23-Apr-2021

Design of Columns
with Moments
@ce.nitdgp.ac.in

Introduction
Axially loaded columns are rare in actual practice.
Most of the columns are subjected to Axial Load+BM,
about one or both the axes of cross section.
The bending action may produce tensile forces over a
part of the cross section depending on the magnitude
of the axial compressive force as well as the BM.
Despite the presence of tensile stresses, columns are
generally referred to as compression members or
beam-columns, as the compressive forces or stresses
dominate their behaviour.

1
 23-Apr-2021

Introduction
Such compression members include columns rigidly
connected to beams, columns of multi-storeyed
buildings, portal frames, columns supporting crane
loads in industrial buildings, and arches.
In multi-storeyed buildings, the edge columns are
usually subjected to uniaxial bending and the corner
columns are subjected to biaxial bending.
Even the internal columns may be subjected to
bending if there are lateral loads or when the adjoining
spacing of columns are different on either side of the
column.
3

Introduction

2
 23-Apr-2021

Introduction

Design of Column :
Under Axial Load and Uniaxial Bending

Assumptions Made in Limit States Design for

Columns

The failure of concrete is governed by the maximum

strain criteria.
For members under concentric load, the ultimate
compressive strain in concrete is taken uniformly as
0.002 across the section.
The ultimate strain in concrete at the outermost
compression fibre for bending is taken as 0.0035.
6

3
 23-Apr-2021

Limit State Design for Columns :

Assumptions

When the neutral axis lies along one edge of the

section (Fig. 14.1), the strain varies from 0.0035 at the
highly stressed compressed edge to zero at the opposite
edge.
As shown in Fig. 14.1, the strain distribution lines for
these two cases intersect each other at a depth of 3D/7
(Point F in Fig. 14.1) from the highly compressed edge.
This point F is assumed to act as a fulcrum for the
strain distribution line when the neutral axis falls
outside the section, as shown in Fig. 14.1.

Strain Block in Concrete

under Compressive Load and Moment

Fig. 14.1 Failure strain in concrete under compressive load and moment

4
 23-Apr-2021

Design Stress-strain Curve

for Steel Reinforcements

• The compressive strength of concrete in the

structure is assumed to be 0.67fck.
• In addition, a partial factor of safety equal to 1.5 is
applied to the strength of concrete. Thus, the
design strength of concrete is taken as
0.67fck/1.5 = 0.447 fck.
• The equation of the parabolic part of the curve is
taken as

Design Stress-strain Curve

for Steel Reinforcements

• The partial factor of safety for the strength of steel

reinforcement is taken in IS 456 as 1.15, and hence
the design strength is fy/1.15 or 0.87fy.
• The non-linear stress-strain curve beyond a stress
of 0.8 x 0.87fy = 0.696 fy for HYSD bars may be
obtained using (with ε taken as strain x 1000)

10

5
 23-Apr-2021

Derivation of Basic Equations

The ultimate load carrying capacity of a uniaxially

eccentrically loaded column depends on the following
parameters:
1. The size of the column
2. The disposition of reinforcements
3. The stress– strain curves of the materials used
4. The yield limits of the materials
5. The eccentricity of the load
Further Reading :
NPTEL Notes

11

Derivation of Basic Equations

12

6
 23-Apr-2021

Derivation of Basic Equations

The relation between the axial force, P, and moment, M, in a

symmetrically reinforced rectangular column section is derived by
considering different positions of neutral axis.
Three cases are considered as follows:
Case 1—Eccentricity e ≤ emin (see Fig. 14.2)

Where fsc is the compressive stress in steel corresponding

to a strain of 0.002 (equals 0.79f y for Fe 415 grade steel
and 0.746f y for Fe 500 steel). The second term within
parenthesis is usually neglected for convenience
13

Stress and Strain Diagram

Fig. 14.2 Stress and strain diagrams for e ≤ emin (a) Section (b) Strain (c) Stress

14

7
 23-Apr-2021

Derivation of Basic Equations

– Case 2—Neutral axis lies outside section (see Fig. 14.3)

15

Stress and Strain Diagram

Fig. 14.3 Stress–Strain diagram when neutral axis is outside the section (a) Column section
(b) Strain diagram (c) Concrete stress diagram (d) Steel forces

16

8
 23-Apr-2021

Derivation of Basic Equations

• Case 3—Neutral axis lies inside section (see Fig. 14.4)

17

Stress and Strain Diagram

Fig. 14.4 Stress–Strain diagram when neutral axis is inside the section (a) Column section
(b) Strain diagram (c) Concrete stress diagram (d) Steel forces

18

9
 23-Apr-2021

Design Example

April 23, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 19

Design Example

April 23, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 20

10
 23-Apr-2021

Design Example

April 23, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 21

Analysis of Circular Columns

The determination of the ultimate strength of circular

columns is based on the same principles as in the case of
rectangular or square columns.
However, in this case, the geometry of the compression zone
and the circular arrangement of steel bars pose complications.
The circular column is replaced by an equivalent rectangular
column. The area of the equivalent column is made equal to the
area of the actual circular column, and its depth in the direction
of bending is taken as 0.8 times the outside diameter of the real
column (see Fig 14.6).
The values of Pn and Mn are calculated as for rectangular
columns.
22

11
 23-Apr-2021

Analysis of Circular Columns

Fig. 14.6 Replacing circular column with an equivalent rectangular

column (a) Actual circular column (b) Equivalent rectangular column

23

Analysis of Circular Columns

The stress block parameters for rectangular sections are not

applicable to circular sections.
The extreme fibre strain for circular section may be taken as
0.0035, even though the failure strain in compression for
circular sections may be less than that of rectangular sections.
While developing the interaction curves of SP 16, the circular
section was divided into strips and the forces on each of these
strips were summed up for determining the total forces and
moments due to stresses in concrete.
To compute the compressive force and its moment about the
centroid of the column, we need to compute the area and
centroid of the segment.
24

12
 23-Apr-2021

Analysis of Circular Columns

Fig. 14.7 Circular column under direct load and moments (a) Section (b) Strains (c) Stresses
(d) Compression zones

25

Interaction Curves
Designers often use spreadsheets, computer programs, or
computer-generated interaction curves or tables for
column design.
Fig. 14.8 shows a curve that is drawn for a column as the
load changes from one of pure axial load through varying
combinations of axial loads and moments to a pure
bending case.
Interaction curves are useful for studying the strength of
columns with various proportions of loads and moments.
 Any combination of loading that falls inside the curve is
generally satisfactory, whereas any combination falling
outside the curve is not satisfactory and may represent
failure. 26

13
 23-Apr-2021

Interaction Curves

Further
Reading :
NPTEL
Notes

Fig. 14.8 Column interaction curve

27

Interaction Curves
The points and regions on the interaction curve that are important
are as follows:
1. Point A—pure axial load: This point corresponds to a strain
distribution that represents uniform axial compression without
moment, sometimes referred to as pure axial load.
2. Point B—zero tension, onset of cracking The strain distribution
at this point corresponds to the axial force and moment on the
onset of the crushing of the concrete, when the strain in the
concrete at the least compressed edge is zero and the concrete
begins to crack. Since the tensile strength of concrete is
ignored in strength calculations, failure loads below point B in
the interaction curve represent cases where the section is
partially cracked.
28

14
 23-Apr-2021

Interaction Curves
3. Region A–C—compression-controlled failure: The
columns with axial load capacity Pn and moment capacity
Mn that fall in this region of interaction curve initially fail
due to the crushing of concrete in the compression face,
before the yielding of tensile steel. Hence, they are called
compression-controlled columns.

4. Point C—balanced failure: This point is called the

balanced failure point and represents the balanced
loading case, where theoretically both the crushing of the
concrete in the compression face and the yielding of
reinforcement in the tension face develop
simultaneously.
29

Interaction Curves
5. Point D—tension-controlled limit: This point denotes
the ductile failure of column, where the tensile strain in
the extreme layer of the tension steel is sufficiently
large, that is, equal to or great than about 2.5 times the
yield strain in steel.
6. Region C–D—transition region: The columns that fall
in the region CD are termed transition region columns.
7. Point E—pure bending: This point represents the
bending strength of the member, that is, when it is
subjected to moment alone with zero axial loads.

30

15
 23-Apr-2021

Design Aids
The non-dimensional interaction curves given in SP 16
consider the following three types of symmetrically
reinforced columns:
1. Rectangular columns with reinforcement on two
sides—Charts 27 to 38: The two sides refer to the sides
parallel to the axis of bending. There are no interior
rows of bars, and each outer row has an area of 0.5As
and includes four-bar reinforcement.
2. Rectangular columns with reinforcement on four
sides—Charts 39 to 50: These charts have been
prepared for a section with 20 bars equally distributed
on all four sides, but they can be used for any number of
bars greater than eight. 31

Fig. 14.9 Typical interaction diagram for rectangular columns (Chart 32 of SP 16)
32

16
 23-Apr-2021

Design Aids-Circular Columns

3. Circular columns—Charts 51 to 62: These
charts have been prepared for a section with eight
bars, but can be used for any section having more
than six bars.
These charts have been prepared for three
grades of steel (Fe 250, Fe 415, and Fe 500) and
for four values of cover ratio d′/D (0.05, 0.10, 0.15,
and 0.20) for each of the three types of columns.

 The dotted lines in these charts (see Figs 14.9 and

14.10) indicate the stress in the bars nearest to
the tension face of the column.
33

Fig. 14.10 Interaction diagram for circular columns (Chart 56 of SP 16)

34

17
 23-Apr-2021

Design Aids
The line fst = 0 indicates that the neutral axis lies
along the outermost row of reinforcement.
For points lying above this line on the chart, all the
bars in the section will be in compression.
The line for fst = fyd indicates that the outermost
tension reinforcement will reach the design yield
strength.
For points lying below this line on the chart, all
outermost tension reinforcement will undergo inelastic
deformation, whereas successive inner rows may reach
the stress of fyd.
35

Design Procedure
1. Determine the axial load and bending moments acting on
the column for different load cases. From this, determine
the maximum axial force and bending moment that has to
be supported by the column. Calculate the factored load and
factored bending moment.

2. Select trial cross-sectional dimensions based on experience,

grade of concrete, minimum permissible column size and
minimum size and cover based on fire resistance and
environment exposure requirements.

3. Check for minimum eccentricity

36

18
 23-Apr-2021

Design Procedure
4. Choose rebar size and size of cover based on exposure
condition. Calculate d′/D.

5. Calculate pu and mu.

6. Depending on the values of pu, mu, d′/D, and grade of steel,

select the corresponding chart from SP 16. If there is no exact
match for the calculated d′/D value, the values from two
charts should be taken and interpolated.
Be sure that the column diagram shown at the upper
right side of the interaction curve matches with the column
being considered.
37

Design Procedure
7. Calculate the steel area As. Check whether the calculated area
of reinforcement is within the bounds of the specified code,
that is, above 0.8 per cent and below 3–4 per cent; revise the
section if necessary and repeat the calculations.

8. Design ties as per Clause 26.5.3.2 and detail the

reinforcements taking into consideration Clause 26.5.3.1 of IS
456.

For eccentricity ratios, e/D, less than about 0.1, a spiral circular
column is more efficient in terms of load capacity.
For e/D ratios greater than 0.2, a rectangular column with bars
in the faces farthest from the axis of bending is economical.
38

19
 23-Apr-2021

Fig. 14.12 Typical arrangements of column ties (a) Square columns (b) Rectangular columns
39

Typical Arrangements of Column Ties

Fig. 14.13 Typical arrangements of column ties (c) Large square column (d) L-shaped columns
(e) I-shaped column

40

20
 23-Apr-2021

Design Aids

April 23, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 41

Design Example

April 23, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 42

21
 23-Apr-2021

Design of Columns with Axial Load

and Biaxial Bending
 One of the methods for the design of members subjected to
combined axial load and biaxial bending is based on the
conditions of equilibrium with a suitably chosen inclined
neutral axis.

 A symmetrically reinforced concrete column section subjected

to biaxial bending is shown in Fig. 14.14.

 If the column has more than four bars, the extra steel forces
should also be considered. The use of rectangular stress block
will simplify the calculations.

43

Design of Columns with

Axial Load and Biaxial Bending

Fig. 14.14 Biaxial bending of symmetrically reinforced concrete columns

44

22
 23-Apr-2021

Design of Columns with

Axial Load and Biaxial Bending
 The analysis involves a triangular or trapezoidal area of
compressed concrete, as well as a neutral axis that is not
usually perpendicular to the direction of eccentricity; it is
inclined with an angle depending on the moment values as
well as the section properties.

 For a given cross section and reinforcement, by varying the

inclination of the neutral axis, a series of interaction diagrams
can be drawn.

 From Fig. 14.15, it is seen that the complete set of diagrams

for all angles will result in an interaction surface, which is the
failure surface for the given section.
45

Design of Columns with

Axial Load and Biaxial Bending

Fig. 14.15 Three-dimensional interaction surface for an RC column with biaxial bending
46

23
 23-Apr-2021

Design of Columns with

Axial Load and Biaxial Bending

Three-dimensional interaction surface for an RC column with biaxial bending 47

Methods of Superposition
Some simple methods of superposition have been developed,
which reduce the inclined bending to bending about major axis of
the section, thus allowing the use of interaction diagrams
developed for uniaxial bending.
Steps are :
a) Determine the required As in the x-direction considering Pu and Mux.
b) Determine the required As in the y-direction considering Pu and Muy.
c) Determine the total required area of steel by adding the two areas
obtained in steps (a) and (b).
This method has no theoretical basis and may lead to unsafe designs
because the full strength of concrete is considered twice in the design.
However, this method can be conveniently used in the design of long
L-, T-, and +-shaped columns as the overlapping area in the x- and y-
directions will be small.
48

24
 23-Apr-2021

Methods of Equivalent Uniaxial Eccentricity

 In these methods, the biaxial eccentricities are replaced by an
equivalent uniaxial eccentricity and the column is designed for
uniaxial bending and axial load.

 This procedure is limited in application to columns with doubly

symmetric cross sections having the ratio of longer to shorter
dimension between 0.5 and 2 and reinforced with equal
reinforcement on all the four faces.

 Clause 3.8.4.5 of the UK code BS 8110-Part 1: 1997 suggests an

approximate method for symmetrically reinforced rectangular
sections. It suggests that the two moments acting on the
column can be reduced to a single moment about a given axis
(see Fig. 14.17). 49

Methods of Equivalent Uniaxial Eccentricity

Fig. 14.16 Definition of terms for biaxially loaded columns

50

25
 23-Apr-2021

Column under Biaxial Bending

BS 8110-Part 1: 1997 suggests that the
two moments Mx and My acting on
the column can be reduced to a
single moment about a given axis by
using the following:

Fig. 14.17 Column under biaxial bending as per BS 8110

51

Methods Based on Approximations for

Shape of Interaction Surface

1. Bresler’s Reciprocal Load Method (ACI 318):

 This method is more suitable for analysis than for design and,
hence, is often used to check designs.
 The capacity predicted by this method is in reasonable
agreement with theoretical as well as experimental results.
 The results obtained by Bresler’s reciprocal formula are not
realistic for columns with high-end restraints or columns
that are very slender.
52

26
 23-Apr-2021

Methods Based on Approximations for

Shape of Interaction Surface

2. Bresler’s Load Contour Method (IS 456):

A plot of interaction curves for different values of

Pu/Pnz are shown in Fig. 14.17.
Any combination of biaxial moments falling inside
these curves for the given value of Pu/Pnz is
considered safe.
53

Interaction Curves for Biaxial Moments

Fig. 14.17 Interaction curves for biaxial moments for

different values of Pu/Pnz
54

27
 23-Apr-2021

Design Procedure for Columns

with Biaxial Moments
The procedure for the design of columns subjected to factored
axial load Pu and biaxial moments Mux and Muy consists of the
following steps:
1. Assume cross-sectional dimensions and the area of steel
and its distribution.
2. Compute concentric load capacity Pnz and Pu/Pnz. Chart 63
of SP 16 can also be used to evaluate the value of Pnz.
3. Determine the uniaxial capacities Mnx and Mny of the
section combined with the given axial load Pu with the use
of interaction curves for axial load and uniaxial moment.
4. Determine the adequacy of the column section using Fig.
14.17.
55

Design Aids

 The design of columns subjected to factored axial load Pu and

biaxial moments Mux and Muy is iterative.

 Sinha and his associates have developed interaction curves for

typical reinforcement distribution in rectangular and square
columns for axial load, biaxial moments, effective cover to
reinforcement, and area of steel.

 These curves can be used directly to determine the area of

steel, without any trial and error process.

56

28
 23-Apr-2021

Design Example

April 23, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 57

Design Example

April 23, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 58

29
 23-Apr-2021

Design Example

April 23, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 59

Design Example

April 23, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 60

30
 23-Apr-2021

Design Example

April 23, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 61

Design Example

April 23, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 62

31
 23-Apr-2021

Design Example

April 23, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 63

Slender Columns
A slender column may be defined as a column that
has significant reduction in its axial load capacity due
to moments resulting from lateral deflections of the
column (see Fig. 14.19).

Slender concrete columns may fail by buckling in the

elastic or inelastic stress state or they may fail when
the compressive strain in the concrete reaches its limit
of 0.0035. The former is classified as instability failure
and the latter as material failure.
64

32
 23-Apr-2021

Definition of Slender Columns

A compression member is considered slender when either of
the slenderness factors Lex/D and Ley/B is greater than 12, where
Lex and Ley are the effective lengths with respect to the major and
minor axis, respectively, and B and D are the width and depth of
the column.

In addition, the following limits are recommended:

1. Columns with both ends restrained: Unsupported
length should not exceed 60 times the least lateral
dimension of a column.
2. Columns with one end unrestrained: Unsupported
length should not exceed 100 × B2D, where B is the width
and D is the depth of column measured in the plane under
consideration. 65

Fig. 14.20 Single and double curvature bending in braced frames (a) Braced (non-
sway) frame (b) Single curvature bending (c) Double curvature bending
66

33
 23-Apr-2021

Behaviour of Slender Columns

The behaviour of a slender column shown in Fig. 14.20(a) under

increasing load is illustrated by the P–M interaction diagram of Fig.
14.20(c). It also illustrates the different types of failure.

Slender column behaviour for particular loading and end condition

can be illustrated by the use of slender column interaction diagrams
(see Fig. 14.21).

The three most significant variables affecting the strength and

behaviour of slender columns have been identified as the
slenderness ratio , the end eccentricity ratio , and the ratio of end
eccentricities (see Fig. 14.22).
67

Behaviour of Slender Columns

Fig. 14.20 Behaviour of slender columns (a) Column with eccentric loads (b) Free body
diagram (c) P–M interaction diagram
68

34
 23-Apr-2021

Behaviour of Slender Columns

Fig. 14.21 Construction of slender column interaction diagrams (a) Slender

column behaviour (b) Slender column P–M interaction diagrams
69

Behaviour of Slender Columns

Fig. 14.22 Effect of curvature on interaction diagrams for slender hinged columns

70

35
 23-Apr-2021

Factors Affecting Behaviour of

Slender Columns
1. The ratio of unsupported length to section depth, the end
eccentricity ratio, and the ratio and signs of end
eccentricities—the effects of these variables are strongly
interrelated.
2. The degree of rotational restraint—stiffer beams at the ends of
columns provide greater column strength.
3. The degree of lateral restraint—a braced column is significantly
stronger than a column unbraced against end displacements.
4. The amount of steel reinforcement and the strength of
concrete—an increase in the p/fck ratio provides increased
stability.
5. The duration of loading—creep of concrete during sustained
loading increases the concrete deflections and decreases the
strength of slender columns. 71

Design Approaches
In the absence of interaction diagrams for slender
columns, the following four methods of design are
often used:

1. Exact method based on non-linear second-order

analysis
2. Moment magnifier method
3. Additional moment method (IS Code)
4. Reduction factor method

72

36
 23-Apr-2021

Exact Method Based on

Non-linear Second-order Analysis

 The design of slender columns may be based on the

moments and forces found from the second-order
analysis of the structure taking into account
material non-linearity, member curvature and
lateral drift, duration of loading, shrinkage and
creep, and interaction with the supporting
foundation.
 Such a non-linear second-order analysis has shown
to predict ultimate loads within 15 % of tests
conducted on columns in statically indeterminate RC
structures.
73

Exact Method Based on

Non-linear Second-order Analysis
 The sections may be proportioned to resist these
actions without any modification, as the effect of
column slenderness has been considered in the
determination of member forces and moments.
 The main factors to be included in the second-order
analysis are the P–Δ and P–d moments due to the
lateral deflections of the columns in the structure.
 Clause 39.1 of IS 456 and clause 10.10.3 of ACI 318
recommend this type of second-order analysis.
However, these rational methods are not usually
used in design offices as they are time consuming
and may be expensive.
74

37
 23-Apr-2021

Exact Method Based on

Non-linear Second-order Analysis
 These geometric non-linear effects are typically
distinguished between P–d effects, associated with
deformations along the members, measured relative
to the member chord, and P–Δ effects, measured
between member ends and commonly associated
with storey drifts in buildings.
 In buildings subjected to earthquakes, P–Δ effects are
much more of a concern than P–d effects, and
provided that members conform to the slenderness
limits for special systems in high seismic regions, P–d
effects do not generally need to be modelled in non-
linear seismic analysis.
75

Moment Magnifier Method

 In this approximate moment magnifier method (Clause
10.10.5 of ACI), moments computed from the first-order
analysis are multiplied by a moment magnifier to account
for the second-order effects.
 The moment magnifier is a function of the factored axial
load and the critical buckling load for the column.
 Using this method, non-sway and sway frames are
treated separately.
 Sway and non-sway frames can be identified based on
two criteria: increase in column end moments from
second-order effects not exceeding five per cent of the
first-order end moments or the stability index is less than
0.04.
76

38
 23-Apr-2021

Columns in Non-sway or Braced Frames

Braced column is not subjected to side sway, and

hence, there is no significant relative lateral
displacement between the top and bottom ends of the
column.
Normally, the ends of a braced column will be
partially restrained against rotation by the connecting
beams.
For each load combination, the factored moments at
the top and bottom of the column are calculated using
first-order frame analysis.
77

Columns in Non-sway or Braced Frames

• The magnified moment, Mc (for each load combination), is

found by multiplying the larger factored end moment, M2 :

with

EI for cracked section may be determined from

equations given in ACI code

78

39
 23-Apr-2021

Columns in Non-sway or Braced Frames

79

Columns in Non-sway or Braced Frames

80

40
 23-Apr-2021

Values of Cm for Different End

Moment Cases
The correction factor for equivalent uniform moment
diagram is

M1/M2 is taken
as +ve if the
column is bent
in single
curvature and -
ve if bent in
double
curvature

Fig. 14.23 Values of Cm for different end moment cases

81

Columns in Sway or Unbraced Frames

Unbraced frame is subjected to side sway, and hence,

there will be significant displacement between the top and
bottom ends of the column.
Such a sway is possible in asymmetric frames or in
frames subjected to lateral loads. A simple frame subjected
to side sway is shown in Fig. 14.24(a).
The additional moments at the ends of the column
caused by the action of the vertical load acting on the
deflected configuration of the unbraced column is called
lateral drift effect (see Fig. 14.24b).

82

41
 23-Apr-2021

Fig. 14.24 Unbraced column–lateral drift effect (a) Sway frame (b) Deflected shape of column
(c) Moments 83

Columns in Sway or Unbraced Frames

In unbraced frames, the action of primary moments

generally result in double curvature, as shown in Fig.
14.24(b).
Moreover, the moments at the unbraced column ends will
be the maximum; it is due to the primary moments being
enhanced by the lateral drift effect (see Fig. 14.24c).
For each load combination, the factored non-sway
moments and the factored sway moments are calculated at
the top and bottom of the column using first-order elastic
frame analysis. The magnified sway moments are added to
the unmagnified non-sway moments at each end of the
column.
84

42
 23-Apr-2021

Columns in Sway or Unbraced Frames

• The magnified moments at each end of the column (M1 and

M2) are calculated as:

The ACI code gives two alternate methods to calculate δs. In

the first method, it is taken as

If δs calculated by the above equation exceeds 1.5, take it as

85

Columns in Sway or Unbraced Frames

86

43
 23-Apr-2021

Additional Moment Method

 This additional moment method has been adopted in
IS 456.
 The moment at the failure section of the column can also
be taken as equal to the sum of the applied moment M
and a complementary or additional moment Ma equal to
load times the complementary eccentricity. This
complementary moment represents the moment induced
by the column deflections.
 The column is designed for the axial load Pu and the
moment (Me + Ma).
 In this method, the deflection δ of the column is
computed from the curvature diagram as shown in Fig.
14.25.
87

Additional Moment Method

Fig. 14.25 Deflection of beam-column based on curvature (a) Deflected shape

of slender column at ultimate load (b) Moment diagram (c) Idealized M–f
relationship (d) Curvature diagram
88

44
 23-Apr-2021

Additional Moment Method

• As per clause 39.7.1 of IS 456, the additional

moments Max and May should be calculated as

If the failure is not a balanced one, a moment

reduction factor, k is specified in clause 39.7.1.1

89

Additional Moment Method

• The value of Pb may be evaluated for

rectangular and circular sections as below
(Table 60 of SP 16):

For the values of k1 and k2 see Tables 14.5 and

14.6 of the Book.

90

45
 23-Apr-2021

Additional Moment Method

April 23, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 91

Additional Moment Method

April 23, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 92

46
 23-Apr-2021

Reduction Factor Method

 The reduction factor method (Clause B-3.3 of IS 456) implies
that the same eccentricity is maintained in both the slender and
analogous short columns.

 This is contrary to the actual behaviour of slender columns,

where the reduction in load carrying capacity is caused by the
increased eccentricity due to secondary deflection moments.

 This is a severe shortcoming in the case of unbraced fames,

since the magnitude of the secondary moments is extremely
important.
 Moreover, owing to practical considerations, many important
variables are neglected to keep the formula simple.
93

Slender Columns Bent about Both Axes

 When slender columns are subjected to significant bending
about both the axes, additional moments have to be calculated
for both directions of bending.

 These additional moments are combined with the initial

moments found from the first-order analysis to obtain the
design moments in the principal directions.

 However, the minimum eccentricity is to be assumed to act only

about one axis at a time.

 With these moments, the columns may be designed for biaxial

bending using the design charts given in SP 16.
94

47
 23-Apr-2021

Design Procedure for Slender Columns

The various steps involved are:

1. Assume initial sizes based on experience; If
the slenderness factor is greater than 12 or
more, about any of the axes, the column has
to be designed as a slender column about
that axis. If it is slender about both axes,
the additional moments about both the
axes should be considered.

95

Design Procedure for Slender Columns

The following steps are done in XX axis.

1. From first order analysis determine the
end moments Mu1 and Mu2.
2. Determine the moments caused by
accidental eccentricity, Mmin
3. Choose Mux1 as the larger of Mu1 and Mmin
and Mux2 as the larger of Mu2 and Mmin

96

48
 23-Apr-2021

Design Procedure for Slender Columns

4. Calculate the additional moment, Madd = kx

Max using Eqs. 14.50 and 14.51. Pnz and Pb
can be determined using an assumed area of
longitudinal reinforcement of about 2.5% to
3%. Chart 63 of SP 16 may be used to find
Pnz, Table 60 of SP 16 may be used to
calculate Pbx, and using the value of Pbx/Pnz,
the value of kx can be determined using
chart 65 of SP 16.
97

Design Procedure for Slender Columns

5. Calculate

6. Determine the value of design moments Mdx by

adding the additional moment Madd with M’ux

7. Calculate Pu/fckBD and using appropriate

interaction diagram of SP 16, determine Mnx, for the
assumed area of steel 98

49
 23-Apr-2021

Design Procedure for Slender Columns

8. If the column is slender in YY axis, repeat

steps 2 to 8 for YY axis also.
9. Check the following Equation

10. Change reinforcement or size and repeat the above

calculation, if the left-hand side of equation results in
values higher than 1.0 or much lower than 1.0.
99

Slender Column with WSM

April 23, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 100

50
 23-Apr-2021

Design Example

April 23, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 101

Design Example

April 23, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 102

51
 23-Apr-2021

Summary

This Topic /Chapter focusses on

1. A general discussion on design principle of
 Eccentrically loaded Short Column &
 Long /slender Column
1. Relevant stipulations w.r.t. IS codes of Practice
relevant to the topic
2. Behaviour & Strain Profile.
3. Analysis and design, design aids.
4. Design steps
5. Design Example
April 23, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 103

Reference /Study Materials Resources

1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105/105/105105104/
2. https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc20_ce39/preview
3. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105/105/105105105/
4. http://www.nptelvideos.in/2012/11/design-of-reinforced-
concrete-structures.html
5. IS 456-2000
6. SP-16 (Design Aids),
7. SP-34(Rebar Detailing)
8. Oxford University Press /online Resources
9. Design of Concrete Structures, by N Subramanian /Pillai
& Menon /Mullick & Gupta
April 23, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 104

52
 23-Apr-2021

ANY QUESTIONS ?

All the very best !

For EndSem
April 23, 2021 amiyak.samanta@nitdgp.ac.in 105

53