CEC402 Topic-10 Retaining Wall

4/10/2021
CEC402 : DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

(topic-10 : Design of retaining wall)
Online
PRESENTATION
by
Dr. Amiya K. Samanta
@ce.nitdgp.ac.in Professor
National Institute of Technology Department of Civil Engineering

Durgapur (Structural Division)
April 10, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 1
Outline
Introduction
Types of
Foundation
Behaviour
Analysis &
Design
Summary
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INTRODUCTION
 Function of a walls is to carry loads, enclose and

divide space, exclude weather, and retain heat.
 Loads are applied to a wall in the following ways:
1. Gravity loads on the wall due to load from slab
and beam(WALL COLUMN).
2. Lateral loads perpendicular to the plane of the
wall due to water, or soil (RETAINING WALL).
3. Horizontal in-plane loads due to wind or
earthquake when the wall is used to provide
lateral stability (SHEAR WALL).
INTRODUCTION
.
EARTH
RETAINING
WALL
WALL
COLUMN
DEFINITION SHEAR
OF WALL WALL
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INTRODUCTION
Classification
Type of Load on of
theFoundations Design Method
Wall
In-plane vertical loads (a) For only compressive load, may be designed as
WALL COLUMN plain wall with min reinforcements to control
cracking
(b) For eccentric loading, must be designed as RC
wall as per empirical method (Clause 32.2 of IS 456)
In-plane vertical and (a) When the whole section is under compression,
lateral loads designed separately for compression and shear;
SHEAR WALL bending may be neglected as per Cl 32.3.1 of IS 456
(b) When part of the section is tension, designed as
per Annex A of IS 13920 for combined bending and
axial loads and separately for shear
In-plane vertical loads If axial load does not exceed 0.04fckAg, designed as
but horizontal loads, slab (height to thickness ratio < 50), otherwise
RETAINNG WALL designed as wall (Clause 32.3.2 of IS 456)
INTRODUCTION
Types of Wall :
(a) Retaining walls (b) Load-bearing wall (c) Shear wall

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Types of RC Wall
1. Braced walls: supported and restrained against lateral

deflections using a buttress, counterfort, cross wall, etc.
The lateral supports should be able to transmit lateral
forces from the braced wall to the principal structural
bracing or to the foundation.
2. Unbraced walls: These are walls that provide their own
lateral stability. These walls are generally supported solely
along the lower edge of the wall.
3. Stocky walls: These walls are thick walls and the ratio of
the effective height to thickness, called the slenderness
ratio, < 15 for a braced wall or 10 for an unbraced wall.
4. Slender walls: These are walls that have a slenderness
ratio exceeding those of stocky walls.
Wall Geometry
 Cl- 32.2.4 /IS 456 specifies that the effective height of

the braced wall should be taken as per Table 16.2
Restrained by Restrained Against Not Restrained Against
Rotation at Both Ends Rotation at Both Ends
Floors 0.75Hw 1.0Hw
Intersecting walls or similar 0.75L1 1.0 L1
 When cross walls are provided as stiffeners, the

slenderness ratio = effective length /thickness.
 If the cross walls are placed sufficiently close, the
horizontal distance between the cross walls may
lead to an effective length< usual effective height
of the wall.
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Retaining Wall
 Retaining wall primarily retains some material on

one or both sides of it.
 Usually, it is used to retain soil /earth, at two
different levels on either side.
 The retained material exerts a lateral pressure
causing the retaining wall to bend, overturn, or
slide.
 Hence, the retaining wall & its foundation are
designed in such a way that it is stable under the
effects of lateral earth pressure, in addition to the
usual requirements of strength and serviceability.
Retaining Wall Types
 Gravity-retaining walls: These walls are built of

plain concrete or stone, and their stability against
overturning and sliding depends primarily on
their massive weight.
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 Semi-gravity-retaining walls are lighter than gravity-

retaining walls and contain small amount of
reinforcement in the stem as well as toe, to reduce the
mass of concrete.
 Gabions: These are large cages or baskets usually
made of steel wire or square welded mesh, rectangular
in shape, filled with stone, and used to build retaining
walls
 Cantilever-retaining walls: These are the most
commonly used retaining walls. The base slab of a T-
type wall consists of a toe slab and a heel slab,
whereas that of an L-type wall has only the heel slab.
These retaining walls can be provided with shear keys
to resist shear forces.
 Counterfort-retaining walls: When the height of a

retaining wall exceeds about 6 m, and when the
thickness of stem, toe, and heel of a cantilever-
retaining wall becomes uneconomical, counterforts
may be provided. Counterfort walls consist of a footing
slab (toe and heel slab), a vertical stem, and
intermittent vertical ribs (called counterforts) that tie
the footing and vertical stem together.
 Buttressed-retaining walls: When the counterforts
are provided in the front of the wall and not on the soil
side, they are known as buttressed-retaining walls.
Buttresses reduce the clearance in front of the wall.
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 Anchored-retaining walls: The cantilever stem of

retaining walls can also be propped by high-
strength prestressed guy wires instead of
counterforts. These guy wires are anchored in the
rock or soil behind it.
 Segmental-retaining walls: This system consists
of concrete masonry units that are placed without
the use of mortar (dry stacked) and rely on a
combination of mechanical interlock and mass to
prevent overturning and sliding.
 Basement walls: Walls in the basement of a
building also act as retaining walls.
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Cantilever Retaining Wall
Backfill Backfill
Tile
Gravity RW drain L-Shaped RW
T-Shaped RW
Backfill
Counterfort Buttress
Weep
hole
Counterfort RW Buttress RW
16
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Earth Pressure
 Earth pressure is the main force acting on the

retaining wall and
 Earth pr makes retaining wall bend, overturn, and
slide.
 There are two theories for calculating the earth
pressure on the retaining walls: GL
(a)Coulomb’s theory, 1773

(b)Rankine’s theory, 1857
Pa
Earth Pressure
Terzaghi identified three types of earth pressures

1. Active earth pressure: Active earth pressure
develops when the wall moves away from the
backfill. Here, the soil mass is active in exerting
pressure on the wall and hence termed as active
earth pressure.
2. Earth pressure at rest: Earth pressure at rest

develops when the wall does not deform laterally
This typically occurs when the wall is restrained
from movement.
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Earth Pressure
3. Passive earth pressure: When the wall moves into

the soil, the soil mass is compressed and passive
pressure is developed.
Earth Pressure
The factors affecting the active or passive

pressure
1. Type of backfill material used
2. Drainage of backfill material
3. Level of water table
4. Seasonal conditions such as dry, wet, or frozen
5. Consolidation of backfill
6. The presence of surcharge loads
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Rankine’s Earth Pressure Theory
 Rankine investigated the state of stress in a semi-

infinite mass of homogenous, elastic, and isotropic
soil mass under the influence of its own weight at
failure.
 Rankine’s theory (also called plasticity theory)
(mainly applicable for cohesionless soil)
– 1. There is no adhesion or friction between the wall
and soil.
– 2. Lateral pressure is limited to vertical walls.
– 3. Failure (in the backfill) occurs as a sliding wedge
along an assumed failure plane.
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– 4. Lateral pressure varies linearly with depth and the

resultant pressure is located one-third of the height (H)
above the base of the wall.
– 5. The resultant force is parallel to the backfill surface.
With horizontal backfill:
Effect of surcharge :often considered as equivalent

static loads for the purposes of design and are
assumed to be uniformly distributed.
The earth
pressure
computation is
often made by
substituting the
uniformly
distributed load
by an equivalent
surcharge layer.
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Partly Submerged Backfill : the active pressure

distribution is computed on the basis of the bulk unit
weight of the soil above the water table and the
submerged unit weight of the soil below the water table.
The hydrostatic
water pressure
below the water
table must be added
to the active earth
pressure to obtain
the total lateral
pressure.
Stratified Backfill : When there are two or more layers of

backfilled soil, the pressure will change abruptly at the strata
interfaces. The pressure distribution has to be computed by
using the appropriate values of Ka for each stratum.
.
For a particular
layer, the weight of
the overlying layers
is considered as
surcharge. A typical
pressure diagram for
two different layers
of soil backfill
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Stratified Backfill : When there are two or more layers of

backfilled soil, the pressure will change abruptly at the strata
interfaces. The pressure distribution has to be computed by
using the appropriate values of Ka for each stratum.
.
For a particular
layer, the weight of
the overlying layers
is considered as
surcharge. A typical
pressure diagram for
two different layers
of soil backfill
Coulomb’s Earth Pressure Theory
Coulomb’s theory (also called wedge theory) is

similar to Rankine’s theory except the following:
1. The friction between the wall and the backfill soil is
taken into account by using a soil–wall friction angle
2. Lateral pressure is not limited to vertical walls.
3. The resultant force is not necessarily parallel to the
backfill surface because of the soil–wall friction value b.
 Coulomb considered a rigid mass of soil sliding upon a
plane (straight line) shear surface and derived the
equation for active earth pressure by resolving the forces
acting in the parallel and perpendicular directions to the
shear surface.
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(a) Active earth pressure (b) Passive earth pressure
Passive earth pressure is given by:
The resultant earth pressure acts at H/3 from base

and is inclined at angle β to the normal to the face of
the wall
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Preliminary Proportioning of Retaining Walls
(a) Cantilever-retaining wall (b) Counterfort-retaining wall

Preliminary Proportioning of Retaining Walls
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Drainage of backfill
Analysis of Retaining Wall
Stability Requirements
 The FS against sliding and overturning > 1.4 (Cl.-20
/IS 456)
 When the stabilizing forces are mainly due to DL, the
code suggests using only 0.9 times the characteristic
dead loads, while calculating the FS
 While making the computations, the backfill on the toe

slab is usually neglected.
 The retaining wall will overturn due to the earth
pressure, with a point at the edge of the toe slab acting
as the centre of rotation.
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Soil Bearing Pressure Requirements
 The width of the base slab should be chosen in

such a way that it distributes the vertical reaction
from the retaining wall to the foundation soil
without excessive settlement or rotation.
 The calculated maximum pressure below the base
slab should not exceed the SBC of the soil and the
minimum pressure should not be negative.
. Analysis for dry back fills
Maximum pressure at any height, p=kah GL

Total pressure at any height from top,
pa=1/2[kah]h = [kah2]/2 h
H
Bending moment at any height GL Pa
M=paxh/3= [kah3]/6
M
 Total pressure, Pa= [kaH2]/2
Total Bending moment at bottom, kaH
M = [kaH3]/6 H=stem height
36
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.
Where, ka= Coefficient of active earth pressure
= (1-sin)/(1+sin)=tan2
= 1/kp, coefficient of passive earth pressure
= Angle of internal friction or angle of repose
=Unit weigh or density of backfill
If = 30, ka=1/3 and kp=3.

Thus ka is 9 times kp
37
. Backfill with sloping surface
pa=ka Hatthebottomandisparallel GL
to inclined surface of backfill
ka= cos  cos2   cos2  

cos
cos  cos2   cos2 
Where =Angle of surcharge

 Total pressure atbottom
=Pa= ka H2/2
38
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. Stability requirements
Following conditions must be satisfied for
stability of wall (IS:456-2000).
• It should not overturn

• It should not slide
• It should not subside, i.e Max. pressure at the
toe should not exceed the safe bearing
capacity of the soil under working condition
39
. Check against overturning
Factor of safety againstoverturning

= M R / M O  1.55 (=1.4/0.9)
Where,
MR =Stabilisingmomentorrestoring
moment
MO =overturning moment
As per IS:456-2000,
MR>1.2 MO, ch. DL + 1.4 MO, ch. IL
0.9 MR  1.4 MO, chIL
40
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. Check against Sliding
FOS against sliding

= Resisting force to sliding
Horizontal forcecausing/
sliding
= W/Pa  1.55
As per IS:456:2000
1.4 = ( 0.9W)/Pa Friction  W
SLIDING OF
WALL
41
. Design of Shear key

In case the wall is
unsafe against sliding
pp= p tan2 (45 +/2)

= p kp
H wherepp= Unit passive
pressure on soil above
H+ shearing planeAB
PA p= Earth pressure at BC
a
C R=Total passive
A R pp resistance=ppxa
a

B
=45 +  ka(H+
/2 W a)
42
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.
If W=Total vertical force acting at the key base
= shearing angle of passive resistance R=
Total passive force = pp x a
PA=Active horizontal pressure at key base for H+a
W=Total frictional force under flat base
For equilibrium, R + W =FOS x PA
FOS= (R + W)/ PA  1.55
43
W4 H
x1 W1
h

W2
x2 W Pa
R
H/
W3 3
T
e
x b/6
b/
b
2
Pmin. Pressure below the

Pmax Retaining Wall
44
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Stability Summery
Design Steps
1. Calculate the depth of foundation based on Rankine’s

formula.
2. Select initial sizes for the stem, heel, and toe slabs.
3. Calculate the weight of various elements and soil on
heel slab, active pressure of soil, and moments due to
these forces acting on the retaining wall.
4. Calculate soil pressure below base slab. It should not
exceed the SBC of the soil and no tension should be
developed in the soil. If these conditions are not
satisfied, the base slab dimensions should be
modified and the calculations in steps 3 and 4 should
be repeated until they are satisfied.
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Design Steps
5. Check for safety against overturning. The factor of

safety against overturning should be at least 1.4;
otherwise, the dimensions of the retaining wall
should be modified and the calculations in steps 3
and 5 should be repeated until they are satisfied.
6. Check for safety against sliding. The factor of
safety against sliding should be at least 1.4;
otherwise, a shear key may be provided.
7. Design the toe, heel, and stem slabs. Calculate the
bending moment and shear force acting on these
elements. Provide sufficient depth and
reinforcements to resist these moments and shear
forces.
Detailing Requirement
Behaviour of cantilever-retaining wall

(a) Loads on stem, toe, and heel slabs
(b)Deflected shape
(c) Location of main reinforcement
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Detailing Requirement
Design of Toe, Heel & Stem
 The toe slab acts as a cantilever from the front face

of the vertical stem slab. It is subjected to upward
pressure from the soil and the self-weight acting
downwards
 The critical section for bending moment occurs at
the face of the stem whereas the critical section for
shear force occurs at a distance d from the face of
stem, where d is the effective depth of toe slab.
 The assumed thickness has to be checked for
adequacy and the required steel should be
calculated.
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Design of Toe, Heel & Stem
 The heel slab also acts like a cantilever. The lateral

earth pressure tends to cause the retaining wall to
rotate about its toe.
 This action tends to push the heel slab into the
backfill, making the weight of the backfill on the
heel slab to push it down.
 Thus, the heel slab is subjected to upward
pressure from the soil and the downward loads
due to self-weight and earth above the heel.
 The bending moment due to the downward loads
is more than that due to the upward loads and
causes tension at the top of the slab.
Design Example
Problem Statement
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Design Example
.Layout /EP Diagram
Design Example
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Design Example
Design Example
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Design Example
Design Example
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Design Example
Design Example
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Design Example
Design Example
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Design Example
Counterfort Retaining Wall
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Counterfort Retaining Wall
Summary
This Topic /Chapter focusses on

1. A general discussion on design principle of
Retaining Wall
2. Relevant stipulations wrt IS codes of Practice
relevant to the topic
3. Behaviour of Retaining Wall
4. Analysis and design.
5. Design steps
6. Design Example
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Reference /Study Materials Resources
1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105/105/105105104/
2. https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc20_ce39/previe
w
3. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105/105/105105105/
4. http://www.nptelvideos.in/2012/11/design-of-
reinforced-concrete-structures.html
5. Oxford University Press /online Resources
6. Design of Concrete Structures, by N Subramanian
/Pillai & Menon /Mullick & Gupta
ANY QUESTIONS ?
34

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4/10/2021

CEC402 : DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

National Institute of Technology Department of Civil Engineering

April 10, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 1

 Function of a walls is to carry loads, enclose and

April 10, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 3

April 10, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 4

April 10, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 5

(a) Retaining walls (b) Load-bearing wall (c) Shear wall

1. Braced walls: supported and restrained against lateral

 Cl- 32.2.4 /IS 456 specifies that the effective height of

 When cross walls are provided as stiffeners, the

 Retaining wall primarily retains some material on

Retaining Wall Types

 Gravity-retaining walls: These walls are built of

April 10, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 10

Retaining Wall Types

 Semi-gravity-retaining walls are lighter than gravity-

Retaining Wall Types

 Counterfort-retaining walls: When the height of a

April 10, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 12

Retaining Wall Types

 Anchored-retaining walls: The cantilever stem of

April 10, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 13

Retaining Wall Types

April 10, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 14

Cantilever Retaining Wall

April 10, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 15

Retaining Wall Types

 Earth pressure is the main force acting on the

(a)Coulomb’s theory, 1773

April 10, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 17

Terzaghi identified three types of earth pressures

2. Earth pressure at rest: Earth pressure at rest

3. Passive earth pressure: When the wall moves into

April 10, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 19

The factors affecting the active or passive

April 10, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 20

Rankine’s Earth Pressure Theory

 Rankine investigated the state of stress in a semi-

April 10, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 21

Rankine’s Earth Pressure Theory

April 10, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 22

Rankine’s Earth Pressure Theory

– 4. Lateral pressure varies linearly with depth and the

With horizontal backfill:

April 10, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 23

Rankine’s Earth Pressure Theory

Effect of surcharge :often considered as equivalent

April 10, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 24

Rankine’s Earth Pressure Theory

Partly Submerged Backfill : the active pressure

April 10, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 25

Rankine’s Earth Pressure Theory

Stratified Backfill : When there are two or more layers of

April 10, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 26

Rankine’s Earth Pressure Theory

Stratified Backfill : When there are two or more layers of

April 10, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 27

Coulomb’s Earth Pressure Theory

Coulomb’s theory (also called wedge theory) is

April 10, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 28

Coulomb’s Earth Pressure Theory