Org-Chem I Lab Manual

IBADAT INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-IA (ORGANIC)

LABORATORY MANUAL
IBADAT INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY,
ISLAMABAD
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
Certificate
It is certified that Mr/Mrs __________________student of

______ semester (Pharm.D) has carried out all necessary work
as per course of studies for this session in the practical schedule
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry-IA (Organic). His/Her
performance for the mentioned session is given below:
Grading:
o Excellent
o Very Good
o Good
o Satisfactory
_______________
Signature
Table of Contents
Good Laboratory Practices ................................................................................ 2

Lab Safety Rules .................................................................................................................... 3
Use of Lab Equipment and Glassware.................................................................................4
Identification and Confirmation of Unknown Organic Compounds
Section A (CARBOXYLIC ACIDS) ............................................................. 7

Oxalic Acid ......................................................................................................................... 10
Citric Acid ........................................................................................................................... 18
Tartaric Acid ........................................................................................................................ 26
Benzoic Acid ........................................................................................................................ 34
Salicylic Acid ....................................................................................................................... 42
Section B CARBOHYDRATES ................................................................... 49

Glucose ................................................................................................................................ 52
Sucrose ................................................................................................................................ 59
Lactose ................................................................................................................................ 66
Starch ................................................................................................................................... 72
Section C AMIDES AND THIOAMIDES ................................................... 78

Urea ..................................................................................................................................... 79
Thiourea .............................................................................................................................. 85
INDEX
Sr. # Date Module Signature
Identification and Confirmation of Unknown Organic Compounds
A Carboxylic Acids
01 Oxalic Acid
02 Citric Acid
03 Tartaric Acid
04 Benzoic Acid
05 Salicylic Acid
B Carbohydrates
06 Glucose
07 Sucrose
08 Lactose
09 Starch
C Amides and Thioamides
10 Urea
11 Thiourea
1|Page
Good Laboratory Practices (GLPs)
• Report all accidents, injuries, and breakage of glass or equipment to
instructor immediately.
• Keep pathways clear by placing extra items (books, bags, etc.) on the
shelves or under the work tables. If under the tables, make sure that these
items cannot be stepped on.
• Long hair (chin-length or longer) must be tied back to avoid catching fire.
Wear sensible clothing including footwear. Loose clothing should be
secured so they do not get caught in a flame or chemicals.
• Work quietly — know what you are doing by reading the assigned Module
before you start to work. Pay close attention to any cautions
described in the laboratory exercises Do not taste or smell chemicals.
• Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes when heating substances,
dissecting, etc.
• Do not attempt to change the position of glass tubing in a stopper.
• Never point a test tube being heated at another student or yourself.
• Never look into a test tube while you are heating it.
• Unauthorized Modules or procedures must not be attempted.
• Keep solids out of the sink.
• Leave your work station clean and in good order before leaving the
laboratory.
• Do not lean, hang over or sit on the laboratory tables.
• Do not leave your assigned laboratory station without permission of the
teacher. Learn the location of the fire extinguisher, eye wash station, first
aid kit and safety shower.
• Fooling around or "horse play" in the laboratory is absolutely forbidden.
Students found in violation of this safety rule will be barred from
participating in future labs and could result in suspension.
• Anyone wearing acrylic nails will not be allowed to work with matches,
lighted splints, bunsen burners, etc.
• Do not lift any solutions, glassware or other types of apparatus above eye
level.
• Follow all instructions given by your teacher in the lab at any time!
2|Page
3|Page
Use of Lab Equipment and glassware
1. Using a Glass Pipette:
Graduated glass pipettes can be used as an easy and cost effective way of transferring small
volumes of liquid. When used together which a pipettte bulb or pipette pump, users can draw
up liquid into the pipette, and then when required, accurately dose the liquid out by releasing
the bulb or pump. The amount of liquid inside the pipette can be seen via the graduated
markings on the side of the pipette.
Procedure:
• Select the appropriate volume pipette relating to the amount of liquid you would like
to transfer.
• Place the bottom of the pipette into the liquid you would like to transfer.
• Draw up the liquid using a pipette bulb (squeezing the bulb) or pipette pump (rolling
the pipette pump wheel).
• Remove the pipette from the liquid and move pipette to required dosing point.
• Dose liquid by releasing the pipette bulb or by pressing the release button on the
pipette pump.
• Check the amount of liquid dosed by viewing the graduations on the side of the
pipette.
2. Using a measuring cylinder:
A graduated cylinder is a measuring tool that measures the volume of a liquid.
Before using the measuring cylinder, we should first check the measuring range and the
minimum scale value of the measuring cylinder. When reading, the measuring cylinder must
4|Page
be placed flat on the horizontal table. After the liquid level is still, the reading can be made.
When reading, the line of sight should be with the concave liquid. The lowest point in the
center of the face is flat.
How to pour liquid into the measuring cylinder.
The measuring cylinder is slightly inclined, the beaker mouth is close to the measuring cylinder
mouth, and the liquid is slowly poured into the measuring cylinder. When reading, the line of
sight should be level with the lowest point in the center of the concave liquid level. If the
reading will be too large when looking down, the reading will be too small when looking up.
3. Using a spirit Lamp:
Alcohol burner, also known as a spirit lamp or alcohol stove, is a useful laboratory apparatus.
It looks like a small jar with a tank for fuel and comes with a lid which has a tiny hole to hold
a single wick. Some burners are also available with a metal stand to hold flasks and beakers.
The burner is made of glass or metals such as brass, stainless steel and aluminium. It uses
denatured alcohol, ethyl alcohol, ethyl hydrate, isopropanol or methanol as fuel. When the
flame needs to be extinguished, its cap can double up as snuffer.
5|Page
Procedure:
1. Use a stand, boss and clamp to secure a steel or copper can over a spirit burner.
2. Measure and record the mass of a spirit burner with its lid.
3. Use a measuring cylinder to add 100 cm 3 of cold water to the can.
4. Place the spirit burner underneath the can.
5. Stir the water carefully with the thermometer.
4. Using an Electronic Balance:
Electronic balances have become standard equipment for many high school and college
chemistry departments. They allow the user to quickly and accurately measure the mass of
a substance to a level of accuracy impossible for traditional balances to achieve. This is
especially important in experiments that require precise amounts of each substance to
achieve the desired results. The popularity of the electronic balance is also due to its
extreme ease of use for any skill level.
Procedure:
1. Place the electronic balance on a flat, stable surface indoors. The precision of the
balance relies on minute factors and wind, shaky surfaces, or similar forces will cause
the readings to be inaccurate.
2. Press the "ON" button and wait for the balance to show zeroes on the digital screen.
3. Use tongs or gloves to place the empty container you will use for the substance to be
measured on the balance platform. Fingerprints and other greases from your hands
add mass and must be avoided for accurate measurements.
4. Press the "Tare" or "Zero" button to automatically deduct the weight of the container
from future calculations. The digital display will show zero again, indicating that the
container's mass is stored in the balance's memory.
5. Carefully add the substance to the container. Ideally this is done with the container
still on the platform, but it may be removed if necessary. Avoid placing the container
on surfaces that may have substances which will add mass to the container such as
powders or grease.
6|Page
Section A
I de ntific ati o n and
C o nfi rmati o n of U nkno wn
Org anic Co mpo und s
(C ARB OXYLI C A CI DS )
7|Page
CARBOXYLIC ACID
Introduction
A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group (C(=O)OH). The
general formula of a carboxylic acid is R–COOH, with R referring to the rest of the
molecule. Carboxylic acids occur widely and include the amino acids (which make up
proteins) and acetic acid (which is part of vinegar and occurs in metabolism).
Salts and esters of carboxylic acids are called carboxylates.
Carboxylic Acid Carboxylate Anion 3D Structure of Carboxylic Acid
Examples:
Carboxylic Acids maybe aliphatic as well as aromatic. Some of the examples are given
below:
Aliphatic Acids:
COOH
HOOC C H H C COOH H2C COOH
H2C
H C COOH H C COOH H2C COOH
COOH
Malonic Acid Fumaric Acid Maleic Acid Succinic Acid
CH2COOH
COOH CH2OCOOH
C(OH)COOH
COOH CH2OCOOH
CH2COOH
Oxalic Acid Tartaric Acid Citric Acid
Aromatic Acids:
8|Page
O O
OH OH
OH
(Salicylic Acid) (Benzoic Acid)
9|Page
Practical # 1
OXALIC ACID
10 | P a g e
Identification and Confirmation of Unknown Organic
Compound (Oxalic Acid)
A. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
I. Physical State
Observation Results
Crystalline Solid
II. Color
Observation Results
Colourless
III. Odour
Observation Results
Odourless
IV. Solubility Determination

Observation Results
Soluble in D-Water
Insoluble in Ethyl Acetate
V. Ignition Test
Observation Results
White Fumes by heating the compound on

crucible lid
11 | P a g e
VI. Test For Saturation/Unsaturation
Observation Inference
Decolourization of pink colour by adding

Compound in Alck.KMnO4 Solution
Decolourization by adding Compound in

Bromine Water
VII. Test For Acidity/Basicity (pH Test)

Blue litmus paper turns Red
VIII. Melting Point Determination
Observed M.P:
Literature Value 101oC Oxalic Acid confirmed
B. FUNCTIONAL GROUP DETECTION TESTS

IX. Detection of Carbohydrates
Charring/Blackening by heating the Compound
with Conc.H2SO4
X. Detection of Aldehydes/Ketones
Yellow Crystals Formation by heating the
Compound with Alcohol and 2,4-DNPH
Solution
XI. Detection of Alcohols
Appearance of Violet Color by adding the
Compound in FeCl3 Solution
Fruity Smell of Ester Formation by heating the
Compound in Glacial Acetic Acid and
Conc.H2SO4
XII. Detection of Esters
12 | P a g e
Pink colour is discharged by addition of few
drops of NaOH and few drops of
Phenolphthalein Solution to Compound
XIII. Detection of Amides/Thioamides/Ammonium Salts of Carboxylic Acid
Pungent smell of Ammonia observed by heating
compound with NaOH
XIV. Detection of Carboxylic Acid
Effervescence by adding NaHCO3 Solution to
Compound
Fruity smell of Ester Formation by heating the
Compound with C2H5OH and Conc.H2SO4
C. CONFIRMATORY TESTS
XV. Compound + CaCl2 solution
White ppt
XVI. Compound + Conc.H2SO4 + Heat
No blackening occurs
XVII. Compound + FeCl3 solution
No Reaction
D. USES
Timber cleaning, primary standard for lab work.
E. RESULT
13 | P a g e
F. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
1. What is water of crystallization?
2. Why oxalic acid doesn’t decolorize the bromine water and alkaline KMnO4?
3. When you add ethanol and few drops of sulphuric acid in oxalic acid containing test
tube, fruity smell is observed. Why? Give your answer with the help of chemical
equation.
4. Draw the structure of 2,4- DNPH.
5. Why oxalic acid doesn’t give yellow ppt with 2,4- DNPH. Give reason for your answer.
6. Why oxalic acid is soluble in water but decanoic acid is not?
7. Why phenols give blue-violet complex with FeCl3 solution? Give your answer with the
help of chemical equation.
8. Complete the following and give reason for your answer.
H2C CH2 + Br 2
COOH
+ NaHCO 3
(Aq)
COOH
COOH
CaCl 2
+ (Aq)
COOH
COOH
+ NaOH
COOH
COOH conc. H2 SO4

+ C2H5OH
COOH
NH NH2
O
NO 2
H3C +
CH3
NO 2
H2C CH2 + KMnO 4

(alkaline)
14 | P a g e
15 | P a g e
16 | P a g e
Teacher’s signature_____________ Date _____________
17 | P a g e
Experiment # 2
CITRIC ACID
18 | P a g e
Compound (Citric Acid)
I. Physical State
Observation Results
Crystalline Solid
II. Color
Observation Results
Colourless
III. Odour
Observation Results
Odourless
Observation Results
Soluble in D-Water
V. Ignition Test
Observation Results
White Fumes by heating the compound

on crucible lid
19 | P a g e


Bromine Water
Observed M.P:
Literature Value 153oC Citric Acid confirmed

Charring/Blackening by heating the Compound
with Conc.H2SO4
Solution
Fruity Smell of Ester Formation by heating the
Compound in Glacial Acetic Acid and
Conc.H2SO4
20 | P a g e
Pink colour is discharged by addition of few
drops of NaOH and few drops of
Pungent smell of Ammonia observed by
heating compound with NaOH
Effervescence by adding NaHCO3 Solution to
Compound
Fruity smell of Ester Formation by heating the
Compound with C2H5OH and Conc.H2SO4
XV. Compound+NaOH+CaCl2
White precipitates
No blackening occurs
XVII. Compound+NaOH+FeCl3
Buff Coloration
D. USES
Used as preservative and flavorant.
E. RESULT
21 | P a g e
1. Draw the structure of Citric Acid.
COOH
HO COOH + NaHCO 3
(Aq)
COOH
COOH
HO COOH + NaOH
(Aq)
COOH
COOH conc. H 2SO 4

HO COOH + C2H5OH
COOH
COONa
HO COONa + CaCl 2
(Aq)
COONa
O
Heat
NH2
+ NaOH
O
Heat
H3C + NaOH
NH2
3. When you add ethanol and few drops of sulphuric acid in Citric Acid containing test
tube, fruity smell is observed. Why? Give your answer with the help of chemical
equation.
4. How would you identify the presence of carboxylic acid?
5. When you add sodium hydroxide in citric acid and heat it, no ammonia gas evolve. But
when you add sodium hydroxide in benzamide, you observe ammonia gas after heating.
Why? Give your answer with the help of chemical equation.
22 | P a g e
23 | P a g e
24 | P a g e
Teacher’s signature_____________ Date ___________
25 | P a g e
Experiment # 3
TARTARIC ACID
26 | P a g e
Compound (Tartaric Acid)
I. Physical State
Observation Results
Crystalline Solid
II. Color
Observation Results
Colourless
III. Odour
Observation Results
Odourless
Observation Results
Soluble in D-Water
V. Ignition Test
Observation Results

on crucible lid
27 | P a g e

Bromine Water
Observed M.P:
Literature Value 171 – 174oC Tartaric acid confirmed

Charring/Blackening by heating the
Compound with Conc.H2SO4
Solution
Fruity Smell of Ester Formation by
heating the Compound in Glacial Acetic
Acid and Conc.H2SO4
28 | P a g e
Pink colour is discharged by addition of
few drops of NaOH and few drops of
Effervescence by adding NaHCO3
Solution to Compound
Fruity smell of Ester Formation by
heating the Compound with C2H5OH and
Conc.H2SO4
XV. Compound + CaCl2 solution
White ppt
Blackening occurs
XVII. Compound + NaOH + FeCl3 solution
Green coloration
D. USES
Potassium bitartrate (Cream of tartar) leavening agent used in making wines and
preparing Baking powder
E. RESULT
29 | P a g e
F. Answer the following questions.
1. Draw the structure of tartaric acid. Why it is soluble in water?
2. How pH of a solution is checked? How would you decide that a particular solution is
acidic, basic or neutral?
3. Mr.Z added KOH (potassium hydroxide) in a test tube containing tartaric acid and
heated. Litmus paper placed over the test-tube showed no color change? What was he
trying to check? Support your answer with the help of an example.
COOH
H OH
H OH + NaHCO 3
(Aq)
COOH
COOH
H OH
H OH
+ KOH
(Aq)
COOH
COOH
conc. H 2SO 4
H OH + C2H5OH
H OH
COOH
COOH OH
conc. H 2SO 4
H OH +
H OH
COOH
COOH
H OH + KMnO4 (alk)
H OH
COOH
30 | P a g e
31 | P a g e
32 | P a g e
Teacher’s signature_____________ Date ____________
33 | P a g e
Experiment # 4
BENZOIC ACID
34 | P a g e
Compound (Benzoic Acid)
I. Physical State
Observation Results
Crystalline Solid
II. Color
Observation Results
Colourless
III. Odour
Observation Results
Odourless
Observation Results
Soluble in D-Water
V. Ignition Test
Observation Results

on crucible lid
35 | P a g e


Bromine Water
Observed M.P:
Literature Value 121-122oC Benzoic Acid confirmed

Solution
Acid and Conc. H2SO4
36 | P a g e
Effervesces by adding NaHCO3 Solution
to Compound
Conc.H2SO4
XV. Compound+NH4OH+FeCl3
Buff coloration
XVI. Compound + Soda Lime + Heat
Vapors of Benzene were given out which
burn with smoky flame
XVII. Compound + Conc. H2SO4 + Heat
Red coloration
D. USES
Preservative, constituent of Whitfield ointment (anti-fungal).
E. RESULT
37 | P a g e
1. Draw the structures of benzoic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid? Why benzoic acid is
not soluble in water while 4-hydroxybenzoic acid is?
2. When you add NaHCO3 in benzoic acid containing test tube, you suddenly observe
effervescence. Why?
3. Why CO2 is acidic in nature? How would you check the liberation of CO2 gas with
litmus paper?
4. Complete the following and give reason for your answer
O
OH + KHCO 3
(Aq)
OH + KOH
(Aq)
O
conc. H 2SO 4
OH
+ C2H5OH
O
OH
conc. H 2SO 4
OH
+
HO
OH
+ Br 2 water
NH2 Heat
+ KOH
NH2 Heat
+ Na 2CO 3
38 | P a g e
O
OCH 3 Heat
+ NaOH
O HN NH2
H NO 2 Heat
+
NO 2
39 | P a g e
40 | P a g e
41 | P a g e
Experiment # 5
SALICYLIC ACID
42 | P a g e
Compound (Salicylic Acid)
I. Physical State
Observation Results
Crystalline Solid
II. Color
Observation Results
Colourless
III. Odour
Observation Results
Odourless
Observation Results
Soluble in D-Water
V. Ignition Test
Observation Results

on crucible lid
43 | P a g e


Bromine Water
Observed M.P:
Literature Value 158oC Salicylic Acid confirmed

Solution
Acid and Conc.H2SO4
44 | P a g e
to Compound
Conc.H2SO4
XV. Compound + Conc.H2SO4 + heat
No red colouration
XVI. Compound + FeCl3Solution
Violet colour appeared
D. USES
Antifungal agent, derivative of salicylic acid (aspirin) is used as NSAID. Methyl
salicylate is used as topical analgesic.
E. RESULT
45 | P a g e
F. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1. Draw the structures and write uses of the following Salicylic Acid, Methyl Salicylate,
Acetyl Salicylic Acid.
2. Draw the structures of Benzoic Acid, 2 Hydroxybenzoic Acid and Salicylic Acid.
Compare the solubility all three in water.
3. Why Dispirin is soluble in water while aspirin is insoluble.
4. Complete the following and give reasons for the product formation.
O
OH + NaHCO 3
(Aq)
OH
OH + FeCl 3
OH
O
conc. H 2SO 4
OH
+ CH 3OH
OH
O
OH
+ Br 2 water
OH
O
- +
O Na
- +
+ HCl
O Na
O HN NH2
H NO 2 Heat
+
OH
NO 2
O
OH
conc. H 2SO 4
OH
+
HO C2H5
+ Br 2
46 | P a g e
47 | P a g e
48 | P a g e
Section B
C o nfi rmati o n of Unkno wn
(C ARB OH YDR ATES )
49 | P a g e
CARBOHYDRATES
Introduction
A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen
(O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words,
with the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n (where m could be different from n). This formula
holds true for monosaccharides. Some exceptions exist; for example, deoxyribose, a sugar
component of DNA, has the empirical formula C5H10O4. Carbohydrates are technically
hydrates of carbon; structurally it is more accurate to view them as polyhydroxy aldehydes
and ketones.
Carbohydrates exist both in linear form as well as ring form. E.g. Glucose
The open-chain form of a monosaccharide often coexists with a closed ring form where the
aldehyde/ketone carbonyl group carbon (C=O) and hydroxyl group (–OH) react forming a
hemiacetal with a new C–O–C bridge.
3-D Structure of Simple Structure of

D-Glucose D-Glucose
50 | P a g e
Examples
51 | P a g e
Experiment # 6
GLUCOSE
52 | P a g e
Compound (Glucose)
I. Physical State
Observation Results
Crystalline Solid
II. Color
Observation Results
Colourless
III. Odour
Observation Results
Odourless
Observation Results
Soluble in D-Water
V. Ignition Test
Observation Results

on crucible lid
53 | P a g e


Bromine Water
Observed M.P:
Literature Value 100oC Glucose is confirmed

Solution
Acid and Conc.H2SO4
54 | P a g e

to Compound
Conc.H2SO4
XV. Detection of Carbohydrates
Charring or blackening by adding
Conc.H2SO4 to Compound and heating it
C12H22O11(s) + H2SO4(aq) + 1/2 O2(g) → 11C(s) + CO2(g) + 12H2O(g) + SO2(g)
Reddish violet ring formation at the
junction by adding 3-4 drops of 1% alk.α-
naphthol + Conc.H2SO4 to Compound
XVI. Compound + Fehling’s Solution
Reddish brown ppt
XVII. Compound + Copper Acetate in dil.Acetic acid
Dark brown color appears
55 | P a g e
XVIII. Compound + 3-4 drops of 1% alk.α-naphthol + Conc.H2SO4
junction
D. USES
Managing hypoglycemia and intravenous (IV) feeding.
E. RESULT

1. Draw the Fischer and Haworth projection of glucose for both D- and L-glucose
2. What is anomeric carbon?
3. On which basis we classify glucose as α-glucose and β-glucose?
4. What are reducing sugars? Give examples.
5. Why carbohydrates are neural to litmus paper?
6. Glucose and Sucrose are water soluble while Starch is water insoluble though all are
carbohydrates. Justify.
7. Why reddish violet color is formed in test Molish’s test? Write chemical equation.
56 | P a g e
57 | P a g e
58 | P a g e
Experiment # 7
SUCROSE
59 | P a g e
Compound (Sucrose)
I. Physical State
Observation Results
Crystalline Solid
II. Color
Observation Results
Colourless
III. Odour
Observation Results
Odourless
Observation Results
Soluble in D-Water
V. Ignition Test
Observation Results

on crucible lid
60 | P a g e


Bromine Water
Observed M.P:
Literature Value 160oC Sucrose is confirmed

Solution
Acid and Conc.H2SO4
61 | P a g e

to Compound
Conc.H2SO4
No colouration
XVII. Compound + CuSO4 + NaOH
Blue colour solution
62 | P a g e
D. USES
Sweetener, preservative, confectionary
E. RESULT
F. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION

1. Draw the Fischer and Haworth projections of Glucose and Starch.
2. Draw the Haworth projection of Sucrose.
3. Why glucose and fructose are reducing sugars while sucrose is non-reducing?
4. Write the two functional group tests that are positive for all carbohydrates.
5. Mr. B has been given two test tubes, one is having salicylic acid and other is having
sucrose, when he added FeCl3 solution in both, he suddenly observed that the test tube
having salicylic acid showed a violet coloration while the other test tube showed no violet
coloration. Give reasons.
63 | P a g e
64 | P a g e
65 | P a g e
Experiment # 8
LACTOSE
66 | P a g e
Identification and Confirmation of Unknown Organic Compound
(Lactose)
I. Physical State
Observation Results
Crystalline Solid
II. Color
Observation Results
Colourless
III. Odour
Observation Results
Odourless
Observation Results
Soluble in D-Water
V. Ignition Test
Observation Results

on crucible lid
67 | P a g e


Bromine Water
Observed M.P:
Literature Value 203oC Lactose is confirmed

Solution
Acid and Conc.H2SO4
68 | P a g e
to Compound
Conc.H2SO4
Deep blue color will reduce
XVII. Compound + Copper Acetate in dil. Acetic Acid
Reduction of copper acetate
69 | P a g e
D. USES
Stabilizer and bulking agent for tablets.
E. RESULT

1. Draw the Haworth projection of Lactose.
2. Draw the Fischer projection of D-glucose and D-galactose.
3. Why lactose is reducing sugar while sucrose is non-reducing?
4. What is the difference between enantiomer and diastereoisomer? Give example.
5. What is chiral carbon?
70 | P a g e
71 | P a g e
Experiment # 9:
STARCH
72 | P a g e
Compound (Starch)
I. Physical State
Observation Results
Crystalline Solid
II. Color
Observation Results
Colourless
III. Odour
Observation Results
Odourless
Observation Results
Soluble in D-Water
V. Ignition Test
Observation Results

on crucible lid
73 | P a g e


Bromine Water
Observed M.P:
Literature Value 225oC Starch is confirmed

Solution
Acid and Conc.H2SO4
74 | P a g e

to Compound
Conc.H2SO4
XVI. Compound + Iodine solution
Iodine solution turns blue
XVII. Compound + HCl + heat
Soluble
75 | P a g e
D. USES
Thickeners’ stabilizers in foods such as puddings custards etc.
E. RESULT
F. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION

1. Draw Haworth projection of starch and show the amylase and amylopectin.
2. What is Lugol’s Iodine?
3. Why glucose and fructose are reducing sugars while starch is non-reducing?
4. Why starch is called homopolymer?
5. Starch has polar group in its structure but still it insoluble in water. Why?
76 | P a g e
77 | P a g e
Section C
C o nfi rmati o n of Unkno wn
(A MID ES AN D THI OAMID ES )
78 | P a g e
Experiment # 10
UREA
O
H2N NH2
(Urea)
79 | P a g e
Compound (Urea)
I. Physical State
Observation Results
Crystalline Solid
II. Color
Observation Results
Colourless
III. Odour
Observation Results
Odourless
Observation Results
Soluble in D-Water
V. Ignition Test
Observation Results

on crucible lid
80 | P a g e


Bromine Water
Observed M.P:
Literature Value 132oC Urea is confirmed

Solution
Acid and Conc.H2SO4
81 | P a g e

to Compound
Conc.H2SO4
XVI. Compound + NaOH + heat
Ammonia gas evolved on heating
XVII. Fuse Compound + few drops of NaOH + CuSO4 Solution
Violet coloration
82 | P a g e
D. USES
Fertilizer
E. RESULT

1. Draw the structures of urea, acetamide and benzamide.
2. Why Urea is soluble in water?
3. When amide hydrolysis occur ammonia gas is evolved. Write two tests that are used for
confirmation of ammonia gas liberation?
4. Complete the following:
+ KOH Heat
+ Na2CO3 Heat
+ NaOH Heat
83 | P a g e
84 | P a g e
Experiment # 11
THIOUREA
S
H2N NH2
(Thiourea)
85 | P a g e
Identification and Confirmation of Unknown Organic Compound
(Thiourea)
I. Physical State
Observation Results
Crystalline Solid
II. Color
Observation Results
Colourless
III. Odour
Observation Results
Odourless
Observation Results
Soluble in D-Water
V. Ignition Test
Observation Results
Non-smoky flames
86 | P a g e


Bromine Water
pH paper remain unaffected
Observed M.P:
Literature Value 182oC Thiourea is confirmed

Solution
Acid and Conc.H2SO4
87 | P a g e

to Compound
Conc.H2SO4
C. CONFIRMATORY TEST
XVI. Heat the compound to melt then add FeCl3 Solution
Blood red colouration
D. USES
Bleaching agent in textile dyeing, pharmaceutical raw material for synthesis of
heterocyclic compounds.
E. RESULT
88 | P a g e
1. Draw the structures of thiourea, thioacetamide, thiobenzamide and thiophene.
2. How can we assess that a compound is acidic or basic by using 10% NaOH or 10% HCL
solution?
3. When hydrolysis of urea and thiourea occur, ammonia gas is evolved. How would you
distinguish between the two with the help of confirmatory test?
4. Mr. Ben has been given following three compounds a, b and c. How would you
distinguish between these three with the help of confirmatory test?
a. b. c.
89 | P a g e
90 | P a g e

Org-Chem I Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Org-Chem I Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

IBADAT INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-IA (ORGANIC)

It is certified that Mr/Mrs __________________student of

Good Laboratory Practices ................................................................................ 2

Use of Lab Equipment and Glassware.................................................................................4

Identification and Confirmation of Unknown Organic Compounds

Section A (CARBOXYLIC ACIDS) ............................................................. 7

Citric Acid ........................................................................................................................... 18

Tartaric Acid ........................................................................................................................ 26

Benzoic Acid ........................................................................................................................ 34

Salicylic Acid ....................................................................................................................... 42

Section B CARBOHYDRATES ................................................................... 49

Section C AMIDES AND THIOAMIDES ................................................... 78

Sr. # Date Module Signature

Identification and Confirmation of Unknown Organic Compounds

C Amides and Thioamides

1. Using a Glass Pipette:

2. Using a measuring cylinder:

A graduated cylinder is a measuring tool that measures the volume of a liquid.

How to pour liquid into the measuring cylinder.

3. Using a spirit Lamp:

4. Using an Electronic Balance:

I de ntific ati o n and

C o nfi rmati o n of U nkno wn

Org anic Co mpo und s

Salts and esters of carboxylic acids are called carboxylates.

Carboxylic Acid Carboxylate Anion 3D Structure of Carboxylic Acid

Oxalic Acid Tartaric Acid Citric Acid

IV. Solubility Determination

Insoluble in Ethyl Acetate

White Fumes by heating the compound on

Decolourization of pink colour by adding

Decolourization by adding Compound in

VII. Test For Acidity/Basicity (pH Test)

Blue litmus paper turns Red

VIII. Melting Point Determination

Literature Value 101oC Oxalic Acid confirmed

B. FUNCTIONAL GROUP DETECTION TESTS

XI. Detection of Alcohols

XII. Detection of Esters

XIII. Detection of Amides/Thioamides/Ammonium Salts of Carboxylic Acid

XIV. Detection of Carboxylic Acid

XVI. Compound + Conc.H2SO4 + Heat

XVII. Compound + FeCl3 solution

Timber cleaning, primary standard for lab work.

COOH conc. H2 SO4

H2C CH2 + KMnO 4

IV. Solubility Determination

Insoluble in Ethyl Acetate

White Fumes by heating the compound

Decolourization of pink colour by adding

Decolourization by adding Compound in

VII. Test For Acidity/Basicity (pH Test)

Blue litmus paper turns Red

VIII. Melting Point Determination

B. FUNCTIONAL GROUP DETECTION TESTS

XI. Detection of Alcohols

XIII. Detection of Amides/Thioamides/Ammonium Salts of Carboxylic Acid

XIV. Detection of Carboxylic Acid

XVI. Compound + Conc.H2SO4 + Heat

COOH conc. H 2SO 4

IV. Solubility Determination

Insoluble in Ethyl Acetate