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Phys Ics - Unit 3 Note S: How To Find - Value From The Graph?
Phys Ics - Unit 3 Note S: How To Find - Value From The Graph?
Graph:
Advantages of graphs?
Remember “E = V + Ir”
Tables/Readings:
Average taken should be of all normal readings and have same number of significant figures as
the readings
V/S:
∑ Advantages of Analogue:
- No power supply required
- Simple to operate or to set up
- Readily available, cheaper, easily transportable
∑ Disadvantage of Analogue:
- More errors
- Effect of reaction time
- Insufficient precision for short values (e.g. short times)
- Graph would have to be drawn manually
∑ Advantage of Digital:
- Fewer errors
- No reaction time
- Precise readings
- Graph drawn automatically
∑ Disadvantage of Analogue:
- Power supply needed
- Needs training, setting up, alignment issues, time to set up
- Not easily available, expensive, not easily transportable
Advantages and Disadvantages for manual v/s data logger + graph method:
∑ Advantage of manual:
- No power supply required
- Easily transportable
- cheaper
∑ Disadvantage of manual
- Small no. of readings/ large time interval b/w readings
- Reaction time
- Random/systematic/parallax errors
- Easily broken (if apparatus like glass beaker is used)
∑ Advantage of data logger + graph
- Large no. of readings/ small time intervals
- Graph drawn automatically
- Simultaneous reading of two values (if applicable)
∑ Disadvantage of graph
Experiments:
Percentage Uncertainty
Mean Mean
Percentage difference
Given Value
Precautions:
- Rule vertical/horizontal
- Release object from rest
- Practice
Sources of uncertainty
Why repeat?
-- The voltmeter
Ammeter needs
should a high
measure resistance
current in justtothe
reduce
wire current through it.
- If the voltmeter takes any current, the current recorded for the wire will not be correct
Refraction Experiment
Wire-extension
∑ Vertical length of wire with masses on end OR horizontal wire with masses over pulley
∑ Measure extension
∑ Δ
∑
use of mark
extension on wire
= final OR length
– initial use of OR
F = comparison
kx of wires
∑ Variables to be kept constant – Initial length of the wires
∑ Precautions - Use of goggles OR means of catching/avoiding falling masses, Protection
(of eyes) from snapping wire OR protection of feet/floor from falling masses
Viscosity Experiment
ß Apparatus: Oil. Ball Bearing, Measuring cylinder, light gates, timing device, rule,
micrometer
Thermistor resistance
Spring
Circuit-related
Efficiency of motor
o Quantities to be measured: P.d, current, height and time
o Repeat?: Yes = for average. No = motor heats up, battery p.d reduces
o Power input = VI Power Output = mgh/t Efficiency = poweroutput/powerinput
o Uncertainty/Systematic error source: Zero error in meter, reaction time, parallax
o Safety Precautions: Risk of mass falling (wear shoes), low risk if p.d. is low, risk to eye if
string breaks (wear goggles)
Instruments: