Accident Detection Using Deep Learning A

International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Engineering
Volume 11, Issue 3, ISSN (Online): 2249–071X
Accident Detection using Deep Learning: A Brief

Survey
Renu 1, Durgesh Kumar Yadav 2*, Iftisham Anjum 3 and Ankita 4
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
2,3,4
Student, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
1, 2, 3, 4
Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Date of publication (dd/mm/yyyy): 07/06/2020

Abstract – Today the road traffic accidents being a major reason of losing lives each day. The driver's mistake and
late response time from the emergency services are the main cause of it. An effective road accident detection and
information communication system is required in respecting of saving injured persons. A system being the sender of
information messages to the required nearby emergency services about the location of the accident place for
corrective response is absolutely as needed. According to the research literature, a number of such systems are
proposed that automatically detects the accident as by numerous researchers. These detection system includes smart
phones, vehicular Ad-Hoc networks, GSM and GPS technologies, and mobile applications. The implementation of an
automatic road accident detection and information communication system in each &every vehicle is very crucial. As
this paper gives a brief review on the techniques used in order to save people affected by the road accidents through
automatic road accident detection system. Also, technique based on low cost ultrasonic sensors is also proposed.
Keywords – Accident Detection, Convolutional Neural Network, LSTM, RNN.
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, road accidents have become very common. As more and more people are buying automobiles, the
chances of road accidents are increasing day by day. Also, people have also become more careless now as
compared to earlier times. Not many people follow the traffic rules and in larger cities, there are various modes
of transports available, the roads are becoming narrower day by day and the cities have become more crowded.
Thus, road accidents are bound to happen. They cause loss of lives as well as material. So, people need to be
much more aware when traveling on the road, no matter which ever mode of transport you are traveling by.
Even those walking on foot are not safe because of the increase in these incidences. Every day we come across
the mews of accidents in the newspapers, from relatives and even sometimes with our own eyes.
Over 1.35 million people die from road accidents every year, with a fact of around 20 to 50 million of people
suffer from moderate and non-fatal injuries due to road accidents which leads to various disabilities because of
the injuries. A survey was conducted by the World Health Organization [7] (WHO) on the road accidents and
deaths that are based upon the financial status of the country, it was witnessed that poor and middle-class people
of the developing countries holds the highest number of road accident related deaths. The death rate of
developing countries is about 21.5 per million people, which is much higher when compared to the 11.3 per
million people with higher income or those belonging to the developed countries. On facts, over 90% of road
traffic deaths occur in the developing countries, even though they hold only half of the world’s automobiles. In
India, it is found from the reports that 13 people die every hour as a victim to road accidents across the country.
However, if we look out to the real case scenario, it could go much worse, as many of the accident cases are
mostly just left unreported. India is on the way to the number one country in the present days in deaths from
road accidents because of the low average record of 13 deaths every going hour, which results about 140,000
Copyright © 2020 IJECCE, All right reserved

16
per year. An accident usually goes with three phases through which a victim can be found.
First phase of an accident is said when the accident victim dies within a few minutes or seconds of the
accident, as about 10% of accident deaths comes under this phase.
Second phase of an accident is said when the time is about an hour of the accident that is with the highest
mortality rate (75% of all deaths). Avoiding it by timely help that is to be reached to the victims. The objective
is directly to help in critical hour of need that of the victims.
Fig. 1. Comparative analysis of the road accidents.
Third phase of an accident has a duration of days or weeks after the accident, having the death rate of about
15% and takes medical care and resources to avoid the same [5].
A facility that provides immediate medical assistance to the accident location can reduce the rate of death to a
great extent. Therefore, the idea of an alert system comes into existence which, after sensing and accident, will
send and SOS emergency notification to nearby medical facility and to the nearest police station as well.
A. Causes of Road Accidents
The major reasons due to which road accidents happen are as follows –
● Drunken Driving
● Over Speeding
● Distractions to driver
● Red light jumping
● Overtaking
Drunken Driving
The act of driving a vehicle after drinking too much alcohol. Consumption of alcohol reduces concentration
and it hampers vision due to dizziness.
Over Speeding
A condition that forces or allows an engine to turned beyond its design limit. Most of the deadly accidents
occur due to over- speeding. Higher the speed, the greater the risk. An automobile needs to have a greater
distance in order to stop, if driving at a greater speed.

17
Distractions to the Driver
It's none of a surprise that the distraction in driving is a major cause of the car-related injuries and death and
the main reason of distraction is talking on mobile phones while driving. Distractions can be of many types
some of them are as following-
1. Adjustment of mirrors while driving.
2. Stereo/Radio elements 3.Animals on the road.
Red Light Jumping
To run a red light is to pass it without stopping at all. This can; lead to an accident as there can be vehicle
running on road from other side.
B. Factors Affecting Road Accidents
The different aspects regarding road that contribute in the accidents are given below:
Drivers
Over-speeding of vehicle, alcohol, fast driving, failure in understanding signs, violating the traffic rules.
Pedestrian
Jaywalkers, Carelessness, illiteracy etc.
Passengers
Projecting their body outside vehicle, catching a running bus, by talking to drivers, etc.
Vehicles
Break failure, un-serviced engine of vehicle, malfunctioned parts, loading a vehicle with more than its
capacities.
Road Conditions
Improper merging of roads with highway, speed breakers at improper places, etc.
Weather Conditions
Excessive rainfall leading to storms, snow, etc.
C. Measures for Accidents Prevention
● Awareness to it along with education regarding safety rules of the roads.
● Proper implementation of Enforcement of Law.
● Engineering of : (a) Design of vehicle (b) Infrastructure of road.
D. Accidents Consequences Acting Directly
● Loss of life.
● Injury to people.

18
● Damage to properties.
To drive through an Artificial Intelligent (AI) agent has been one of the greatest dreams in AI for many
decades.
The major objective is to incorporate such a system that is able to detect an accident from the video footage
provided to by using cameras. The system incorporates such a design, as a tool that helps out accident victims in
time of need by detecting an accident on time and henceforth informing the authorities of the same through
messages etc. The main focus is to detect an accident within seconds of it happening by using advanced Deep
Learning Algorithms [5].
Fig. 2. Traditional accident detection system by a smart phone.
Human perception has a unique property. It doesn’t processes any scene as a whole, instead it acts upon
different parts of something at once, and then tries to create a scene as a whole. That is, the eye only focuses on
selective parts to get useful information and then combines the extracted information to create an overall image
or scenario which will lead directly to future decision making.
Giving focus on only parts of scene by computational resources saves the bandwidth because only few of all
pixels are used. The task complexity is also reduced because the focused object can be placed at centre and can
be used for maximum information extraction [14].
E. Benefits
● The aim of the application is to alert the nearby medical center about the accident to provide an immediate
medical aid to accident location.
● It will make the decision and sends the information to the smart phone, connected to the accelerometer and
sensor attached to heartbeat, through Bluetooth.
● It improves self-driving carability.
● It would help in decreasing the rate of death that occurs due to accidents.
● It would help to reduce fatalities due to vehicle accidents by decreasing the response time of emergency
services.
F. Applications

19
● Real time traffic accident detection system.
● Mobile application for automatic accident detection and multimodal alert.
● Emergency vehicle allocation.
II. RELATED WORK
In this section, comparing the different works & researchers on the topic accident detection techniques. The
studies focuses on the rise of tangible infrastructure instead of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
including the traffic congestion detection, accident detection, detection of the occurrence of several events and
so on. Different methods are being proposed by researches and scientists helping in automatic detection of
accident. These techniques including as detection of road accidents via smart-phones, VANET, GPS and GSM
technologies, mobile applications and deep learning models.
A. GSM and GPS model
In [4], a module is proposed that detects, identify any accident on the occurrence by the means of vibrations
and also sends a text message to any of the given number.
Fig. 3. Block Diagram of GSM, GPS module.
The hardware are used in the accident detection technique, at the time of an accident a vibration sensor is
triggered due to vibration, the GPS module is then fetched and the location of the incident is send as a message
to the provided mobile number with the help of GSM module that is inbuilt into the particular system.
The block diagram of the GPS and GSM module is shown in Figure 3, as all the sensors along with GPS and
GSM modules are joint to a central Arduino board, that controls the overall system.
Fig. 4. Interfaced Controller with all modules.

20
Results
The area of the accident is sent as a message to the respective number whenever the attached hardware
recognizes any sort of accident.
Limitations
The hardware’s are included in this model, these aren’t always much reliable for purpose of accident
detection as specially the sensors. Including the GSM Module it might take time to send a message.
B. CNN with LSTM
In [5], a system is been introduced that is made able to detect accidents in the videos. In this accident
detection technique, the various deep learning concepts are used. Also, the Convolutional Neural Network with
LSTM units has been used in order to train a model that could detect accidents in videos as required.
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
The basic characteristics of the artificial neural networks are the shared-weights architecture and translation
invariance. Figure 6, shows the complete architecture of convolutional neural network for classification of
image is shown in fig. 6.
In the architecture, two convolutional layers being used for featuring of extraction as shown in the fig 5
andthen2layersofLSTMunits, and each layer consisting of around 256 hidden LSTM units, followed by the other
dense layers.
Fig. 5. Architecture of system.

21
Results
The performance is being measured using the accuracy metric. As running model, the minimum accuracy of
around 82% to a maximum accuracy of 97.76%. And the average accuracy was calculated over 91.38%.
Limitations
A vanishing gradient problem is dealed under the Convolutional Neural Network, which might cause
problems at the time of feature extractions affecting the accuracy of the overall system.
Fig. 6. Complete CNN Architecture.
I. Object Detection and Tracking System (ODTS)
In [1], the proposed system goes with the use a ODTS (Object Detection and Transfer System). It interacts
with the live CCTV feeds inside to any tunnel and tracks the live feeds of the accident using the object detection
technique.
Fig. 7. Accident detection process using tunnel CCTV.

22
Figure 7 shows the complete procedure followed up by ODTS for accident detection process. The important
section of the live feeds is been cropped and then the particular detection algorithm is used to detect each object
in the frame.
Fig. 8. Process of ODTS over time by Object detection and tracking.
Figure 8 shows the process of detection and tracking of system over the time. When class and B-Box were
attained by the algorithm, it grants ID and also predicts the next position via current and past B Box.
Results
As a result, a deep learning model in ODTS has been trained with the data set of the event images in tunnels
with that of Average Precision (AP) has values of 0.8479, 0.7161 and 0.9085 for the targeted objects: 4-whealer,
Person, and Fire, respectively.
Limitations
Due to lack of proper visibility in the tunnels the low object detection is found. The system reliability also
needs improvement.
In [2] accident detection method of an automatic car is proposed that is based on Cooperative Vehicle
Infrastructure Systems (CVIS) and machine vision and a novel image dataset CAD-CVIS established in order to
improve the accuracy of the detection based on intelligent roadside devices included to CVIS but the real time
performance is low. In [3] a Convolutional LSTM (Long Short Term Memory) Auto-Encoder is used and this
method fails to detect an accident if participants are connected externally.
In [8] An IoV system, known as IV infotainment telematics platform is used as a multiple interconnection
gateway that connects several schemes, including IV, V2V, andV2I connections and limits it to cloud based
system and hence if the internet is down the system will malfunction as a reaction to it. In [5] use of STVVs

23
(spatiotemporal video volumes) are intacted in place of the full frame or entire video clip and limitations are
presented as the challenges like low visibility at night, variations growing large in the normal trafﬁc pattern, and
occlusion.
In [7] Use of a U-Net is being the basic prediction network and limitating this method as it is not able to to
guess the next frame at a moment which though leads to a slight instant drop to that of PSNR. In [11] use of
technologies as GSM and GPS, vehicule ad-hoc networks, and mobile application and following with the
limitation is that this system is unable to detect the accident immediately with the appropriate technology, said
as the resonse time is slow. In [9] accelerometer and heartbeat, sensors are used to detect an accident had
occurred and the limitation inhibits to it is that different sensors are used and hence is prone to device
malfunction and hence may result in faulty data.
In [10] use of open sourced mechanism, a version of Tensor Flow, and wide range of Google products and
services and its limitations are improving the placement and node scheduling algorithms were used to decide
where these nodes will execute, and when would be the starting point. In [11] the GSM module and GPS for
location tracking are concerned and limitation is that this system deals with the detection of the accidents.
Extended by providing medication to the victims at the accident spot that roles effective.
Table No. I.
Contributions Algorithm / Model Limitations
Tian, D., Zhang, C., Duan, X. and The detection method of car accidents is
1. Real-time performance is low.
Wang, X. [2] based on CVIS.
Predicting trajectories of traffic participant This method is unable to detect an

Yao, Y., Xu, M., Wang, Y.,
2. in traffic as well as their future location. Use accident if participants gets totally
Crandall, D.J. and Atkins. [3]
of a Convolutional LSTM Auto- Encoder. occluded.
It uses advanced Deep Learning Algorithms

Ghosh, S., Sunny, S.J. and Roney, Deep CNNs usually suffer vanishing
CNN in order to analyze the frames taken
3. R.[5] gradients.
from the video provided.
Abadi, M., Agarwal, A., Barham, P., Node scheduling and placement
Use of open sourced a version of Tensor
Brevdo, E., Chen, Z., Citro, C., algorithm were not sufficient enough to
Flow, and wide range of Google products
4. Corrado, G.S., Davis, A., Dean, J., decide where to execute different node
and services.
Devin, M. and Ghemawat, S.[13] and when to execute.
Nitz, K.H., Boushek, G.L. and Lack of communication mode with

Use of GSM module and GPS for location
Klimek, K.J., Motorola Solutions medication department to provide
5. tracking.
Inc.[15] hospitality to victims at accidental spot.
III. CONCLUSION
This survey paper has represented a brief review on automated traffic detection techniques of accidents. They
include various deep learning algorithms with smart phones, GSM and GPS technologies, vehicular ad-hoc
networking and on-route mobile applications. The methods timely informs emergency services about the
accident area, in the process of deceasing the death rate due to accidents and saving precious lives. In such
methods, there are some limitations like low reliability, less accuracy and hardware malfunctions. So, an
opportunity is open to work for efficient accident detection methods.

24
REFERENCES
[1] Lee, K.B. and Shin, H.S., 2019, August. An application of a deep learning algorithm for automatic detection of unexpected accidents
under bad CCTV monitoring conditions in tunnels. In 2019 International Conference on deep learning and machine learning in
emerging applications (Deep- ML) (pp. 7-11). IEEE.
[2] Tian, D., Zhang, C., Duan, X. and Wang, X., 2019. An automatic car accident detection method based on cooperative vehicle
infrastructure systems. IEEE Access, 7, pp.127453- 127463.
[3] Yao, Y., Xu, M., Wang, Y., Crandall, D.J. and Atkins, E.M., 2019. Unsupervised traffic accident detection in first-person videos. arXiv
preprintar Xiv: 1903.00618.
[4] T Kalyani, S Monika, B Naresh, Mahendra Vucha., 2019, March. Accident detection and alert system. In 2019 International Journal of
Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEEE) ISSN: 2278-3075.
[5] Ghosh, S., Sunny, S.J. and Roney, R., 2019, March. Accident detection using Convolutional Neural Networks. In 2019 International
Conference on Data Science and Communication (Icon DSC) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
[6] T. Kalyani, S. Monika, B. Naresh, Mahendra Vucha., 2019, March. Accident detection and alert system. In 2019 International Journal
of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEEE) ISSN: 2278-3075.
[7] The World Health Organization “Global status report on road safety 2018”, Available from: https:
//www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2018/en/
[8] Chen, L.B., Su, K.Y., Mo, Y.C., Chang, W.J., Hu, W.W., Tang, J.J. and Yu, C.T., 2018, September. An implementation of deep
learning based IoV system for traffic accident collisions detection with an emergency alert mechanism. In 2018 IEEE 8th International
Conference on Consumer Electronics-Berlin (ICCE-Berlin) (pp. 1-2). IEEE.
[9] Singh, D. and Mohan, C.K., 2018. Deep spatio-temporal representation for detection of road accidents using stacked auto encoder.
IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems, 20(3), pp.879-887.
[10] Liu, W., Luo, W., Lian, D. and Gao, S., 2018. Future frame prediction for anomaly detection–a new base line. In Proceedings of the
IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 6536-6545).
[11] khalil, U., Javid, T. and Nasir, A., 2017, November. Automatic road accident detection techniques: A brief survey. In 2017
International Symposium on Wireless Systems and Networks (ISWSN) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
[12] Kattukkaran, N., George, A. and Haridas, T.M., 2017, January. Intelligent accident detection and alert system for emergency m edical
assistance. In 2017 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI) (pp. 1 -6). IEEE.
[13] Abadi, M., Agarwal, A., Barham, P., Brevdo, E., Chen, Z., Citro, C., Corrado, G.S., Davis, A., Dean, J., Devin, M. and Ghemawat, S.,
2016. Tensor flow: Large- scale machine learning on heterogeneous distributed systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:1603.04467.
[14] Mnih, V., Heess, N. and Graves, A., 2014. Recurrent models of visual attention. In Advances in neural information processing systems
(pp. 2204-2212).
[15] Nitz, K.H., Boushek, G.L. and Klimek, K.J., Motorola Solutions Inc, 2006. Localized accident notification. U.S. Patent 7,129,826.
AUTHOR’S PROFILE
First Author
Renu Mishra is currently working as Assistant professor at Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater
Noida. Her currently reserved interest includes ad hoc network.
Second Author
Durgesh Kumar Yadav is currently pursuing the bachelor’s degree from the Galgotias College of Engineering and
Technology, Greater Noida. His current research interest includes machine learning and deep learning.
Third Author
Ankita is currently pursuing the bachelor’s degree from the Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater
Noida. Her current research interest includes machine learning & block chain.
Fourth Author
Iftisham Anjum is currently pursuing the bachelor’s degree from the Galgotias College of Engineering and
Technology, Greater Noida. Her current research interest includes machine learning & block chain.

25

Accident Detection Using Deep Learning A

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Accident Detection Using Deep Learning A

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Engineering

Volume 11, Issue 3, ISSN (Online): 2249–071X

Accident Detection using Deep Learning: A Brief

Date of publication (dd/mm/yyyy): 07/06/2020

Keywords – Accident Detection, Convolutional Neural Network, LSTM, RNN.

Copyright © 2020 IJECCE, All right reserved

Fig. 1. Comparative analysis of the road accidents.

A. Causes of Road Accidents

● Red light jumping

Copyright © 2020 IJECCE, All right reserved

Distractions to the Driver

1. Adjustment of mirrors while driving.

2. Stereo/Radio elements 3.Animals on the road.

Red Light Jumping

B. Factors Affecting Road Accidents

Jaywalkers, Carelessness, illiteracy etc.

Excessive rainfall leading to storms, snow, etc.

C. Measures for Accidents Prevention

● Awareness to it along with education regarding safety rules of the roads.

● Proper implementation of Enforcement of Law.

● Engineering of : (a) Design of vehicle (b) Infrastructure of road.

D. Accidents Consequences Acting Directly

Copyright © 2020 IJECCE, All right reserved

Fig. 2. Traditional accident detection system by a smart phone.

● It improves self-driving carability.

Copyright © 2020 IJECCE, All right reserved

● Real time traffic accident detection system.

● Mobile application for automatic accident detection and multimodal alert.

● Emergency vehicle allocation.

II. RELATED WORK

A. GSM and GPS model

Fig. 3. Block Diagram of GSM, GPS module.

Fig. 4. Interfaced Controller with all modules.

Copyright © 2020 IJECCE, All right reserved

B. CNN with LSTM

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)

Fig. 5. Architecture of system.

Copyright © 2020 IJECCE, All right reserved

Fig. 6. Complete CNN Architecture.

I. Object Detection and Tracking System (ODTS)

Fig. 7. Accident detection process using tunnel CCTV.

Copyright © 2020 IJECCE, All right reserved

Fig. 8. Process of ODTS over time by Object detection and tracking.

Copyright © 2020 IJECCE, All right reserved

Contributions Algorithm / Model Limitations

Predicting trajectories of traffic participant This method is unable to detect an

It uses advanced Deep Learning Algorithms

Nitz, K.H., Boushek, G.L. and Lack of communication mode with

Copyright © 2020 IJECCE, All right reserved

Copyright © 2020 IJECCE, All right reserved

You might also like