Oral

Communication in Context Quarter 1 model, he explained that communication is a two-way circular

“Who says what to whom with what effect?” between the sender and the receiver. It emphasizes the encoding
Harold D. Lasswell and decoding of messages.

Communication – Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver Model
• From the Latin term “communis,” which means to share
and inform ideas and feelings.
• The act of transmitting intended meanings from one
entity or group to another through the use of mutually
understood signs and semiotic rules.
• Helps facilitate the process of sharing information and
knowledge and develops relationships with others. The Shannon-Weaver model has been called the “mother of all
models.” Social Scientists use the term to refer to an integrated
model of the concepts of the information source, message,
8 Models of Communication transmitter, signal, channel, noise, receiver, information
A. Linear models - Only look at one-way communication. destination, probability of error, encoding, decoding, information
- The sender transmits the message via a channel. rate, and channel capacity. The model’s primary value is in
- The channel is the medium and changes the message into explaining how messages are lost and distorted in the
speech, writing, or animation. communication process. This model is often called Telephone
- The message then reaches the receiver, who decodes it. Model because it is based on the experience of having the message
- This model is straightforward and is used mainly in marketing, interfered with by “noise” from the telephone switchboard back in
sales, and PR, in communication with customers. 1940.

1. Aristotle’s Model The Process of Communication
2. Laswell’s Model ® The communication process is the basis for realizing the
3. The Shannon-Weaver Model effectiveness of communication where the sharing of a
4. Berlo’s S-M-C-R model common meaning occurs between the sender and the
receiver.
Aristotle Model ® Effective communication leads to understanding.
® It consists of key components such as encoding, the
medium of transmission, decoding, and feedback.

- A speaker centered model as the speaker has the most
important role in it. It mainly focused on the speaker,
Introducing the Elements of communication
speech(message), and audience. ® Communication comes about when the Message is
imparted as information.
B. Interactive models – They are more dynamic and they look at
two-way communication with feedback 7 Essential Elements of Communication
- However, feedback is not simultaneous, but rather slow and
indirect. 1. The Speaker is the source of the information and the one who
- Interactive models are used in internet-based and mediated intends to convey the message with the intention of passing
communication (telephone conversations, letters, etc.). information and ideas to others
5. The Osgood-Schramm Model
6. The Westley and Maclean Model 2. The Message is what needs to be delivered by the speaker. It is

central to the process because it is the point of saying something
C. Transactional models – see communication as a cooperative
based on why, what, and how the speaker wants to say.
process in which communicators co-create the process of

communication, thereby influencing its outcome and effectiveness.
3. The Listener is the one who receives the message. The feedback
- Communicators create shared meaning in a dynamic process.
depends on how the listener reacts to the message sent. It has been
- Transactional models show that we do not just exchange
said that no matter how great the speaker is and good the Message,
information during our interactions, but create relationships,
if there is no listener or are not listening, then communication fails.
form cross-cultural bonds, and shape our opinions.

- Communication helps us establish our realities.
4. Channel or medium is the way in which a message is sent
7. Barnlund’s Transactional Model
through our senses.
8. Dance’s Helical Model

5. The Response is the only way the Speaker knows that the
Wilbur Schramm Model
message has been received based on how it is interpreted by the

receiver whether it is positive or negative.



6. Feedback is the result of monitoring the listener’s response. The

positive or negative response depends on how the listener

effectively interpreted the message. Speaker will make sure of the

feedback in continuing his or her message.



7. Noise is any barrier or interference to communication.
Schramm is considered the Father of Communication. He was the
first individual o identify himself as a communication scholar. In his
 Barriers to Effective Communication comments like “yes” or “uh huh” will also encourage the speaker to
continue.
1. Language Barriers 6. Give feedback. If you get disconnected at some point, try to
Language and linguistic ability may act as a barrier to reflect on what has been said by rephrasing it. You may say, “What
communication. However, even when communicating in the same I’m hearing is”, or “Sounds like you are saying...”
style, the terminology used in a message may be a barrier if it is not 6. Be attentive to nonverbal signals. You send messages through
fully understood by the receiver(s). For example, a nurse or a words, gestures, and body language. This includes tone of voice,
doctor referring to common colds as upper respiratory tract facial expressions, and silence, eye contact, hand, arm and leg
infection may not be understood well by a patient. Language postures. The way you look, listen, move, and react to another
barriers may include different languages, no clarity in speech, using person tell them more about how you’re feeling than words alone
jargon, and not being specific. ever could.

2. Psychological Barriers Tips for Improving How You Read and Understand Non-
The psychological state of the communicators will influence how Verbal Communication
the message is sent, received, and perceived. For example, if Source: Bernardo (2016)
someone is stressed, he/she might be very impatient which could
affect how he sends and receives messages, resulting in 1. Be aware of individual differences
misunderstanding. Anger is another example of a psychological People come from different countries and cultures that they tend to
barrier to communication when we are angry. It is easy to say use different nonverbal signs in communication. When you read
things that we may later regret and also to misinterpret what body language signals, consider the age, culture, religion, gender,
others are saying. and emotional state.’

3. Physiological Barriers 2. Consider nonverbal communication signals as a group.
Physiological barriers may result from the receiver’s physical state. Pay attention to all the nonverbal signals you receive—eye contact,
For example, a receiver with reduced hearing may not grasp a tone of voice and body language. Consider also the signals as a
spoken conversation, especially if there is significant background whole to understand better the person.
noise. Your grandmother or grandfather may not hear as clearly as
your mother or father; thus, they tend to misunderstand your How to Effectively Deliver Non-Verbal Communication
messages and respond differently.
1. Use nonverbal signals that match up with your words.
4. Physical Barriers Nonverbal communication should emphasize what you
Physical barrier is the natural and environmental situation that communicated, not a contradiction to it. For example, shaking your
hinders the sending of the information from the sender to the head when you mean to say “yes.”
receiver. Defects in media, distractions in the environment,
distance and physical disability, technological problems and noise 2. Adjust nonverbal signals according to the context.
are the parts of physical barriers. Consider the emotional state and cultural background of


the person you are communicating.
5. Systematic/Systemic Barriers
Systematic barriers to communication happen in a workplace or 3. Use body language to express positive feelings.
structures where there are disorganized or incorrect information When you are nervous about a situation- a job interview, important
systems and communication channels or a lack of understanding of presentation, or first date, for example- positive body language to
the roles and responsibilities for communication. Individuals in signal confidence should be applied.
such workplace may experience confusions of their role in the
communication process. 4. Keep stress in check


To communicate effectively, you need to be in control of your
6. Attitudinal Barriers
emotions. Stress will lead you to misinterpret other people,
An attitudinal communication barrier is a behavior or perceptions
transmit unclear or unpleasant nonverbal signals and
that hinder people from transmitting information effectively.
create unhealthy knee-jerk reactions.
Accusing, or thinking someone of having a bad attitude who might

as well bring attitudinal barrier in your workplace is an example of
Manage Stress and Communicate Effectively Under
an attitudinal barrier.
Pressure

1. Give yourself time to think. Clarify a question or a statement
How to Avoid Communication Breakdown?
before responding;
To avoid communication breakdown, Padilla et. al. (2016) 2. Stop to gather your thoughts;
emphasized the following points: 3. Make one point and provide an example or supporting a piece of

1. Become an engaged listener information;

2. Focus fully on the speaker. - Apply the techniques of 4. Express your ideas clearly; and
clarification and reflection to confirm what the other person is 5. Sum up your response.
talking to avoid confusion. 4. Assert yourself
3. Do not interrupt. Concentrate on what someone is saying, not
forming in mind what you’re going to say next. Remember:
4. Try to set aside judgment or bias. Be direct and assertive in expressing your feelings, thoughts, and
needs. Being assertive does not mean you have to be aggressive
5. Show your interest in what is being said. Body language is
and demanding. It is not about winning a verbal fight or
essential in a conversation, like occasionally nodding, smiling, and imposing your viewpoints on others; it is about understanding the
making sure that your appearance is open and inviting. Verbal
 other person and getting what you want in a way that will not
harm the other or label you as disrespectful or impolite. For example: Speech made by stand-up comedians or short
segments used as adlibs for long informative or persuasive speech.
You can improve your assertiveness if you:
1. Value yourself and your opinions;

2. Communicate your needs and wants without violating the
rights of others; Types of Speech Context

3. Convey negative ideas positively and respectfully. 1. Intrapersonal – This type of communication refers to the
4. Accept feedback and compliments positively and favorably.

communicator’s internal use of language or thought. It is the
communication with oneself where the communicator is both the
Functions of Communication sender and the receiver of the message. The channel is your brain,
which processes what you are thinking and feeling. Talking to
1. Regulation or Control – Communication enables the control or yourself is the feedback in this situation (Hybels & Weaver, 2012, p
regulation of behavior in many ways. 16).
For example: Doctor Prescription: Take your medicine three (3) Examples: A student thought of strategies on how he should do his
times a day. report in class and spent time thinking what his teacher would say
Home Regulation: Wash the dishes now, I won’t allow you to go after the report.
to the party later.

2. Interpersonal – This type of communication occurs between

two or more people who exchange information, feelings, and
2. Social Interaction – Communication fosters social interaction. It
meanings using of verbal and non-verbal messages.
allows individuals to interact with people in almost all aspects of
Types of Interpersonal: Dyad and Small Group
our life and every communication situation.

For example: Marriage Proposal: Will you marry me? 3. Public – This type of communication happens when the person
Invitation: Would you like some coffee, tea, or milk? is engaged in a dialogue before or in front of the audience.

4. Mass Communication – This type of communication uses mass

3. Motivation – Communication motivates or encourages people to media to large segments of the population through television, radio,
live better. newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other types
For example: The manager’s award points to each subordinate as a of media (social media).
reward. The subordinate can save the points and cash them in for
prizes, free lunches, or even a day off from work. Types of Speeches and Speech Styles

4. Emotional Expression – Communication facilitates people’s
A. Types of Speech According to Purpose
expression of their feeling, satisfaction, frustrations, and needs.

For example: Appreciation: I am so glad that you came into my life. 1. Informative Speech - It is where a speaker gives factual
Express ambition: I want to finish up my studies with information by giving definition, description or explanation on a
good grades to be accepted in a good university. certain topic. Classroom discussion, seminars and training can be
Express a need: I need you in my life. considered as an informative speech.

Express prayers: “We pray for those who need healing.” 2. Entertainment Speech - The mere purpose of this speech is to
give pleasure and amusement to the audience through comic or
5. Information Dissemination - Communication functions to humorous experiences. Telling jokes and narrating funny or scary
convey information. experiences can be used in this speech.
For example:

3. Persuasive Speech - It aims to convince or influence the

Gathering information: Where can I get my license?
audience to change the perspective and look at things the way the
Sharing information: You can find the bathroom next to that
speaker presents the idea or concept. Public forum debate and
door.
Sales presentation are few of its examples.


Examining the Speaker’s Purpose



1. To inform – It is evident in lectures where the speaker presents
factual information. This purpose can be used to communicate Types of Speech According to Delivery

routine, repetitive, daily tasks, instructions, codes, steps, and 1. Impromptu - It is a short and concise speech
procedures in the workplace. It is also commonplace in ordinary without advanced preparation. The speech is usually unplanned
conversations. For example: and casually delivered in an occasion when you need to give a brief
The president delivers the State of the Nation Address, message or to say a few words. Examples: Oral Recitation, birthday
enumerating the accomplishment of the President’s Office. message and job interview are few of its example.


2. To persuade – It occurs when a person attempts to convince an
Tips: • Take a deep breath and conceptualize your thoughts. •
individual or group to take certain specific actions. In other words,
Maintain eye contact with your listeners and state your main point.
the speakers of this type of speech want their audience to think and
• Keep it short and simple.
feel the way they want them to.

For example: A politician wants to get the voice of his or her target 2. Extemporaneous - The most popular and commonly used type
constituents. He or she should present his or her speech that the of speech
audience would see the merit of choosing him or her. • You are given limited time to prepare and practice your speech. •

3. To entertain – It is aimed at lightening the mood of the Delivered spontaneously with speaking outline or brief notes
audience. It needs timing and proper delivery of the entertaining Example: A Politician is giving a campaign speech.
piece. Establishing a good rapport with your audience is a must to Pros • Detailed and flexible • The speaker looks smart and
achieve this purpose.
confident. Cons • Limited time of preparation may result in clearly.
insubstantial evidence or proof of one’s main point. 2. Indirect Act. It is an interrogative structure that asks a question.

Tips: Use SEE structure: Statement, Evidence, Emotion
3 Types of Speech Acts
• Make a comprehensible outline.

• Practice, Practice and Practice more. 1. Locutionary Act. It is “How to Do Things with Words,” according
to British Philosopher J.L. Austin in his 1962 book. It is said to be an
3. Manuscript - The speaker reads verbatim or exactly the written utterance in the act of speech. It is an act that gives meaning to the
speech. • Precisely written and rehearsed prior to the speaking statement. It consists of a verbal expression such as a word or a
engagement. Examples: TV and radio anchors with news script sentence. ex. “Do not go into the light.”
Pros • Delivered exact and concise information 2. Illocutionary Act. It refers to the use of sentence or expression
• Well-structured and guided speech. Cons: It may sound or execution of something specific utterance. A talker’s intention
monotonous and robotic. whether it is a way of warning, ordering, informing, etc. ex. “I
Tips: Practice reading the manuscript as if it is spoken naturally. warned you to be careful in choosing the house.”
• Always be mindful of your audience. • Maintain eye contact and 3. Perlocutionary Act. It is also called a perlocutionary effect,
avoid reading plainly without glancing at your audience. which is an act resulting

4. Memorized -Delivering a written speech form one’s memory in an utterance or the response of the receiver to the speaker’s
• The speech is crafted and practiced in advance. Examples: intention. ex. “He went out to buy food.”
Oration, poem recital & theatrical presentation
Tips: Read, Read, and read more the written speech to remember Classification of Speech Acts
and memorized the speech easily. • Do not just memorize. 1. Assertives is a remark of how things are a representation of
Understand the concept or the idea of the speech easily. • Deliver reality. One of the classifications of speech acts that provides true
your speech as natural as it or false to the reason, category, description, clarification, and
can be. testimony. The intention is to claim the speaker’s belief. ex. “I am

beautiful.”
Types of Speech Style

2. Expressives. It shows the speaker’s expression through a
1. Frozen Style - A style that remains to be the same
remark. It means how the presenter feels about the condition.
as time passes by. It has been used for a formal and ceremonial
ex. “Thank you.” “I am sorry.”
setting. It is usually written in paragraphs

with complex grammatical sentence structure and vocabulary. 3. Directives aim to do what the speaker asks. The intention of this
Example • Prayers, pledges, school creeds, etc. is to make the audience member perform what the speaker
expresses. It is also known as demanding, encouraging, pleading,
2. Formal Style - This style is very direct, frank, and and warning. ex. “Can you show me the way?”
uses formal settings. It usually follows a standard format speaking

and writing. The words are carefully chosen and prepared in 4. Declaratives serve an act of declaring something. To perform
advance following the standard form of communication, which the pronouncement, the speaker should have the special privilege
includes well structured, logical, and grammatically correct that allows him to perform a declaration.
sentences. Jargon and Slang are discouraged. ex. “I now declare a Martial Law.”
Example • Conferences, SONA, Memorandum, 5. Commissives show the intention of the speaker, which will be
made to happen later. An act of committing or pledging.
3. Consultative Style - A speech style used between a speaker and ex. “I will be there tonight.”
a listener in professional discourse. The conversation is

- SOLI DEO GLORIA -

unstructured and unplanned. The speaker uses a conversational
style of communication with professionalism and an ethical
approach. Example • A conversation between an employee and
employer, leader and members, Guidance Counselor/Teacher and
student/counselee, etc.

4. Casual Style - The speech style is commonly used between

colleagues, groups, peers, and friends. Language • Informal
languages are used like slang, jargon, vernacular, and even vulgar
words. Example • Chit-chat with friends, text messages, and phone
calls, etc.

5. Intimate- It’s an exclusive or private type of speech style usually

shared by family members, people in a relationship, and a very
close friend. Language • The language used is very private
and does not follow any grammatical structure. Example •
Conversation between parents and children, husband and wife,
boyfriend and girlfriend, etc.

Speech Act - is an utterance performed with consideration of the
intention of the speaker or the effect of the listener. Speech acts
could be in the form of promises, warnings, requests, greetings,
apologies, or any form of pronouncement. It can be done through
the Direct act or Indirect act.

1. Direct Act. It is in a declarative form carried out only by means
of expressing them