Chapter Vi - Culture in Moral Behavior - Ge Ethics

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GE ETHICS-2ND SEM-2021-2022
College of Arts and Sciences

Bayombong Campus
DEGREE General COURSE NO. GE ETHICS

PROGRAM Education
SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE Principles of Ethical Behavior in Modern
Society
YEAR LEVEL All levels TIME FRAME 6 hrs WK NO. 7 IM NO. 6
I. CHAPTER TITLE VI: CULTURE IN MORAL BEHAVIOR
II. LESSON TITLE:

CULTURE AND ITS ROLE IN MORAL BEHAVIOR
III. CHAPTER OVERVIEW:
Culture and Moral Behavior
The overarching aim of this paper is “to explain the influence of Filipino culture on the way students
look at moral experiences and solve moral dilemmas” (Commission on Higher Education). In particular, at the
end of this paper, students should be able to articulate the importance of culture in moral behavior, making
decisions, judgments, and understanding social norms. This paper will also help them understand how Filipino
culture influences the way they think about themselves and the actions they take as moral agents. Moreover,
through discussions on the different aspects and features of a culture, students should also be able to recognize
and appreciate the differences in moral behavior among different cultures. In so doing, they will be able to
evaluate, at the same time, the issue of cultural relativism.
Introduction: The Question of Culture
“Moral values, judgment, behavior as well as moral dilemmas and how we perceive them are largely
shaped and influenced by history (i.e., historical contingencies), power dynamics (i.e., competing ideas and
interests), and the religion of a society. The way we appreciate and assess things are not created out of nothing
(ex nihilo) or simply out of our imagination. They are conditioned by external and material elements around us
that, in turn, provide the basis for principles that orient our judgment and valuation of things. Combined as one
structure or phenomena, these external and material elements make up culture. In other words, culture is what
shapes and influences social and personal values, decisions, behavior, and practice. Thus, to understand how
culture works and its features is to also grasp the reason why things are done in a particular way and why we do
these things the way we do them.
In the field of anthropology, sociology, and cultural studies, scholars have demonstrated why culture is
the best site for consideration as the material condition that shapes the way we judge and value things, and how
through culture these things come into concrete expression. That is to say, culture can tell us a great deal about
one particular society. Let us think about this idea concretely in and through our very own context, the
Philippines.
To understand Filipino values is to understand Filipino culture.[1] However, in order to understand

Filipino culture one must recognize that it has been profoundly Christianized.[2] After hundreds of years of
colonization by Western Christian empires, the Filipinos’ moral and ethical imagination cannot be understood
outside Christian values and morality. Christianity is pervasive in our culture so that the way we judge and
value things and how things ought to be follows the doctrinal grid of Christian theology. An example of this
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pervasiveness and influence of Christianity to Filipino culture is how Filipinos value more neighborliness (i.e.,
“bayanihan” or “pakikipagkapwa tao” or “pakikisama”) more than, say, the filial piety (of Confucianism)”1.
“Filipino moral universe is framed through the ethos of the Judeo-Christian tradition. In this particular
case, the way we relate to others is greatly affirmed and influenced by what the Hebrew-Christian scripture
teaches us “to do, that is, to love our neighbors as much as we love ourselves. Christianity reinforces the
neighborliness of the Filipino bayanihan system. In other words, within Filipino culture, biblical teachings
found their way as foundational principles for a social norm. Put differently, the intertwining of Christianity and
culture in the Filipino context is the base upon which we can understand why Filipinos do the things the way they do
or why Filipino believe things as they are.
Being aware of these “external and material elements around us” which we interact (implicitly and
explicitly) with and incorporate (consciously and unconsciously) into how we do things with and for ourselves
and in relation to and with others is, therefore, necessary in understanding why we respond to issues and to
situations of our lives in a certain way. In this chapter, these external and material elements around us will be
described, as indicated above, as culture. However, to limit our discussion, these external and material elements
here refer to people and their practices. And in relation to this, culture is normally understood as what people
do and how they do things—people and do/action.”2
Outline of Discussion: A Study on Culture and Moral Behavior
“To further, our reflection on Filipino culture and in order to place ourselves in a better vantage point, it
is important for us to first lay the historical foundation of our modern-day culture as it is currently
(re)configured today. It is necessary to thus start our reflection on the history of colonialism. The immediate
antecedent of our (Filipino) history that shaped our collective memory and experience is Western colonization.
The discussion that follows below suggests this idea: we cannot understand contemporary Filipino culture
without our collective memory and experience of Western colonial enterprise. Insights from postcolonial studies
(Edward Said) will be utilized in order to clarify and advance this reflection.
Today, to study about a culture, one must, at least, engage the insights of Michel Foucault and Pierre
Bourdieu. They are the two of the more important thinkers in this area of study as they did not only transform
the terrain of this field, but also demonstrated why power and social structures are critical in understanding how
culture works. They can, therefore, help us understand the elements and nuances of a culture. In this second
section, the aim is to deepen our reflection on culture, particularly on the way in which culture becomes a
conflicted and contested site of various interests and power dynamics.
To conclude this discussion on culture, let us consider a work in contemporary cultural studies
particularly as it relates to the question of religion and culture. The aim of this concluding section is to
emphasize the fact that culture is not a homogenous space nor has a singular operative logic. It is infused with
“other” elements that may have shaped its logic. This discussion highlights as well the point that a Filipino
culture today is, by and large, shaped by a religious ethos of the Christian faith. Thus, to talk about Filipino
culture is to talk about Filipino religiosity/spirituality. In this sense, Filipino culture is an expression and way of
being of the Filipino people that manifests their “ultimate concern” (Paul Tillich, 1959).
In the Analysis Section, I will further elaborate more on the stake of the question of culture by way of
looking at it through the concept of apparatus of Giorgio Agamben. It is here as well that I suggest some
theoretical points about culture that have bearings on the question of moral behavior. The Conclusion Section
outlines the important insights from the discussion.
In the Learning Exercises section are activities that could enhance reflection on the issue of culture in
general and Filipino culture in particular. The exercises are for group and individual activity. This section may
1
References: PHILO-notes, Culture and Moral Behavior, General Ethics-PHILO-notes, Whiteboard edition, https://wwwyoutube.com
2
Rachels, James. “What is Morality?” Chap. 1 in The Elements of Moral Philosophy, Pges 1-15, 4 th ed.
New York Mc. Grave Hill College, 2004

be used to aid discussion or to deepen further reflections about culture and the way in which it influences moral
behavior.
In the end, this chapter hopes to provide an introductory discussion on and about culture, and to offer a
cursory outline of a framework through which one may think and reflect about culture’s role and place in moral
behavior.”3
On Culture: History of Colonialism, Power, Domination, and Religion
“In its broadest description, culture is a structure of collective experience and shared practices
which are commonly expressed in, but not limited to, arts, music, dance, literature, behavior and social
norms. Or, as defined above, culture is made up of the external and material elements around us. In its
simplest form, anthropologists describe culture as a way of life.
In any of this description, we see culture as life or an attribute ascribed to a particular form of life, be it a
society or a group of people that manifest their collective and particular way of doing, thinking, and valuing
things that are identifiably and distinctively theirs. For example, this is evident when we compare Western
culture as opposed to African culture. Western culture is often described as individualistic (independence and
autonomy as more important than anything else) as opposed to African culture which is considered more as
collectivistic (e.g., the Ubuntu: “I am because we are”) wherein the “I” is only secondary to corporate entity or
communal interest.
In the discussion above, the highlight is on the significant core of what culture is: that culture is a particular
feature of a particular form of human life. As will be shown at the end of this section, it is precisely because of
this link between culture and life that the question of ethics and morality is necessarily interwoven with culture.
Culture also has to do with what makes life flourish, what makes life continue from one generation to another,
and what counts for life’s possibilities. A Ghanaian scholar, W. Emmanuel Abraham (1992) suggests this core
fact about culture: that culture contains and encompasses not only the material but also the emotional,
intellectual, and ethical aspects of a society or a social group. In short, culture is undeniably related to and is
about life and everything related to it.
In the Philippine context, as the core of culture is shaped by the history of colonialism and Christianity, Filipino
life is infused with Western values and ethos of the Christian faith. Filipino culture is postcolonial as well as
Christianized. It is precisely for this reason that culture becomes a form and bearer of a form of life. To further
elaborate on the stake of this thesis, let us first reflect on the question of history, particularly the history of
colonialism, as a way to situate the formation and current form of Filipino culture.”4
What is Culture?: Reflecting on the Question with Cultural Studies—the Filipino Culture
Finally, while we have already outlined significant theoretical considerations in order to not only define
but also to describe and understand culture, we have yet to directly reflect what it means to reflect on culture as
it relates to the question of what is right and wrong. The hope is that the foregoing discussions have sufficiently
already laid out the basic premise of this discussion: postcolonial Filipino culture is shaped by Western
civilization, and, more importantly, that the ruling regime of knowledge (Christianity and its institutions)
introduced to (enforced on) us by Western colonizers shapes our moral sensibilities and ethical orientations.
Indeed, it penetrates and sticks into the core of our being—our subjectivity and cultural identity. Who we are,
who we think we are, and what we are, are extensively determined by the Judeo-Christian ethos. In this respect,
Filipino culture is primarily a religious-culture or, specifically, a Christian culture.
Culture is always religious insofar as the way of life of all human beings entails some yearning for,
belief in, and ritualization around that which is ultimate—that which is both part of and greater than the self.
Culture is religious because the ultimate concern is both present in cultural material and transcend it.
3
http://philonotes.com/index.php/2018/05/13/ethics/.
https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ethical-decision-making/what-is-ethics/
James. “What is Morality?” Chap. 1 in The Elements of Moral Philosophy, Pges 1-15, 4 th ed. New York
4
Mc. Grave Hill College, 2004

In this argument, Hopkins particularly builds on and broadens the definition of culture of Raymond
Williams (“whole way of life”) in order to understand the way of life and everyday practices of enslaved
African Americans (during the time of slavery in the United State of America). He argues that the previous
definition of culture does not capture the essence of the culture of the slaves. In his study, religion is inseparable
from their everyday life. Slave experiences and cultural practices are interwoven in their religion as they
encounter “sacred word power” in the form of “the Bible (as written word), prayer (as words of hope), spirituals
(as singing words), and naming (as words of self-definition)” (Ibid.). Hopkins defines “sacred word power” as
an example of their everyday experience that is part and parcel of their culture—the experience of co-
constituting themselves in a harsh and cruel environment filled nonetheless with the presence of divine power.
Thus, whether they are inside the church or outside of it, enslaved African Americans embody such encounter.
For instance, Negro Spirituals (“singing words”) is not just a solo effort of a gifted enslaved. But it is a process
through which the enslaved shares his or her pain while it is also a communal participation in such pain. For
Hopkins, in this experience and articulation of such experience, therefore, religion and culture are not separate.
A cultural expression through songs, for example, is a manifestation of their religious yearning for that which is
ultimate and sacred. They are interwoven, so much that Hopkins strongly suggests that the most appropriate
way to describe this “culture” in this situation is to name it as religious culture.
Along this line, I suggest that contemporary Filipino culture is religious culture insofar as it is the
product and expression of the collective cultural memory of the colonized Filipino people. Historically, Western
colonialism is unintelligible without the support and sanction of Western Christianity and vice-versa. The
Christian Cross arrived in the Philippine islands through the Spanish armada. The Bible landed on the
Philippine shores with the American empire. Substantially considered, therefore, colonialism and Christianity
are inseparable experience of the Filipino people, and hence not a detachable reality from the collective cultural
memory of the Filipino people. Thus, the postcolonial Filipino culture is unquestionably Westernized, and
deeply infused with Christian doctrines and values. In this particularly respect, the contemporary Filipino
culture is a religious culture. But what makes this different from the account of Hopkins is that this emphasizes
the operation of colonialism in its substance and process. Put differently, the link between culture and Western
colonialism and Christianity is at the heart of the religious culture in the Philippines.
The tenacious tentacles of colonialism are also highlighted in this context because it seeps into the
consciousness and imagination of the Filipino people. As Filipino psychologists have pointed out, colonial
residues remain determinative in the life of the Filipino people. One example of this residue they have identified
is “colonial mentality”—we mimic and pattern our values and preference after the values and preferences of the
colonizer. Such problem is a colonial legacy that pesters Filipino life and culture. In From Colonial to
Liberation Psychology: The Philippine Experience (1992, 33), Virgilio G. Enriquez, thus, argues the need
for sikolohiyang Pilipino to work against a psychology of “colonialism and its attendant characteristics among
the Filipino people”. He highlights the fact that this is a virus that needs to be taken out from the Filipino body.
This highlights as well the historical and substantial fact that colonialism has penetrated in the inner sanctum of
the being of the Filipino people—an evidence of how invasive colonialism is to Filipino culture.
Summary: Culture as a Contested Site and as a Site of Contestation
As discussed above, culture is not homogenous nor a value-free site. Rather, as in the case of the
Philippines, it is coated with the “thick history” of Christianity and colonialism. Filipino culture is constituted
and inflected with Western culture and Judeo-Christian tradition. Thus, any discussion that reflects on the
relation between culture and moral behavior is inadequate without any consideration for the layers provided by
Christianity and Western colonialism. While the discussion above does not comprehensively address such
relation between culture and moral behavior, it at least indicates important themes that must be considered in to
order to address such matter.
What is not highlighted above, but one that has great consequence to further understand culture and its
relation to moral behavior is this: that culture is a contested site and a site of contestation. Let me discuss
few points here as a way to conclude this section.
First, culture is not just an expression or embodiment of what people do and how they do their things.
Nor is it simply just a representation of their ideals or aspirations. Rather, to develop further the insights from
Foucault and Bourdieu, culture is a product of power relations (M. Foucault) and hence it is also a generative

field (P. Bourdieu) that reproduces and sustains itself in such power arrangement. Thus, culture does not only
reinforce but also reproduce social values and social norms of a particular power arrangement of a society. It is
in this respect that cultural representation is necessarily contested and cultural performance is a struggle among
contending interested groups.
Second, culture is not eternal. Nor is it transcendental. As it is a product of human labor and aspiration,
it changes its forms and substance. Its particular form only lasts a particular historical, social, and political
milieu insofar as it is a product of a particular form of power relations and social arrangement. Thus, its
influence on moral behavior is contingent and transitory. The substance and form of human culture is like a
chameleon; they change according to exigency of time and place. Its influence to moral behavior is, thus,
limited. Nevertheless, and precisely because of its malleability, culture is susceptible to power configurations
and relations of a particular society.
Third, since culture is deeply interwoven in “power configurations and relations” of a society, it is thus
implicated in political dynamics of a society. It becomes and is part of a power struggle. As discussed above, in
relation to the work of Bourdieu, culture reflects and embodies class struggle in the society—thus, there is high
vs. low culture; dominant culture vs. non-dominant one; elite vs. popular. All this to say, the influence of
culture on moral behavior depends on its status in relation to the power and social configuration of a given
society.
In sum, culture is an important site through which to study human behavior, social norms, and, as such,
human life. Because it is a product of human labor, culture is also a vital site through which to investigate
assumptions about human action, human interaction, and human relationships.
Conclusion: Culture as Not-All but Essential
While culture is important and necessary to the way in which we understand and explain moral
behavior, it must also be argued that this is not a zero sum game. Culture provides us with a powerful and
persuasive explanatory power on why we do the things we do. It is not however the only sole factor or
explanation. For instance, our fear or respect for rebellion (whatever the case maybe) against the laws of the
land is a case in point. We do the things we do in relation to the laws of the land because of our own set of
perceptions about life and what life should be. In this particular case, either we do not want to be punished
under the law or we desire order that we would rather respect the law. Or, we believe that the law is inherently
oppressive that the only thing meaningful is to rebel against it. In other words, there are other explanatory
accounts that explain behavior, norm, judgement, and practices. For example, psychoanalysis, existentialism,
Marxism, or psychology have their own way of explaining what and why things are, different from culture. In
short, human beings are complex beings that one box is not enough to place them. Thus, culture may be
important and necessary but it is insufficient to fully explain why people do the things they do.
With this theoretical caveat, the following concluding points maybe offered—repetitions but necessary
for purposes of emphasis and importance to the topic at hand.
First, culture is a human-made. To use a postmodern category, culture is a social construct. As such, it is
historical as it is social and indeed political and religious. In this sense, it embodies and expresses human
aspirations and their ultimate concern.
Second, culture is site specific. There is no “universal culture.” As discussed through the theoretical lens
of Bourdieu and Foucault, culture is particular and specific to a society or social operation. And as suggested by
Said, this particularity or specificity of culture in post-colonial era is marked by its difference and relation to a
dominant/imperial culture.
Third, culture reflects and embodies the logic and the power relations of a particular social order. Put
differently, it is a product of a particular social order. As such, it mirrors the values as well as the power
dynamics within a particular order. In this sense, there are “cultures” within a particular culture.
Finally, culture is performative. It is neither static nor fixed. Over time, it transforms itself, as well as its
form and values, orientations and qualities. This is to say that culture mutates as historical contingencies change
or social configuration modifies or political order revolutionizes itself. This is the case of Martial Law and post-

Martial culture in the Philippines, as it is in the Cultural Revolution and post-Cultural Revolution in China. Put
differently and succinctly, culture is what people do. It dies with people. It comes alive with them.
Material and Non-Material Culture:
Culture can either be described as material and non-material which are interconnected which are
interconnected and interplay leading to the development of a society. Culture that shapes identities could also be
categorized as nature (biology and genetics) and nature (environment and surroundings), Some elements of
natural and nurtured cultures can be in any or both material and non-material cultures.
Material Cultures refers to everything that is physical, solid, corporeal, spatial, temporal, explicit, actual,
sensible, visible and tangible. Some sociologist also call this as symbolic culture which includes, mores,
gestures, language, values, norms, folkways.
Anything culturally material, material could be objects like arts, signs, buildings, architectures, artifacts
behaviors, etiquettes, writings, equipment, instruments, tools, costumes, habits, food , jewelry, utensils,
designs, dances, smell, inventions, transports and human bodies. An example of material culture is the popular
culture of cell phones, digital gadgets, television,, computer games, tattooing, hip-hop arts and music, and body
piercing.
Non-material culture refer to everything immaterial, abstract, spiritual, intellectual, intangible, implicit,
mental, psychological, hidden, invisible, illusive, vague and unseen.
Everything that are culturally non-material culture includes, intangible, beliefs, ideas, spirituality.
Knowledge, philosophers, unwritten laws, moral values, systems, emotions, assumptions, orientations, and like.
An example of non-material culture is the part of corporate culture that includes that includes policies,
philosophies, professional ethics, core values, seminars, conferences, contracts, rules and regulations.
The interplay between material and non-material or nature or nurture culture changes a society as well as
defines moral behavior. As human beings who are determined to be good, they necessarily do everything to
have better society, Culture do define moral behaviors and likewise is shaped by moral behaviors.
CULTURE SHAPING PERSONAL BEHAVIOR:
During the 19th and early 20th Century Cesare Lombroso studied the physical Characteristics of prisoners
in order to find a biological basis for the moral behavior particularly crime, Lombroso used the term etavism to
claim that certain individuals were more weak-willed and more prone to criminal activity, than their supposedly
more evolved counterparts. This means that culture is something that evolves in the same way biological
organisms evolve (courses lumenlearning.com)
Though cultural evolution was thought to be a natural adaptive system, it has also intentionally nurtured
or produced unique results depending on location, historical moment and group people.
With natural culture that includes biological and genetic inheritance, human beings have natural forms,
abilities, essential limits, that set variety of personal behaviors. Human persons are composed of blood genes,
flesh and bones that generate complex behaviors. They are the only beings capable of thinking and moral
behavior. Culture inevitably and automatically forms more behaviors.
CULTURE SHAPING MORAL BEHAVIOR:
People are born and raised in the same culture with shared moral behaviors and personality traits. They
are free to have them or not. For instance, they define their duties in terms of contract or social rules and follow
them devotedly. If they do not follow, they may suffer some punishments. That is behaving in accordance with
culture.

Culture televisions, computers, internet, books, radio, songs, and magazines, also implicitly promotes
beliefs, values, moral principles, priorities, aspirations. It determines people to behave morally,
As culture influences how people learn, live and behave, it slowly shapes their moral awareness,
thinking and behaviors. Thus people learn morality because of all these aspects of morality either through social
interaction, conscious observation and conditioning.
Using the same example of Rachels (2003), the Eskimos moral behavior of lending a wife to the guest is
considered as part of their culture. This customary practice is seen to be an effect of the Eskimos strong
adherence to the value of hospitality. “Lending a wife to a guest for a night” as determined by hospitality is so
interesting to analyse. Why is hospitality the underlying reason for such moral behavior for most Eskimos and
outsiders.
Culture refers to the way people understand themselves as moral individuals and as members of the
culture itself. Some culturally induced behavior patterns like speech, body language and humour, even become
so deeply imbedded that they are no longer fully aware of and could not understand them. However, these
challenges them to question the existing social rules and other parts of the culture that had shaped them for the
good of the society.
In a large society where there are many webs of subcultures, the large culture often dominates. So, its
values may be considered correct and may be promoted-not only by families and religious groups but also by
schools and governments.
Because of social experiences including cultural objects, people in some subcultures may rise and assert
their values when they deem that some cultural elements such as class, political, economic and cultural
distinctions are unfair and undesirable. Their moral awareness is getting more serious and wider.
With examples on how people become fully aware of how culture influences their moral behaviors,
challenges them to promote common good and justice, morality is born. Peoples realize that event if their
interdependence is what truly brings meaning to morality, they are moral persons who can improve their
culture..
MORAL BEHAVIOR SHAPING CULTURE:
Culture is beyond the natural it necessarily changes and is changed by many human interactions in the
world. People have been continuously nurturing culture through their moral behaviors.
Culture may dictate the typical way of one does things. Paying attention to the context or culture of
behavior and to the way people and objects interact helps one to recognize how culture influence behaviors. But
having recognized the influence patterns, one easily changes the situation or culture itself in whatever way one
desire it to be. Moral behavior changes culture.
As social and moral beings, people naturally or easily affiliate and conform to the accepted moral
standards of their own culture. But as active moral people they can also actually shape their culture by creating
new moral standards and behaving morally.
As the people make the principles of justice and compassion into social standards or laws, they also have
the capacity to disobey or to change them especially when they become unjust and dehumanizing.
The human persons are the only beings who can behave morally or immorally. They are the only ones
who can make sacrifices for others’ sake at their own experience. Because of this, they are able to build their
own moral society or moral culture that is governed by moral principles essential social relations and more
values such as honesty love, honor, courage, prudence, justice, temperance and patriotism. Hence, culture
influences morality as morality influences culture. They may not always agree but moral reasoning or behavior
is able to conduct social discourse that keep them progressing from time to time.

For instance, a corporation must maintain moral behaviors good leadership exercise of ethical values,
adherence to competence communication of vision, and building of community structures in order to create
humane corporate culture, institutions continuously shape society’s culture through their members’ moral
behaviors.
References:
PHILO-notes, Culture and Moral Behavior, General Ethics-PHILO-notes, Whiteboard edition,

https://wwwyoutube.com
For more on culture and moral behaviour, see https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/sociology/culture-
and-societies/culture-and-society-defined .
For a related discussion moral behavior, see https://philonotes.com/index.php/moral-development/.
Makie, Gleemore C, Ph.D, Ethics Flourishing Life (2020): Baguio City, Research Statistics, Publishing
Company
http://philonotes.com/index.php/2018/05/13/ethics/. https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ethical-decision-
making/what-is-ethics/
IV: DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the chapter, the students should be able to:
1. Articulate what culture means.

2. Attribute facets of personal behaviour to culture
3. Discuss how culture affects moral behavior
IV. LESSON CONTENT
Culture and Moral Behavior

The Question of Culture
A Study on Culture and Moral Behavior
On Culture: History of Colonialism, Power, Domination, and Religion
Material and Non-Material Culture
CULTURE SHAPING PERSONAL BEHAVIOR:
CULTURE SHAPING MORAL BEHAVIOR
MORAL BEHAVIOR SHAPING CULTURE:
V. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
( Republic of the Philippines

Bayombong 3700, Nueva Vizcaya
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Name: _______________________ Score: _____________

Class Schedule: ________________ Date: ______________
CULTURE AND MORAL BEHAVIOR
1. Individual Activity; Discuss how your community influences your behavior:

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2. Recall the most important influences of culture to making choices between what is good /right and
bad/wrong. List down at least five (5).
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VI. ASSIGNMENT:
1. Survey differences in moral behavior of different cultures. List down examples.

2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of cultural relativism.
VII.. EVALUATION
IV – CULTURE AND ITS ROLE IN MORAL BEHAVIOR

Name: _______________________ Score: _____________

Individual Work: Explain Why Culture is important in Morality..
Title: MY EXPLANATION WHY CULTURE IS IMPORTANT IN MORALITY
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Individual Work: Make a short essay on “Cultural embeddedness rootedness in Culture of Human behavior’.
Title: HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN CULTURE
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ESSAY WRITING RUBRICS: (20Pts.)
CRITERIA EXCELLENT (1) GOOD (1.5) FAIR (2.0) SCORE

Focus All the statements are Most elements are Few statements are
focused on the topic. focused on the topic focused on the topic
Coherence All arguments are Most arguments are Few arguments are
coherent coherent coherent
Accuracy All information are Most information are Few information are
correct correct correct
Clarity The story is very unique Some arguments are Few arguments are

clear clear
Persuasion The presentations are The presentation is The Presentation is
very persuasive persuasive slightly persuasive
Total

Name: _______________________ Score: _____________

CULTURE AND MORALITY
Individual Work: Considering the essay rubrics in the early page discuss briefly the following:
1. Relation between Culture and Morality.

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Difference between nature culture and nurture culture.

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. How culture affects personal and moral behaviours.

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
4. How moral behaviours’ shape culture.

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
VII. REFERENCES
http://philonotes.com/index.php/2018/05/13/ethics/.

https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ethical-decision-making/what-is-ethics/
Makie, Gleemore C, Ph.D, Ethics Flourishing Life (2020): Baguio City, Research Statistics, Publishing
Company
Sources/reference: Computers, Information Technology, the Internet, Ethics, Society and Human
Values, (2006), Philip Pecorino, Ph.D., Queensborough Community College, (CUNY)
References:
[1] Catholic Church. Pope (1978–2005: John Paul II), & Paul II, P. J. (1993). Encyclical letter: Veritatis splendor.
Southern African Catholic Bishops’ Conference.
[3] Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1755
[4] J. McHugh, OP, and C. Callan, OP, Moral Theology Vol. 1, New York 1958
[5] M, Alyssa (2015, July 19). Human acts & Acts of man. Retrieved from
https://prezi.com/bcw322zficka/human-acts-acts-of-man/
[7] Father Kenneth Baker, S.J. “What Makes Human Acts Good or Bad?” In Fundamentals of Catholicism Vol. 1
Part II, Chapter 2 (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1983), 123–126.
[8] John Paul II, Enc. Veritatis splendor, 78; cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1751
[9] John Paul II, Enc. Veritatis splendor, 78; cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1751
[10] Rev. James T. Bretzke, S.J., S.T.D. Veritatis Splendor, and Moral Object. Retrieved from
https://www2.bc.edu/jamesbretzke/VeritatisSplendorAndMoral%20ObjectsTextAndCommentaryByBretzke.pdf
[12] Veritatis Splendor, 78; St. Alphonsus de Ligouri, Pratica di amar Gesu Christo, VII, 3
[14] Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1753 cf Mt 6:2–4
[15] Rev. James T. Bretzke, S.J., S.T.D. Veritatis Splendor, and Moral Object. Retrieved from
https://www2.bc.edu/jamesbretzke/VeritatisSplendorAndMoral%20ObjectsTextAndCommentaryByBretzke.pdf
[17] Father Kenneth Baker, S.J. “What Makes Human Acts Good or Bad?” In Fundamentals of Catholicism Vol. 1
Part II, Chapter 2 (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1983), 123–126.
Rachels, James. “What is Morality?” Chap. 1 in The Elements of Moral Philosophy, Pges 1-15, 4 th ed.
New York Mc. Grave Hill College, 2004
Sources: https://www.diffen.com
Reference website: Diffen (www.diffen.com), founded 2007
DIFFEN.COM Beto O’rourke and Ted Cruz
www.bbc.com.ethics https://fmlink.com
Computers, Information Technology, the Internet, Ethics, Society and Human Values, (2006), Philip
Pecorino, Ph.D., Queensborough Community College, (CUNY)
Palma-Angeles, Anronette, and Rowena Azada-Palacios, Medecine Prices, Price Controls and the
Philippine, Pharmaceutical Industry. Makat: Ateneo Graduate School of Business, 2011.
News clips. Teacher will have to choose from current news events
Cases written by students;
A Clockwork Orange. Directed by Stanley Kubrick, Burbank, CA Warner Bros. 1971

Veneracion, J. B. 1998. Ang Kasaysayan sa Kasalukuyang Henerasyon. In Santillan and Conde,
Kasaysayan at Kamalayan: Mga Piling Akda Ukol sa Diskursong Pangkasaysayan (pp. 1-15). Quezon
City: Limbagang Pangkasaysayan.


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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Arts and Sciences

DEGREE General COURSE NO. GE ETHICS

I. CHAPTER TITLE VI: CULTURE IN MORAL BEHAVIOR

II. LESSON TITLE:

III. CHAPTER OVERVIEW:

Culture and Moral Behavior

Introduction: The Question of Culture

To understand Filipino values is to understand Filipino culture.[1] However, in order to understand

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 1 of 10

Outline of Discussion: A Study on Culture and Moral Behavior

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 2 of 10

On Culture: History of Colonialism, Power, Domination, and Religion

Mc. Grave Hill College, 2004

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 3 of 10

Summary: Culture as a Contested Site and as a Site of Contestation

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 4 of 10

Conclusion: Culture as Not-All but Essential

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 5 of 10

Material and Non-Material Culture:

CULTURE SHAPING PERSONAL BEHAVIOR:

CULTURE SHAPING MORAL BEHAVIOR:

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 6 of 10

MORAL BEHAVIOR SHAPING CULTURE:

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 7 of 10

PHILO-notes, Culture and Moral Behavior, General Ethics-PHILO-notes, Whiteboard edition,

IV: DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of the chapter, the students should be able to:

1. Articulate what culture means.

IV. LESSON CONTENT

Culture and Moral Behavior

( Republic of the Philippines

Name: _______________________ Score: _____________

CULTURE AND MORAL BEHAVIOR

1. Individual Activity; Discuss how your community influences your behavior:

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 8 of 10

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 9 of 10

1. Survey differences in moral behavior of different cultures. List down examples.

IV – CULTURE AND ITS ROLE IN MORAL BEHAVIOR

( Republic of the Philippines

Name: _______________________ Score: _____________

Individual Work: Explain Why Culture is important in Morality..

Title: MY EXPLANATION WHY CULTURE IS IMPORTANT IN MORALITY

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 10 of 10

( Republic of the Philippines

Name: _______________________ Score: _____________

Title: HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN CULTURE

ESSAY WRITING RUBRICS: (20Pts.)

CRITERIA EXCELLENT (1) GOOD (1.5) FAIR (2.0) SCORE

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 11 of 10

( Republic of the Philippines

Name: _______________________ Score: _____________

CULTURE AND MORALITY

1. Relation between Culture and Morality.

2. Difference between nature culture and nurture culture.

3. How culture affects personal and moral behaviours.

4. How moral behaviours’ shape culture.

Name: ___________ Score: _

Name: ___________ Score: _

Name: ___________ Score: _

Name: ___________ Score: _