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Manual Diseño de Sarta Nivel Intermedio
Manual Diseño de Sarta Nivel Intermedio
Engineering Department
Author: Ref.:
M. Andrea
Reviewed by: Page: 1 of 23
Engineering Recommendations Issued:
Approved by:
Revision: 00
Summary
This document provides the principals utilized for drill string design in the oil well drilling industry. These
specifications can be used whenever designing a drill string, with agreement from the Regional
Technical/Operations Managers
This uncontrolled document has been issued using Microsoft WORD 7.0 for Windows 95. Copies are
available from Drilling Engineering in Montrouge.
Table of Contents
1. Purpose......................................................................................................................................................3
2. Scope..........................................................................................................................................................3
3. Responsibility...........................................................................................................................................3
4. References.................................................................................................................................................3
5. Distribution, filing and storage of this document.................................................................................3
6. Abbreviations and Definitions used.......................................................................................................3
6.1. Abbreviations....................................................................................................................................3
6.2. Definitions.........................................................................................................................................4
7. Drill Pipe Properties................................................................................................................................4
7.1 Drill Pipe Grade.................................................................................................................................4
7.2 Drill Pipe Class..................................................................................................................................4
7.3 Tool Joints..........................................................................................................................................4
7.4 Thread Form.......................................................................................................................................5
8. Drill Collars..............................................................................................................................................5
8.1 Drill Collar Selection.........................................................................................................................5
8.2 Size Criteria........................................................................................................................................6
8.3 Drill Collar Connections....................................................................................................................7
9. Allowable Weight on Bit..........................................................................................................................8
9.1. Discussion Vertical Holes.................................................................................................................8
9.2. Discussion Inclined Holes.................................................................................................................9
9.3 Vertical Hole Calculation Procedure................................................................................................10
9.4 Inclined Hole Calculation Procedure..............................................................................................11
9.5 Weight of BHA Required................................................................................................................12
10. Tension..................................................................................................................................................12
10.1 Static Load......................................................................................................................................12
10.2 Margin of Over Pull.......................................................................................................................12
11.Burst.......................................................................................................................................................13
11.1 Pipe Burst Calculation....................................................................................................................14
12. Collapse.................................................................................................................................................14
12.1 Drill pipe collapse..........................................................................................................................14
12.2 Effect of tensile load on collapse...................................................................................................14
12.3 Slip crushing...................................................................................................................................16
13. Pipe Torsion..........................................................................................................................................17
13.1 Torsion Only..................................................................................................................................17
13.2 Torsion and Tension.......................................................................................................................17
14. Fatigue...................................................................................................................................................18
14.1 Limits.............................................................................................................................................18
14.2 Fraction of Drill Pipe Life Expended in Dogleg............................................................................19
15. Tool Joint Performance.......................................................................................................................20
15.1 Make-up and Yield Torque............................................................................................................20
15.2 Combined Torsion and Tension to Yield a Rotary Shouldered connection..................................21
16. Combination Tube and Connection Performance............................................................................22
17. Critical Rotary Speeds.........................................................................................................................23
17.1 Transverse Vibration......................................................................................................................23
17.2 Axial Vibration...............................................................................................................................23
17.3 Harmonic Vibrations......................................................................................................................23
ENG- DRILL STRING DESIGN Issued: Page:
Revision: 00 3 of 23
1. Purpose
These procedures shall be used whenever designing a drillstring, unless otherwise decided with the Region
Technical/Operations Managers.
2. Scope
The manual gives the theory, guidelines and design factors for proper drillstring design. The following design
factors shall apply when designing a drillstring:
Tension 1.1
Margin of over pull 50,000 to 100,000 lbs
Excess BHA weight 1.15
Torsion 1.0 (based on lesser of pipe body or connection strength)
Collapse 1.1. to 1.15
Burst 1.2
3. Responsibility
The Region Technical/Operations Managers are responsible of the enforcement of this standard throughout the
SF organization
4. References
Engineering Standard RE-ST 516-01 issued November 1992
API specification 5D (SPEC 5D), 3 rd edition, August 1, 1992 or latest edition API
specification 7 (SPEC 7), 38 th edition, April 1994, or latest edition
API Recommended Practice 7G (RP 7G), 15 th edition, January 1, 1995, or latest edition
6.2. Definitions
Bench mark: reference mark machined on the pin and box areas adjacent to the shoulder.
IEU (internal-external upset) Tool joint is larger than the pipe such that the tool joint ID is less than
the drill pipe. The tool joint OD is larger than the drill pipe. Generally IEU
connections are the strongest available couplings.
IF (internal flush) Tool joints ID is approximately the same as the pipe. The OD is
upset.
IU (internal upset) Tool joint ID is less than the pipe. Tool joint OD is approximately the
same as the pipe. This type is often termed “slim-hole” pipe because of the
reduced outer clearance.
An important note about tool joints is that they are designed to be run in tension.
Hardfacing, of hardbanding, tool joints has become a common practice in the drilling industry. To minimize tool
joint wear while rotating on abrasive rock, a band of abrasion-resistant material is applied to the outside of the box
tool joint. This material is usually sintered tungsten carbide particles in a welded metal matrix. The problem that
often arises from the use of hardfaced tool joints is excessive wear on the internal diameter on the casing.
ENG- DRILL STRING DESIGN Issued: Page:
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Besides thread form and number of threads per inch, a connection can also be distinguished by dimensional data
relating to the small and large diameters of pin, box bore, length of pin and box, etc. API suggests the use of the
term “number connection” (NC) to distinguish the various sizes and styles of rotary connections. The NC refers to
the pitch diameter of the pin thread at gauge point when rounded to units and tenths of inches, Thus if the pitch
diameter is 1.063 in, the first two figures are used, i.e. 10, to provide a description of the connection as NC10.
8. Drill Collars
8.1 Drill Collar Selection
Drill collars are the predominant components of the bottom-hole assembly. Some of the functions of the drill
collars are as follows:
Proper selection of drill collars (and BHA ) can prevent many drilling problems. Drill collars are available in many
sizes and shapes, such as round, square, triangular, and spiral grooved. The most common types are round (slick)
and spiral grooved. Spiral-grooved collars reduce the surface contact area between the pipe and well bore. The
lower contact area reduces the probability of differential pressure sticking. Table 8.1 (below) shows the API
dimensions for collars of various outer diameters.
For Example:
Drilling a 12 ¼” hole would require 9” drill collars to result in a hole large enough to run 9 5/8” casing with
10.625” OD couplings.
BHA’s are subject to both bending and rotation. Fatigue failures commonly occur where stresses are concentrated.
Stresses are concentrated at connections and changes in pipe size. Stress concentration is restricted by ensuring
that changes in bending resistance are within tolerable ranges. The bending resistance of a BHA component is
dependent upon its section modulus, which is defined as follows:
p OD 4 ID 4
Z 2 x I OD
32 OD
Where Z = Section modulus, in3
I = Second moment of area, in4
OD = Outside diameter, inches
ID = Inside diameter, inches
ENG- DRILL STRING DESIGN Issued: Page:
Revision: 00 7 of 23
follows:
Z OD 4 ID 4
OD 1 1 1
BRR
Z2 OD2 4 ID2 4 OD1
2
A proposed BHA consists of 9” X 3” drill collars. Is it acceptable to make this up directly to 5” X 3” HWDP?
4 4 4 4
BRR = ([ 9.0 - 3.0 ] * 5.0) / ([ 5.0 - 3.0 ] * 9.0)
= 6.62 which is unacceptable (greater than 5.5)
Therefore, if 9” X 3” drill collars are required on bottom, one acceptable BHA would include both 8” X 3” drill
collars and 5” X 3” HWDP above them.
The bending resistance ratio of drill collar connections is defined as the section modulus of the box (measured 4”
from the end) divided by the section modulus of the pin (measured 3” from the end).
The inside diameter of the box and outside diameter of the pin are determined by the type of connection;
therefore, only the outside diameter of the box and inside diameter of the pin need to be measured. This is
illustrated at right
For any combination of connection, box OD, and pin ID, the tables given in API RP7G can be used to determine
the bending resistance ratio.
Experience had shown that a bending resistance ratio of 2.5 results in a balanced connection. The range of
acceptable BRRs depends on the severity of the service to which the drill collars will be subjected. The following
recommendations are given for guidance, but local operating experience may show closer tolerances are required.
When a drillstring is run into a straight hole, the forces acting on the string are self-weight and hydrostatic
pressure of the drilling fluid. This hydrostatic effect, commonly called buoyancy, results from the pressure
exerted vertically on the cross-sectional area of the drillstring. For a drillstring of constant cross section, the
resulting hook load can be calculated as follows:
HL WTstring x D CSAstring x 0.052 x MW x D
HL Hookload , lbf
WTstring Weight of drillstring, lb/ ft
D Depth of well, ft
CSAstring Cross sec tional area of drillstring wall, in 2
Buoyancy acting at the bottom of the drillstring places the lower portion of the drillstring in compression and
reduces the hook load.
Compression Tension
Buckling occurs only below the neutral point of
bending, which is defined as the point where the
average of the radial and
tangential stress in the string equal the axial
Equivalent mud Pipe
stress. hydrostatic stress
force
The neutral point of bending occurs where the
effective hydrostatic force equals the compressive
force in the drillstring. With no
WOB, this point is at the bottom of the string; Neutral
point Neutral point
therefore, the drillstring is not buckled.
of bending of
tension/compression
Stress conditions within the drillstring in a
vertical hole are shown at right.
If weight is placed on the bit, there is additional compression in the bottom of the drillstring, and the neutral point
of tension and compression moves up the drillstring. The neutral point of bending also moves up the drillstring to
the point where the equivalent mud hydrostatic force is again equal to the compressive force in the drillstring.
The height of the neutral point of bending above the bottom of the drillstring can be calculated as follows.
ENG- DRILL STRING DESIGN Issued: Page:
Revision: 00 9 of 23
Fhyd D H x 0.052 x MW x CSAString
Fcomp WOB D x 0.052 x MW x CSAString H WT string
At the neutral point of bending Fhyd Fcomp , and the calculation is as follows:
• Weight on bit is applied at the inclination of the well, but the weight of the BHA
continues to act vertically.
• To allow for the reduction in available BHA weight, the buoyed weight must be
reduced by a factor equal to the cosine of the well inclination.
The drillstring generally lies on the low side of the hole and obtains some lateral support from the bore hole
wall. In these circumstances, pipe above the neutral point of bending buckles only when the compressive forces
in the drillstring exceeds a critical load, calculated as follows:
Fcrit 1617
OD pipe
4
IDpipe4 x BF x ODpipe2 IDpipe2 x Sin q
D OD
hole tj
ENG- DRILL STRING DESIGN Issued:
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Where
Fcrit = Critical buckling force, lbf
OD pipe = Outside diameter of pipe, inches
OD tj = Max OD of pipe, inches
ID pipe = Inside diameter of pipe, inches
BF = Buoyancy factor, = (1 -.015 x MW)
D hole = Diameter hole, inches
q = Hole inclination, degrees
The curve in Appendix 1 represents a graphical solution to the equation for critical buckling.
9.3 Vertical Hole Calculation Procedure
Available weight on bit can be calculated as follows:
WOBmax 0.85 x Ldc x WTdc 1 0.015 x MW
Where WOBMAX = Available weight on bit, lb
Ldc = Length of drill collars, ft
WTdc = Air weight of drill collars, lb/ft
MW = Mud weight, ppg
.85 = 85% safety factor
The actual weight of drill collars in mud should be measured and recorded when going in the hole. This recorded
value can then be used as the maximum allowable weight on bit, provided that the mud weight is unchanged.
If the mud weight is altered, the maximum allowable weight on bit must also be altered as follows:
1 0.015 MWnew
New WOB Old WOB
max
1 0.015 MWold
The following bottom hole assembly is run into a 12 ¼” vertical hole containing 13.0 ppg mud. What is the
available weight on bit.
Because the hole size does not exceed the nominal tool joint size by more than 6”, the HWDP is used for drilling
weight. The weight on bit available from the BHA is
WOBmax 0.85 x Ldc x WTdc 1 0.015 x MW
= .85 x 372 x 147 x (1-0.015 x 13) = 37,418 lbf
What would be the available weight on bit if, while drilling, the mud weight is increased to 16.5 ppg?
1 0.015 MWnew
New WOB Old WOB
max
1 0.015 MWold
0.015 x 16.5
1
37,418 1 0.015 x 13
= 34,987 lbf
ENG- DRILL STRING DESIGN Issued:
Revision: 00 Page: 11 of 23
Where
Fcrit = Critical buckling force for HWDP, lbf
OD pipe = Outside diameter of pipe of HWDP, inches
OD tj = Max OD of pipe, inches
ID pipe = Inside diameter of pipe, inches
BF = Buoyancy factor, = (1 -.015 x MW)
D hole = Diameter hole, inches
q = Hole inclination, degrees
OD pipe
4
ID pipe 4 x BF x OD pipe
2
ID pipe 2 x Sin q
Fcrit 1617 D OD
hole tj
Where
Fcrit = Critical buckling force, lbf
OD pipe = Outside diameter of pipe, inches
OD tj = Max OD of pipe, inches
ID pipe = Inside diameter of pipe, inches
BF = Buoyancy factor, = (1 -.015 x MW)
D hole = Diameter hole, inches
q = Hole inclination, degrees
5. If WOBHWP + Fdp > FHWDP, Then the maximum allowable weight on bit is given by the following:
If WOBHWP + Fdp < FHWDP, Then the maximum allowable weight on bit is given by the following: WOBMAX =
The maximum allowable weight on bit calculated above should be reduced by a safety factor. Generally, a safety
factor of 85% is adequate.
9.5 Weight of BHA Required
Weight of DC’s required is estimated from the bit specifications and formation classification.
10. Tension
10.1 Static Load
The design of the drill string for static tension loads requires sufficient strength in the topmost joint of each size,
weight, grade and classification of drill pipe to support the submerged weight of all the drill pipe plus the
submerged weight of the collars, stabilizers, and bit. This load may be calculated as shown in the following
equation. The bit and stabilizer weights are either neglected or are included with the drill collar weight.
FTEN L dp
x WTdp Ldc x WTdc BF
where
FTEN = submerged load hanging below this section of drill pipe, lb
Ldp = length of drill pipe, ft
Ldc = length of drill collars, ft
WTdp = air weight of drill pipe, lb / ft
WTdc = air weight of drill collars, lb / ft
BF buoyancy factor
The tension strength values are based on minimum area, wall thickness and yield strength of the pipe. The yield
strength as defined in API specifications is not the specific point at which permanent deformation of the material
begins, but the stress at which a certain total deformation has occurred. This deformation includes all of the
elastic deformation as well as some plastic (permanent) deformation. The tensile strength can be calculated from
the equation.
Fyield Ym A
where
F = minimum tensile strength, lb
yield
Y = specified minimum yield strength, psi
m
A = cross section area, sq. in.
If the pipe is loaded to the extent shown in the API formula above it is likely that some permanent stretch
will occur and difficulty may be experienced in keeping the pipe straight
10.2 Margin of Over Pull
To prevent this condition a design factor of approximately 90% of the tabulated tension value is
recommended.
ENG- DRILL STRING DESIGN Issued:
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The difference between the calculated load FTEN and the maximum allowable tension load represents the Margin
of Over Pull (M.O.P.).
M . O. P. Fdesign FTEN
The same values expressed as a ratio may be called the Safety Factor (S. F.)
Fdesign
S. F. FTEN
The selection of the proper safety factor and/or margin of over pull is of critical importance and should be
approached with caution. Failure to provide and adequate safety factor can result in loss or damage to the drill pipe
while an overly conservative choice will result in an unnecessarily heavy and more expensive drill string.
Normally the designer will desire to determine the maximum length of a specific size, grade, and inspection class
of drill pipe which can be used to drill a certain well. By combining the above equations the following equation
results:
WTdp x BF WTdp
Design parameters:
Pipe Size 4 ½”, 16.6 lb/ft, Grade E w/ 4 ½” tool joints 6 ¼” O.D. x 3 ¼” I.D., Class 2
Depth 12,700 feet
Hole Size 7 7/8 inches
Mud Weight 10 lb/gal
Margin of Overpull (MOP) 50,000 lb.
Length of Drill collars 630 feet
Weight per foot 90 lb.
This is more drill pipe than required to reach 12,700 feet, so the final drill string will consist of the following:
Weight in Air Weight in Mud
Item Feet lb. Lb. .
Drill Collars 630 56,700 48,025
No. 1 Drill Pipe 4 ½” 16.6 lb, Grade E 6,759 124,163 105,166
No. 1 Drill Pipe 4 ½” 16.6 lb, Grade E 5,311 100,272 84,930
12,700 281,135 238,121
11.Burst
11.1 Pipe Burst Calculation
The drill pipe internal yield pressure can be calculated as follows:
2 Ym Wt
Pi
D
where
Pi = burst pressure, psi
Ym = specified minimum yield strength, psi
Wt = pipe wall thickness, in.
D = outside pipe diameter, in.
12. Collapse
12.1 Drill pipe collapse
Drill pipe is used for several purposes, including providing a fluid conduit for pumping drilling mud, imparting
rotary motion to the drill bit, and conducting special operations such as drill stem testing and squeeze cementing.
Drill stem testing (DST) causes the most severe collapse loading on the drill pipe.
API specifications for collapse resistance of drill pipe is calculated assuming either plastic, transition, or plastic
failure based on the pipes D/t (diameter / wall thickness ratio). The applicable equations can be found in the API
RP 7G publication.
12.2 Effect of tensile load on collapse
The effect of tensile load applies only to greater than transition load on normally elastic item, and to any load on
plastic collapse items. The collapse resistance of drill pipe corrected for the effect of tension loading may be
calculated with the following equation:
ENG- DRILL STRING DESIGN Issued:
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2
Z 4 (3 x Z )
R
2 Total tensile load (lbs)
Z=
Where Cross section area x Average yield strength
10
20
30
Collapse (% of yield stress)
40
50
60
70
80
Hoop Stress % of Yield
90
Tension and Collapse
Compression &
100 Collape
Figure 12.1
ENG- DRILL STRING DESIGN Issued:
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A drill string consists of 10,000 ft of drill pipe and a length of drill collars weighing 80,000 lbs. Determine the
actual collapse resistance of the bottom joint of drill pipe.
Rated collapse for New, 5”, 19,5 ppf, grade G pipe is = 12,999 psi Cross
section area = 5.275 sq. in.
Average Tensile yield = 120,000 psi
From figure 11.1 for biaxial loading, a tensile ratio 12.6% reduces the collapse resistance to 95%. Thus, the
collapse resistance of the bottom joint of drill pipe = .95 x 12,999 psi = 12,350 psi
1/ 2
S DK DK 2
1
H
ST 2 LS 2 LS
Slips are typically 12 or 16 in. long. The friction coefficient ranges from 0.06-0.14. Inasmuch as tool joint
lubricants are usually applied to the back of rotary slips, a coefficient of friction of 0.08 should be used for most
calculations. The equivalent tension load from slip crushing can be calculated as follows:
SH
T
T
S L
x
S
T
A 4 ½” OD drill string has a hanging weight of 192,00 lbs. Determine the equivalent tension due to slip crushing force
on the drill string.
1/ 2
S DK DK 2
H
1
ST 2 LS 2 LS
1
K
tan 90 27' 45" arctan 0.08
= 4.00
1/ 2
S 4.5 x 4.0 4.5 x 4.0 2
H
1
ST 2 x 16 2 x 16
= (2.17159)1/2
= 1.4736
SH
T T
S
L
ST
TS 192,000 lbs x 1.4736
= 282,931 lbs (Since new 4 1 / 2", grade G, 16.6 ppf, Drill pipe has a tensile load rating of 462,781 lbs
the pipe will not yield.)
0.096167 x J x Ym
Q D
Q = minimul torsional yield strength, ft - lb
p
where J = polar moment of inertia,
32
D4 d 4
D = Pipe OD, inches d = Pipe ID, inches
Ym = minimum unit yield strength, psi
0.096167 J P2
Qt Ym2
2
D A
Qt = minimul torsional yield strength under tension, ft - lb
p
J = polar moment of inertia,
D4 d 4
32
where D = Pipe OD, inches d = Pipe ID, inches
Ym = minimum unit yield strength, psi
P = total load in tension, lbs
A = cross - sectional area, in2
ENG- DRILL STRING DESIGN Issued:
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EXAMPLE: Torsion and tension
A new string of 5”, 19.5 ppf, grade G, drill pipe with a hook load of 250,000 lb is stuck. What is the maximum
torque which can be applied to the pipe (neglecting connection strength in this example) if 100,000 lbs of over pull
is applied
p 4
J = polar moment of inertia,
5 4.276 = 28.53
inches4 32
D = Pipe OD, inches d = Pipe ID,
inches A = cross - sectional area, in2 = 5.27 in2
0.096167 x 28.5383 2 350,0002
Q= 105,000
5 5.272
= 44,640 ft - lbs
14. Fatigue
14.1 Limits
The most common type of drill pipe failure is fatigue wear. It generally occurs in dog legs where the pipe goes
through cyclic bending stresses. These stresses occur because the outer wall of the pipe in a dog leg is stretched
and creates a greater tension load. As the pipe rotates a half cycle, the stresses change to the other side of the
pipe, For example, the stress may change from 50,000 psi to -20,000 psi and again to 50,000 psi in the course of
one cycle or rotation of the pipe.
Fatigue damage from rotation in dog legs is a significant problem if the angle is greater than some critical
value. Lubinski has published several works that describe this value. Rotation in angles below
this value does not cause appreciable fatigue. The maximum permissible dogleg severity for fatigue damage
consideration can be calculate with the following equations:
432,000 s b tanh K L
C
p E DK L
T
K
EI
Grade E:
10 0.6
s 33500
2
s 19500 s
t 2 t
b 67 670
This equation holds true for values of s t up to 67,000 psi.
In order to determine (N) the number of revolution to failure of the joint of drill pipe we need to know the actual
bending stress ( s b ). This value can be computed as follows:
ED
s cob 2
where
D = outside diameter of the pipe, in.
E = Young' s modulus, lb / in 2
co = maximum pipe curvature, radians / in.
The relationship between the hole curvature ( c ) and the Maximum pipe curvature ( co ) is:
co c K L
where
c = hole curvature, radians / in.
L = one half the length of a drill pipe joint, in.
ENG- DRILL STRING DESIGN Issued:
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The effect of bending stress on fatigue cycles before failure is well documented, as be seen below.
60
50
40
Bending stress ( x
30
20
1,000)
10
0
10 100 1000 10000
Revolutions to failure ( x 1,000)
In the presence for tension, however, the fatigue effect of bending becomes more severe. To make the proper
allowances for this , the actual bending stress, ( s b ), must be multiplied by a correction factor, , as follows:
T
t
T - s
t
where
T = tensile strength of the pipe
The vertical axis of the S-N curve should be entered with the product of and s b , or s b . Determine the number
of cycles, N, to failure. Enter N into the first equation to determine the fraction of the pipe life expended in
drilling the section.
SA
P Rt f
T 12 p Cos J R
s f
2
where
T = Make up torque (ft / lbs)
S = Stress in the considered area A (psi)
A = The weakest critical area (square inches)
P = Laed of thread (inches)
Rs = Average mean radius of thread (inches)
Rt = Mean radius of shoulder (inches) Rt is determined Lt / 2 .
For API connections Lt is calculated as the total pin length minus
the box counterbore depth, specified as in API Spec. 7.
f = Coefficent of friction on mating surfaces (thread or shoulder)
J = 1 / 2 included angle of thread
As the use of the formula is complicated, it has been rewritten under a simplified form with pre- calculated
parameters.
ENG- DRILL STRING DESIGN Issued:
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SA
T
12
X 0.02 OD Q
where
A = The smaller of A pin or Abox
p
A
M ID2
pin
4
p
A
OD2 B
box
4
ID = Inside diameter (inches)
OD = Oustside diameter (inches
For the standard connections in use within the company the values of X, M, B, and Q are given in the following
table.
Type of Connection X M B Q
NC 31 ( 2 7/8 IF) 0.1753 9.133 11.496 3.4531
NC 38 (3 ½ IF) 0.2022 13.30 16.124 4.0780
NC 46 (4 IF) 0.2381 19.94 23.460 4.9060
NC 50 ( 4 ½ IF) 0.2573 23.82 27.560 5.3125
6 5/8 Regular 0.2885 31.04 36.000 6.0625
7 5/8 Regular 0.3228 42.48 49.000 7.0940
8 5/8 Regular 0.3660 55.80 63.250 8.0470
A new string of 5”, 19.5 ppf, grade G, drill pipe with NC 50 connections, tool joint OD = 6 ½” , tool joint
ID = 3 ¼”
Apin =
p
23.822 3.252 = 10.41 inches2
4
A =
p
6.52 27.562 = 11.54 inches2
box
4
So, A = 10.41 in2
T =
S x 10.41
0.2573 0.02 6.5 5.3125 S x 0.43
12
Make - up Torque = 72,000 x .43 = 30,960 ft - lb
Maximum Allowable Torque = 120,000 x .43 = 52,000 ft - lb
of 1.1 should be used to provided some safety margin. This safety margin may not be sufficient for cases
involving severe bending or elevated temperature.
Ym
P1 Ap
1.1
Ym P Rt f
T1 Ab x Rs f
1.1 x 12 2p Cos q
Ym P Rt f
T2 Ap x Rs f
1.1 x 12 2p Cos q
Ym P Rt f
T 3 Ap x
1.1 x 12 2p Cos q
Ym Ap Ab P Rt f
T 4 Rs
f
1.1 x 12 Ap Ab 2p Cos q
Depending on the connection geometry, T3 may be greater or smaller than T4. The same is true for T1 and T2.
P1 T4 T3
Applied Tension
Box Yield
Recommended
Zone of Operation
T1 T2
0
0 Applied Torsion
The line (0,0) to (T4, P1) represents shoulder separation for low make-up torque. The line (T2, 0) to (T3, P1)
represents pin yield under the combination of torque and tension. The line (T1, 0) to (T1, P1) represents box yield
due to torsion. The horizontal line from P1 represents maximum tension load on the pin.
Figure 15.2.1
A B
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
D
400,000
200,000
E
0
Figure 16. 1
The area above and to the right of line ABC represents all the conditions of combined external (string) tension that
would yield the tool joint pin.
Point D is the tensile capacity of 5”, 19.50 ppf, grade S premium class tube in the absence of applied torsion on the
tube. Point E is the tube’s load capacity in torsion with no tension.
Line DE is the combined load capacity of the tube under simultaneous tension and torsion. Tube weakness in pure
tension and tool joint weakness in pure torsion are typical for common tube / tool joint combinations.
Point G is the absolute limit of make-up torque without reducing the pin neck’s ability to carry external tension to
less than the tensile capacity of the tube.
476000
Critical RPM D2 d 2
L2
Where L = length of one pipe, inches
D = Outside diameter of pipe , inches
d = inside diameter of pipe, inches
17.2 Axial Vibration
The approximate critical rotary speeds which induce pendulum or spring (axial) vibration can be calculated using
the following shown below.
258000
Critical RPM
Where L( ft )
L(ft) = Total length of string, feet