SCIENCE REVIEWER

Sound waves

 Sound waves are longitudinal waves.

 Sound waves are only transmitted only through matter.
 Human voices comes from a system of body parts where air
passes through during exhalation and inhalation
 The power of voice is produced through the exhaled air
coming from lungs.
 The funnel-shaped part of the outer ear collects sounds
around us
 There are three tiny bones in
ear(HAMMER,ANVIL,STIRRUP)
 STIRRUP - it transmits the vibration to the inner ear where
hair-like cells send signals of the sound waves to the brain.
Loudness and intensity
INTENSITY - the amount of energy that a wave carries past a
certain are per second.
DISTANCE & AMPLITUDE - these are the two factors that affects
the intesity of a sound.
LOUDNESS - the human perception of soubd wave intensity.
 When the amplitude is high,the waves carry more energy and
have higher intensity
 The intensity of sound measured through decibels(DB)
 The softest sound a person can hear is equivalent to an
intensity through 0 db,which is a value known as the
“threshold of hearing”.
 Sound produced from normal conversation have an intensity
of around 50db.
 When the intensity of sound is 120db or higher can damage
our ears
 A 10 db increase in sound intensity is a 10 times louder
Frequency and pitch of sound
FREQUENCY OF SOUND is determined by the frequency of vibrations
that produce the sound or the quantity of waves produced each
second.
PITCH - it is the human perception of sound frequency.
INFRASOUND - it refers to sound with pitches and frequencies
way below 20 Hz.
ULTRASOUND - * it refers to sound with pitches and frequencies
higher than 20 000 Hz
*It is a tern that is commonly linked with
ultrasound
Imaging or sonography, a medical process that involves viewing
certain internal body parts of a patient.
 The things that vibrate slowly have low frequency and
produce low-pitched sounds
 The frequency measured through hertz(HZ)
 1 Hz is equal to one vibration per second
 A normal human ear can hear sounds with frequencies
between 20 HZ to 20 000 HZ
 When sound waves have tighter compressions it haves
higher frequency
 The things that vibrates quickly has high frequency and
generates a high-pitched sound
 Animals like rats,whales and some types of bats
are capable of emitting and hearing ultrasonic
sounds when they communicate.
 Dolphins and toothed whales emply the process of
“echolocation” by which they visualize objects in
their surroundings through the high frequency
pulses that they receive and hear.
Electromagnetic spectrum
~The electromagnetic spectrum is the complete range of
wavelengths and frequencies of the electromagnetic
waves.
~The left end of the spectrum consists of waves that
have longer wavelengths but lower frequency and
amounts of energy.
~The right end of the spectrum includes waves with
shorter wavelengths but higher frequency and amounts
of energy.

TYPES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

 RADIO WAVES
- it carry radio and television signals to our homes
- its have wavelengths that longer than 0.3 meters
-it start at the leftmost side of the spectrum
 MICROWAVES
-The shortest radio waves
- it have wavelengths that range from 0.001 to 0.3
meters
-MICROWAVES are utilized in microwave ovens which
heat food through radiation and in transmitting
information to and from cellular phones
 INFARED RAYS
-It is the waves transmitted in the use of remote controls
-it have wavelengths that range from 0.001 meter to 700
nanometers(NM)
-INFARED RAYS are emitted by all warm bodies which
is why military personnel make use of infrared sensitive
night goggles to help them locate people in the dark.
-1 nanometer is equivalent to one billionth of a meter
VISIBLE LIGHT IS THE NEXT REGION IN THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM.

 ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
-it have wavelengths between 10 nanometers and 400
nanometers
-although their wavelengths are shorter than visible
light,ultraviolet rays contains more energy.
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC OR EM WAVES WITH
THE HIGHEST FREQUENCY AND ENERGY BUT
SHORTEST WAVELENGTHS ARE X-RAYS AND
GAMMA RAYS.

 X-RAYS
-it have wavelengths that range from 1 to 10 nanometers
-They carry a great amount of energy that allows them to
penetrate easily through soft tissues in our bodies but
not enough to pass through denser materials such as
bones
-it allows doctors and patients to view the skeletal parts
of the human body especially when a patient has a bone
injury.

 GAMMA RAYS
- It carry the highest amount of energy but have the
shortest wavelengths among the EM waves.
-the wavelengths of gamma rays may range from 1
nanometer or less.
-Gamma radiation is commonly used for sterilization in
food and medical indsutries to ensure safety and
cleanliness
-frequent exposure to gamma radiation is dangerous and
may lead to cancer

IONIZATION - IT IS THE METHOD WHICH

ELECTRONS GAIN ENOUGH ENERGY THAT
ENABLES THEM TO STRIP AWAY FROM AN ATOM.
- THE TYPE OF RADIATION THAT CAN
PRODUCE “IONS” IS KNOWN AS IONIZING
RADIATION.
-ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES WITH THE
HIGHEST LEVELS IN SPECTRUM ARE EXAMPLES
OF WAVES ARE CAPABLE OF THIS TYPE OF
RADIATION.