BASIC MATHS

Complex Numbers

Purely Real Non-Real

Rational Irrational

Odd
Integers Fractions Algebraic Transcendental
Even

Negative Proper Mixed Improper

integers Whole numbers

Zero Positive
integers
(Natural Numbers)

Prime Composite One

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 BASIC MATHS XI -Mathematics

Real Numbers:
The totality of rational numbers and irrational numbers is called the real numbers. i.e. rational numbers and
irrational numbers taken together are called Real Numbers.

Rational Numbers:
A rational number is any number that can be expressed as the quotient or fraction p/q of two integers, with
the denominator q not equal to zero. Since q may be equal to 1, every integer is a rational number.
e.g. –3, –4, –1/2, 0, 5, 6, 4/3, 7/8, etc.

Irrational Numbers :
A real number that is not a rational number.
e.g. 2, 3,  6,  , e, 3 4 etc.

Integers:
Integers are classified into negative integers, zero and positive integers. Positive integers (except 1) can be
classified as prime numbers and composite numbers.

Prime Number:
A natural number is said to be prime, if it has only two different (distinct) positive factors namely one and
itself. We say 4 and 9 are not prime, whereas 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 are prime numbers.

 1 is neither prime nor composite number.

 The only even prime number is 2.
 The smallest prime number is 2.
 All prime numbers are odd except 2.

Twin-Primes: A pair of prime numbers is said to be twin-prime if they differ by 2.

For example {3, 5}, {11, 13}, {17, 19}, {29, 31}, {29, 31}, {41, 43}, {71, 73} are all twin-primes.

Composite Number: A natural number is said to be composite, if it has at least three different factors. 4, 6,
12 are all composite numbers.
 4 is the smallest composite number.

Co-prime (Relatively prime): A pair of numbers is said to be co-prime, if the numbers have no common
factor other than one.
e.g. (2, 3), (5, 9), (7, 13), (12, 17), (12, 35), (63, 26), (162, 35) etc are co-prime and the pairs of numbers
(4, 6), (45, 65), (25, 125), (60, 75) are not co-prime.
Perfect Number: A number is said to be perfect, if it is equal to the sum of its positive factors other than
itself.
For example: 6 = (1 + 2 + 3); 28 = (1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14) ; therefore 6 and 28 are perfect numbers.

Even Numbers: An integer is said to be even if it is divisible by 2 (Generally represented by 2n).

e.g. –2, –4, 0, 6, 8, 10, 12 ……. are examples of even numbers.

Odd Numbers: An integer is said to be odd, if it is not even or if it is not divisible by 2 (Generally
represented by 2n  1). e.g. –3, –5, 9,13 etc.

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(a) even ± even = even

(b) even ± odd = odd
(c) odd ± odd = even
(d) even × odd = even
(e) even × even = even
(f) odd × odd = odd

Important to remember :

Note:
(i) Square of a real number is always non negative (i.e. x 2  0)
(ii) Square root of a positive number is always positive e.g. 9 3
(iii) x 2 , 4 x 4 , 6 x 6 etc = | x |, x  R

Divisibility Rules :
Divisibility by 1  Any integer (not a fraction) is divisible by 1.

Divisibility by 2  The last digit is even (0, 2, 4, 6, 8)

e.g. 128 Yes
129 No

Divisibility by 3  The sum of the digits is divisible by 3.

e.g. 381 (3 + 8 + 1 = 12, and 12  3 = 4) Yes
217(2 + 1 + 7 = 10, and 10  3 = 3 1 ) No
3

Divisibility by 4  the last 2 digits are divisible by 4.

e.g. 1312 (12 4 = 3) Yes
7019 (19  4 = 4 3 ) No
4

Divisibility by 5  the last digit is 0 or 5.

e.g. 175 Yes
809 No

Divisibility by 6  should be even and also divisible by 3

e.g. 114 (it is even, and 1 + 1 + 4 = 6  6  3 = 2) Yes
308 (it is even, but 3 + 0 + 8 = 11  11  3 = 3 2 ) No
3

Divisibility by 7  Double the last digit and subtract it from a number made by the other digits. The result
must be divisible by 7. (We can apply this rule to that answer again)
e.g. 672 (Double 2 is 4, 67– 4 = 63, and 63  7 = 9) Yes
105 (Double 5 is 10, 10–10 = 0, and 0 is divisible by 7) Yes
905 (Double 5 is 10, 90 – 10 = 80, and 80  7 = 11 3 ) No
7

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Divisibility by 8  The last three digits are divisible by 8.

e.g. 109816 (816  8 = 102) Yes
216302(302  8 = 37 3 ) No
4

Divisibility by 9  The sum of the digits is divisible by 9.

e.g. 1629 (1 + 6 + 2 + 9 = 18, and again, 1 + 8 = 9) Yes
2013 (2 + 0 + 1 + 3 = 6) No

Divisibility by 10 The number ends in 0.

e.g. 220 Yes
221 No

Divisibility by 11  Change the sign of alternate digits, now if addition of all of them is a multiple of 11
then the number is divisible by 11.
e.g. 1364 (+1 –3 + 6 –4 = 0) Yes
913 (+9 –1 +3 = 11) Yes
3729 (+3–7 +2 –9 = –11) Yes
987 (+9 –8 + 7 = 8) No

Least Common Multiple (LCM) and Highest Common Factor (HCF)

Least common integral multiple (LCM) of two or more numbers is the least number which is divisible by
each of these numbers (i.e. remainder is zero). The same can be algebraically defined as “LCM of two or
more expressions is the expression of the lowest dimension which is divisible by each of them i.e.
remainder is zero.”
Highest Common Factor (HCF) is the largest factor of two or more given numbers. The same can be defined
algebraically as “HCF of two or more algebraic expressions is the expression of highest dimension which
divides each of them.
HCF is also called GCD (Greatest Common Divisor).

Product of two numbers = LCM  HCF

LCM is a multiple of HCF

For finding LCM and HCF of fractions, first reduce each fraction to its simplest form, i.e., cancel out
common factors between the denominator and numerator and then apply appropriate formula as given.
HCF of numerators
HCF of fractions 
LCM of denominators

LCM of numerators
LCM of fractions 
HCF of denominators

LCM (Rational, rational )  Always exists

LCM (Rational, irrational )  Does not exist
 22 
e.g. LCM   ,  does not exist
 7 
LCM (Irrational, irrational)  Exists if and only if same irrationality in both.
e.g. LCM (3 , 4 )  12
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Surds and Indices :

When we can't simplify a number to remove a square root (or cube root etc) then it is a surd. Every surd is
an irrational number (but every irrational number is not a surd). So, the representation of monomial surd on
a number line is same that of irrational number e.g.
(a) 3 is a surd and 3 is an irrational number
(b) 3 5 is surd and 3 5 is an irrational number
(c)  is an irrational number, but it is not a surd

Example: Which of the following are not surds?

(1) 9 (2) 3 13 (3) 4 25 (4) 6
32
Solution: Option (1) is correct

Types of surds
 Unit surds and multiples of surds
If n a is a surd, it is also referred to as a unit surd. If k is a rational number, k n a is a multiple of a
surd.
 Mixed surds
If a is a rational number (not equal to 0) and n b is a surd, then a  n b , a  n b are called mixed surds.
If a = 0, they are called pure surds.
E.g. 2  3,5  3 6 are mixed surds, while 3, 3 6 are surds.

 Compound surd
A surd which is the sum or difference of two or more surds is called a compound surd.
E.g. 2  3 3, 3  5 7  3 2 and 1  2  3 are compound surds.

 Binomial surd
A compound surd consisting of two terms is called a binomial surd.
E.g. 3  3 5, 6  4 5, 8  3 7

 Similar surds
If two surds are different multiples of the same surd, they are called similar surds. Otherwise they are
dissimilar surds. e.g.
2 2,5 2, 7 2 are similar surds   
2  3 3 , 2 2  6 3 are similar surds and 1  2, 2  2 2 are
similar surds. 3 3 and 6 5 are similar surds.

 Equality of two mixed surds of the form a  c b and d  e b

Two mixed surds a  c b and d  e b are equal if and only if their respective rational parts and the
irrational parts are i.e., a = d and c = e.

Example: Identify the following types of surds:

(i) 6  5 3 (b) 15  8  11 (c) 5 (d) 5  7

Solution: (i) 6  5 3 it is the sum of two surds.

 It is a compound surd of two surds i.e., a binomial surd.

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(ii) 15  8  11 . It is the sum of the surds.

 It is a compound surd.
(iii) 5 It is a monomial surd or a simple surd.
(iv) 5  7 It is the sum of a rational number and a surd.
 It is a mixed surd.

Example: Which of the following surds are similar?

(i) 2 5 (ii) 3 3 5 (iii) 4 5 (iv) 5 4 5
Solution: 2 5 and 4 5 are multiples of the same surd 5
 They are similar

Law of indices:
If a > 0, b > 0 and n is a positive rational number, then
n
a a
  
(a) n a n b  n ab (b) n  n
b b
(c) m n
a  mn a  n m a
m n m+n
(d) a ×a = a (e) a  a = am–n
m n
(f) (am)n = (an)m = amn
m m
 a n  b  n

(g)  b    a  (h) am  b–n = am × bn (i) a0 = 1, a ≠ 0

Comparison of monomial surds

If two simple surds are of the same order, then they can easily be compared. If a  b, n a  a b for all positive
integral values of n. E.g. 4 2  4 7, 3 3  3 5, 5 10  5 13 etc.
If two simple surds of different orders have to be compared, they have to be expressed as radicals of the
same order.
Thus to compare 4
6 and 3
5, we express both as the radicals of 12th (LCM of 3.4) order 4
6  12 63 and
3
5  12 54
As 63  54 , 4 6  3 5

Rationalizing factor (RF)

If the product of two surds is a rational number, then each of the two is a RF of the other.
 RF is not unique
 If one RF of a surd is known, then the product of this factor and any non-zero rational number is also
the RF of the given surd
 It is convenient to use the simplest of all RF’s of the given surd to convert it to a rational number
e.g. (a) 3 3   
3   3 3  9, a rational number
 3 is a RF of 3 3
2 2
(b)  3 2  3 2    3   2  3  2  1, a rational number
 3  2 is a RF of 3  2 and 3  2 is a RF of 3  2

Example : Find the simplest RF of

4 5
(i) 216 (ii) 16
Solution: (i) 4
216  4  23  33   23/4  33/4

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1/ 4
So RF = 21/4  31/ 4   2  3  61/ 4  4 6
4
 4 6 is the simplest RF of 216
(ii) 5
16  5 24  24/5
 RF is 21/5  24/5   2   2
1/5 5/5
1
 5 2 is the simplest RF of 5 16

 n
a is a RF of n a n 1 and vice-versa.
 n
a m is a RF of n
a n m and vice-versa.
 a  b is a RF of a  b and vice-versa.
3
 a  3 b is a RF of  and vice-versa.
 3
a  3 b is a RF of a 2/3  a1/3 .b1/3  b 2/3 and vice-versa.

Zeroes (roots) of a Polynomial:

Value of a polynomial: The value of a polynomial f (x ) at x  c is obtained by substituting x  c in the
given polynomial and is denoted by f (c ).
Zero or root: A real number c is a root or zero of the polynomial f(x) = a 0 x n + a1x n-1 +…+ a n , if f(c) = 0
 a 0 c n + a1c n-1 + a 2 c n-2 +…+ a n = 0

Example: Find the value of each of the following polynomials at the indicated value of variables:
(i) p(x) = 5x 2 - 3x + 7 at x  1 . (ii) q(y) = 3y3 - 4y + 19 at y  2.
(iii) p(t) = 4t 4 + 5t 3 - t 2 + 8 at t  a.
Solution: (i) p(x) = 5x 2 - 3x + 7
The value of the polynomial p(x ) at x  1 is given by
 p(1) = 5(1)2 - 3(1) + 7
= 5-3+ 7 = 9
(ii) q(y) = 3y3 - 4y + 19
The value of the polynomial q (y ) at y  2 is given by
q(2) = 3(2)3 - 4(2) + 19 = 24 - 8 + 19 = 16 + 19
(iii) p(t) = 4t 4 + 5t 3 - t 2 + 8
The value of the polynomial p(t ) at t  a is given by
p(a) = 4a 4 + 5a 3 - a 2 + 8

Example: Check whether the given value is a zero of the polynomial

9 2
P(x) = x - 9, x = -2.
4
9 2
Solution: Given P(x) = x - 9.
4
Put x = -2.
9
i.e. P(-2) = × (-2)2 - 9
4
= 9-9 = 0
9 2
Thus, x  2 is a zero of x - 9.
4
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Remainder Theorem
When we divide f(x) by the simple polynomial x−c we get:
f(x) = (x−c)·q(x) + r(x)
x−c is degree 1, so r(x) must have degree 0, so it is just some constant r :
f(x) = (x−c)·q(x) + r
Now see what happens when we have x equal to c:
f(c) =(c−c)·q(c) + r
f(c) =(0)·q(c) + r
f(c) =r
So, when we divide a polynomial f(x) by x−c the remainder is f(c)

Factor theorem
It is a special case of remainder theorem. If we calculate f(c) and it is 0, that means the remainder is 0,
and (x−c) must be a factor of the polynomial f(x).
e.g. x2−3x−4
f(4) = (4)2−3(4)−4 = 16−12−4 = 0
so (x−4) must be a factor of x2−3x−4

Factorization Formulae:
2 2
(a) a  b  a 2  2ab  b 2   a  b   4ab
(b) a 2  b 2   a  b  a  b 
1
 If a 2  b2  1 then a  b 
ab
1 1
For example: sec   tan   or 3  2 
sec   tan  3 2
3
(c)  a  b   a 3  b3  3ab  a  b 
3
(d)  a  b   a 3  b3  3ab  a  b 
3
(e) a 3  b3   a  b   a 2  ab  b 2    a  b   3ab  a  b 
3
(f) a 3  b 3   a  b   a 2  ab  b 2    a  b   3ab  a  b 
2
(g)  a  b  c   a 2  b 2  c 2  2ab  2bc  2ca
(h) a 3  b3  c3  3abc   a  b  c   a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ca 
1

2
 2 2
a  b  c a  b  b  c  c  a 
2

3 3 3 3
(i) a  b  c  a  b  c  3  a  b  b  c  c  a 
2
(j) a 4  a 2  1   a 2  1  a 2  1  a  a 2 1  a  a 2 

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Properties of Ratio
a c
If  , then
b d
ab cd
(i)  (componendo)
b d
a  b c d
(ii)  (Dividendo)
b d
ab cd
(iii)  (Componendo and dividendo)
a b cd
a ac ac
(iv)  
b bd bd
a c e  a   2c  3e...
(v)    .....  1 , where 1 ,  2 , 3 ..... are real numbers.
b d f 1b   2d  3f ...
1
a c e  a n  cn  en  n
(vi) If    ...., then each ratio   n n n 
b d f b d f 
a c a 2  c2 a c a c
Example:    
b d b2  d 2 bd bd

a c e a 3 b  2c 2e  3ae 2f ace
Example If   , then show that 4  (wherever defined)
b d f b  2d 2f  3bf 3 bdf
a c e
Solution:    k  a  bk, c  dk, e  fk
b d f
a 3b  2c2 e  3ae 2 f k  b  2d f  3bf 
3 4 2 3
ace
 4 2 3
 4 2 3
 k3 
b  2d f  3bf b  2d f  3bf bdf

Interval Notation
Interval notation is a way of writing subsets of the real number line .
A closed interval is one that includes its endpoints: for example, the set {x | −3 ≤ x ≤1}.

To write this interval in interval notation, we use closed brackets [ ]: [−3,1]

An open interval is one that does not include its endpoints, for example, {x | −3 < x < 1}.

To write this interval in interval notation, use parentheses : (−3,1)

We can also have intervals which are half-open and half-closed:

e.g. [−2,4)

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We can also use interval notation together with the set union operator to write subsets of the number line
made up of more than one interval:
e.g. [−4,−2]∪(−1,1)∪(1,2]∪{4}

Theorem on Circles

Theorem 1
A straight line drawn from the centre of a circle to bisect a chord, (which is not the diameter) is at right
angles to the chord.

A C B

Theorem 2
The perpendicular to a chord, from the centre of the circle, bisects the chord.

A C B
Theorem 3
There is one circle, and only one, which passes through three given points not in a straight line.

O
A C

B
It must be noted here that:
1. Perpendicular bisector of every chord of a circle always passes through its centre.
2. Perpendicular bisectors of any two chords of a circle always intersect at the centre of the circle.

Theorem 4
Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre.

Theorem 5
Chords of a circle, equidistant from the centre of the circle, are equal.

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Theorem 6
The angle which, an arc of a circle subtends at the centre is double that which it subtends at any point on
the remaining part of the circumference.
C
P

P 
B
 O A
O
O
2
2
2
A B A
P B

Theorem 7
Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal
C D

 

B
A P

Theorem 8
The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
D C
o
90 90o

A B
O

Theorem 9
The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral (quadrilateral inscribed in a circle) are supplementary.
D

C
180o  
A
B

Theorem 10
The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle.
C


D 
B

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Theorem on Triangles
Theorems related to similar triangles

Theorems related to triangles

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EXERCISE-1

1. 6  6  6  6  ...... times 
(1) 3 (2) 2 (3) 1 (d) 3

1 2 
2. If x  8  60, then  x 
2 x 
(1) 5 (2) 3 (3) 2 5 (4) 2 3

43 5
3. If  a  b 5, a, b are rational numbers, then (a, b) =
43 5
 61 24   61 24   61 24   61 24 
(1)  ,  (2)  ,  (3)  ,  (4)  , 
 29 29   29 29   29 29   29 29 

4. The square root of 11  112 is

(1) 7  2 (2) 7  2 (3) 2  7 (4) None

5. The square root 5  2 6 is:

(1) 3  2 (2) 3  2 (3) 2 3 (4) 3 2

6. 21  4 5  8 3  4 15 
(1) 5 22 3 (2)  5  4  12 (3)  5  4  12 (4)  5  4  12

4
7. If  a  b  c, then which of the following can be true?
2 3  7
(1) a = 1, b = 4/3, c = 7/3 (2) a = 1, b = 2/3, c = 7/9
(3) a = 2/3, b = 1, c = 7/3 (4) a = 7/9, b = 4/3, c = 1

x 2 3 x 2 3
8. 
If 5  2 6  
 52 6   10, then x =
(1) 2, 2 (2) 2,  2 (3) 2,  2 (4) 2,  2, 2,  2

3
9. If 3 a  3 b  3 c  0 then  a  b  c  
(1) abc (2) 3abc (3) 9ac (4) 27abc
2 2
10. If 32x  2.3x  x 6
 32 x  6  0 then the value of x is
(1) –2 (2) 3 (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) None of these

1 1 1
11. The numerical value of x   1
a b
a c
 x  
1
b c
b a
 
 x
1
c a
c b
is (a, b, c are distinct real numbers)
(1) 1 (2) 8 (3) 0 (4) None

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 BASIC MATHS XI -Mathematics

1 2
 
12.  1
  625  2

 4
 

(1) 4 (2) 5 (3) 2 (4) 3

1
3 4
 
13.
1
3

 5 8  27

1
3
 



(1) 3 (2) 6 (3) 5 (4) 4

3/ 2
14. 1 3
 23  33  43  
–3
(1) 10 (2) 10–2 (3) 10–4 (4) 10–1

3/4 3/4
15.  0.000729   0.09  
3
10 105 102 106
(1) 3 (2) 5 (3) 2 (4) 6
3 3 3 3

2/3
 1 12 
 
16. 4    
x
   
1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
x2 x4 x3 x

x 3  3 x5
17.  30 x 77 
5 3
x
76/15
(1) x (2) x 78/15 (3) x 79/15 (4) x 77/15

3/4 7/6 7 x
5 5 5
18.   when divided by   becomes   , the value of x is
6 6 6
7 89 8 10
(1) (2) (3) (4)
12 12 12 12

4 3
19. If x 2  x k , then k =
2 1
(1) (2) 6 (3) (4) 7
6 6
2
   12  2 
20.  7   5   253 
 
 
5 7 5
(1) (2) (3) 35 (4) 
7 5 7

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 BASIC MATHS XI -Mathematics

EXERCISE-2
1. Match the values of x given in Column-II satisfying the exponential equation in Column-I (Do not
verify). Remember that for a > 0, then term ax is always greater than zero x  R.

Column-I Column-II
25
(A) 5x  24  x (P) –3
5
(B)  2  5   200
x 1 x
(Q) –2
(C) 42/ x  5  41/ x   4  0 (R) –1
2 x 1.4x 1
(D)  16 (S) 0
8x 1
(E) 4x
2
2
 9 2x 2
2
8  0 (T) 1
(F) 52x  7 x  52x (35)  7 x (35)  0 (V) 3
(X) none

2. Which of the following equation(s) has (has) only unity as the solution.
(A) 2  3x 1   6  3x 1   3x  9 (B) 7  3x 1   5x  2  3x  4  5x 3

3. Which of the following equation(s) has *have) only natural solution(s)

(A) 6.91/ x  13.61/x  6.41/x  0 (B) 4x  8x 1  4

x 2 8 x 2 8
4. 
If 5  2 6  
 52 6   10, x  R
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions:
(a) Number of solution(s) of the given equation is/are
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) infinite

(b) Sum of positive solutions is

(a) 31 (b) 3  7 (c) 2  5 (d) 2

(c) If  (3, 5] , then number of possible values of x, is

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

5. Factorize following expressions:

(i) x4 – y4 (ii) 9a2 –(2x – y)2 (iii) 4x2 – 9y2 – 6x – 9y

6. Factorize following expressions:

(i) 8x3 – 27y3 (ii) 8x3 – 125y3 + 2x – 5y

7. Factorize following expressions

(i) x2 + 3x – 40 (ii) x2 – 3x – 40 (iii) x2 + 5x – 14
(iv) x2 – 3x – 4 (v) x2 – 2x – 3 (vi) 3x2 – 10x + 8
2
(vii) 12x + x – 35 (viii) 3x2 – 5x + 2 (ix) 3x2 – 7x + 4
(x) 7x2 – 8x + 1 (xi) 2x2 – 17x + 26 (xii) 3a2 – 7a – 6 (xiii) 14a2 + a – 3

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 BASIC MATHS XI -Mathematics

8. Factorize following expressions

(i) a2 – 4a + 3 + 2b – b2 (ii) x4 + 324 (iii) x4 – y2 + 2x2 + 1
(iv) 4a4 – 5a2 + 1 (v) 4x4 + 81

9. Factorize following expressions

(i) x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 (ii) 2x3 + 9x2 + 10x + 3
(iii) 2x3 – 9x2 + 13x – 6 (iv) x6 – 7x2 – 6

10. (i) Factorize the expressions 8a6 + 5a3 + 1

(ii) Show that (x – y)3 + (y – z)3 + (z – x)3 = 3(x – y) (y – z) (z – x).

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 BASIC MATHS XI -Mathematics

ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE-1
1. (1) 2. (1) 3. (4) 4. (1) 5. (4) 6. (3) 7. (1)

8. (4) 9. (4) 10. (3) 11. (1) 12. (2) 13. (3) 14. (1)

15. (4) 16. (1) 17. (4) 18. (2) 19. (3) 20. (1)

EXERCISE-2

1. Ans. (A)(U); (B)(U); (C)(T); (D)(P,Q,R,S,T,U,V);(E)(R,T); (F)(S)

2. A

3. B

4. (a) C (b) B (c) C

5. (i) (x2 + y2) (x + y) (x – y) (ii) (3a + 2x – y) (3a – 2x + y) (iii) (2x + 3y) (2x – 3y – 3)

6. (i) (2x – 3y) (4x2 + 6xy + 9x2) (ii) (2x – 5y) (4x2 + 10xy + 25y2 + 1)

7. (i) (x + 8) (x – 5) (ii) (x – 8) (x + 5) (iii) (x + 7) (x – 2) (iv) (x – 4)(x + 1)

(v) (x – 3) (x + 1) (vi) (x – 2) (3x – 4) (vii) (4x + 7) (3x – 5) (viii) (3x –2)(x–1)

(ix) (x – 1) (3x – 4) (x) (x – 1) (7x – 1) (xi) (2x – 13) (x – 2) (xii) (a –3)(3a+2)

(xiii) (2a + 1) (7a – 3)

8. (i) (a – b – 1) (a + b – 3) (ii) (x2 + 6x + 18) (x2 – 6x + 18)

(iii) (x2 + 1 + y) (x2 + 1 – y) (iv) (2a + 1) (2a – 1) (a + 1) (a – 1)

(v) (2x2 + 6x + 9)(2x2 – 6x + 9)

9. (i) (x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 3) (ii) (x + 1)(x + 3)(2x + 1)

(iii) (x – 1)(x – 2)(2x – 3) (iv) (x2 + 2)(x – 3 )(x2 + 1)(x + 3 )

10. (i) (2a2 – a + 1) (4a4 + 2a3 – a2 + a + 1)

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