure
of the pacemaker will be negligible with this technology.

4. ADVANTAGES
Electricity in the air technology would completely eliminate the existing power transfer using cables, wires, towers
and the sub stations between the power stations and consumers. It is more convenient, and has more freedom to use
electricity. The cost and maintenance of transmission of electricity from stations to substations become cost efficient
and cost of electricity for the consumers would also be reduced. This technology is also helpful to transfer electricity
to those places where the wired transmission of electricity is not possible. Wireless power transmission has a lower
loss of electricity than conventional power transfer, hence its efficiency is higher than system for delivering power
in traditional way. The power failure due to the faults in transmission transformers and short circuit would never
exist in the wireless power transmission.
5. DISADVANTAGES
Every technology need a capital cost for practical implementation at the initial stages. So the capital cost of
initial implementation of wireless power transfer is high. In Laser power transmission technique radiation losses,
attenuation losses etc. are concerned factors. Another disadvantage of microwave technology is that it interferes
with present communication technology, resulting in biological effects on humans and animals.
5. BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS
There is a fear of the microwave radiation effect associated with microwave technique. However, the rapid expo-
nential development in this domain demonstrates that microwave radiation levels will never exceed radiation safety
regulations. Microwaves have a minor effect on the atmosphere in general. The air and water scatter and absorb
microwaves. Microwave is absorbed by water vapor and oxygen influence the air in the frequency band 2.45 GHz
and 5.80 GHz. In microwave frequency ranges, it is sufficient to examine the absorption of radiation by oxygen.
The total absorption through air from space is 0.035 dB, only in the case of solar power from space technique [10].

5. CONCLUSION
Wireless Power transmission technology offers to transmit electricity from short range to long range. It can elimi-
nate the use of wired charging systems and batteries. In this paper, Author presented the theories of each method
of wireless power transmission technology. It has two types of transmission technology in terms of frequencies which
are non-radiative and radiative. Author presented some medical applications for wireless power transmission. Also
advantages. Disadvantages, and Biological effects are also discussed.

153
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