ECW 341 Water Engineering Laboratory Program: Diploma In Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi MARA (EC110) Academic Session: OCT 2022 – FEB 2023

Laboratory
LEVEL 0 Team Student’s ID Student’s Name Group
Level
Laboratory Title Uniform Flow For Open Channels 1. Group Leader 2020616994 Muhammad Alif Mikhail Bin Mohammed Rodzi PEC1105B1
Date 15 December 2020 2. Member 2020881522 Muhammad Saifuddin Bin Zamzuri PEC1105B1
Lecturer’s
Name Madam Zuraisah Bt Dollah 3. Member 2020852366 Amir Muqri Bin Hajjaj PEC1105B1
4. Member 202868628 Muhammad Naim Bin Abduk Rahman PEC1105B1
Verification

CO2 : Demonstrate leadership skills in task related to water engineering.

PO6 : Demonstrate knowledge of the societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to engineering technician practice and solutions to well-defined
engineering problems.

A. LABORATORY REPORT ASSESSMENT

NO DOMAIN
A1 (Receiving)
The student passively
attends to laboratory and
their attention is focused.
1 (Lab Attendance &
Intended outcomes include
the student’s awareness,
willingness to hear and to
focus attention
A2 (Responding)
The student actively
participates and reacts in
some way. Emphasis is on
active participation on the
part of the learners such as
2 compliance in responding,
willingness to respond, or
satisfaction in responding
A3 (Valuing)
The worth a student
attaches to a particular
object, phenomenon, or
behavior. Ranges from
3 acceptance to
commitment, carry
responsibility for the
functioning of a group,
attitudes and
appreciation.
ELEMENT
2 4
Demonstrate capability on the
following:
 Attend to the laboratory
not later than 20
Punctuality minutes

< 25% listen attentively
 < 25% sensitivity, and
Report Submission)
focus into issues arise
and instructions given
 Late Submission (More
than 1 Week)
Demonstrate capability on the
following:
 < 100% compliance on
lab safety rules and not
practice them
 Not participate in group
discussion,
Participation &
 No interest in subject,
Knowledge on the open-
 Not enjoy helping
ended laboratory
others.
 Not able to explain,
design and prepare the
experimental work in the
report
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
approach:
 No acceptance of
commitment
 Uncommitted to carry
responsibility
 Uncommitted to provide
Leadership skill, suggestion and/or idea
Commitment &  Uncommitted to follow
Responsibility group decision
 Unable to control, lead,
fail to deliver the task to
the group and does not
compromise to achieve
the objectives of
experiments (Reports)
RUBRICS/Marks
6 8
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following: following:
 Attend to the laboratory  Attend to the laboratory
not later than 15 minutes not later than 10 minutes
 25% listen attentively  50% listen attentively
 25% sensitivity, and  50% sensitivity, and
focus into issues arise focus into issues arise
and instructions given and instructions given
 Late Submission (More  Late Submission (2 Day
than 2 Day) Late)
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following: following:
 100% compliance on lab  100% compliance on lab
safety rules and practice safety rules and practice
them them
 < 50% participate in  50% participate in group
group discussion, discussion,
 < 50% interest in  50% interest in subject,
subject,  50% enjoy helping
 < 50% enjoy helping others.
others.  Able to design, prepare
 Not able to explain the and explain the
experiment and the work experiments and the
assigned in the report work assigned in the
report but not based on
OEL components
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach: approach:
 25% acceptance of any  50% acceptance of any
commitment commitment
 25% committed to carry  50% committed to carry
responsibility responsibility
 25% committed to  50% committed to
provide suggestion provide suggestion
and/or idea and/or idea
 25% committed to follow  50% committed to follow
group decision. group decision
 Able to control, lead the  Able to control, lead and
group but fail to deliver delivering the task to the
the task and does not group members and
compromise towards the occasionally helps the
achievement objectives group to achieve the
of the experiments objectives of the
(Reports) experiments (Reports)
Marks
10
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following: following:
 Attend to the laboratory  Attend to the laboratory
not later than 5 minutes early/on time
 75% listen attentively  100% listen attentively
 75% sensitivity, and focus  100% sensitivity, and focus
into issues arise and into issues arise and
instructions given instructions given
 Late Submission (1 Day  Submission on time
Late)
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following: following:
 100% compliance on lab  100% compliance on lab
safety rules and practice safety rules and practice
them them
 75% participate in group  100% participate in group
discussion, discussion
 75% interest in subject,  100% interest in subject,
 75% enjoy helping others.  100% fully enjoy helping
 Able to design, prepare, others.
testing and explain the  Able to design, prepare,
experiments and the work testing, interpret and explain
assigned in the report the experiments and the
based on OEL work assigned in the report
components based on OEL components
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach: approach:
 75% acceptance of any  100% acceptance of any
commitment commitment
 75% committed to carry  100% committed to carry
responsibility responsibility
 75% committed to provide  100% committed to provide
suggestion and/or idea suggestion and/or idea
 75% committed to follow  100% committed to follow
group decision. group decision.
 Able to control, lead and  Able to control, lead and
delivering the task to the delivering the task to the
group efficiently and group efficiently and serves
usually does what is the as a leader in managing
best interest of the group individual ideas towards the
towards the achievement achievement of the
of the objectives objectives (Reports)
(Reports)
 ECW 341 Water Engineering Laboratory
Universiti Teknologi MARA
A4 (Organization)
At this level, the student
has held a value system
for a sufficiently long
time to control his/her
behavior, has developed
4 a characteristic
"lifestyle." Behavior is
pervasive, consistent,
predictable, and most
importantly,
characteristic of the
learner.
B. LABORATORY REPORT ASSESSMENT
A4 (Organizing)
Brings together different
values, resolving conflicts
among them, and starting to
build an internally consistent
5 value system. Organizes
values into priorities by
contrasting different
systems. The emphasis is on
comparing, relating, and
synthesizing values.
6 A5 (Characterization)
Program: Diploma In Civil Engineering (EC110)
Academic Session: OCT 2022 – FEB 2023
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach approach approach approach approach
 <100% maintain good  100% maintain good  100% maintain good  100% maintain good  100% maintain good health
health habits, health habits, health habits, health habits, compliance habits, compliance on lab
compliance on lab compliance on lab safety compliance on lab safety on lab safety rules and safety rules and practice
safety rules and practice rules and practice them rules and practice them practice them them
them  85% display self-  90% display self-  95% display self-reliance  100% display self-reliance in
 Not display self-reliance reliance in working reliance in working in working independently, working independently, and
in working independently, and independently, and and cooperate in group cooperate in group activities,
independently, and cooperate in group cooperate in group activities,  100% display a professional
cooperate in group activities, activities,  95% display a commitment to ethical
activities,  85% display a  90% display a professional commitment practice daily.
 Not display a professional professional to ethical practice daily.  100% able to objectively
professional commitment to ethical commitment to ethical  95% able to objectively interpret case study/problem
commitment to ethical practice daily. practice daily. interpret case  100% able to revise
Character &
practice daily.  85% able to objectively  90% able to objectively study/problem judgments and changes
Organization
 Not able to objectively interpret case interpret case  95% able to revise approach considering new
interpret case study/problem study/problem judgments and changes idea or issue arise.
study/problem  85% able to revise  90% able to revise approach considering  Team showed great
 Not able to revise judgments and changes judgments and changes new idea or issue arise. cohesion, interaction
judgments and changes approach considering approach considering  Team showed great respect. Team shared the
approach considering new idea or issue arise. new idea or issue arise. cohesion, interaction tasks equally and utilizes
new idea or issue arise.  Team demonstrated  Team showed good respect. Team member abilities of each team
 Team showed poor some cohesion, cohesion, interaction did not share the tasks members. Reports were
cohesion, poor interaction respect. Most respect. Team member equally and did not utilize completed on time with
interaction and poor work was done by only 1 did not share the tasks abilities of each team satisfactory compilations.
respect. Only one member team. Reports equally and did not members. Reports were
person does all the were completed on time utilize abilities of each completed on time but
reports. Reports were but with unsatisfactory team members. Reports with satisfactory
not completed compilations. were completed on time compilations.
but with unsatisfactory
compilations
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab report approach as shown in lab report
report report report  75% organize, formatted  100% fully organize,
 Not organize,  25% organize, formatted  50% organize, formatted and systematic laboratory formatted and systematic
unformatted and and systematic and systematic report laboratory report
unsystematic laboratory laboratory report laboratory report  75% providing solution to  100% providing solution to
Discussion report  25% providing solution  50% providing solution the water engineering the water engineering
 Not providing solution to to the water engineering to the water engineering problems. problems.
the water engineering problems. problems.  The team is able to relate  The team is able to relate all
problems.  The team is able to  The team is able to all findings with the findings with the problem
 The team is unable to discuss some of the relate some of the problem with good with excellent discussion
discuss the findings findings findings with the discussion
problem with fair
discussion
The team is able to provide The team is able to derive fair The team is able to derive good The team is able to derive accurate
Conclusion The team is unable to conclude conclusion without answering conclusion based on findings to conclusion based on findings to conclusion based on findings to
the objective answer the objective answer the objective answer the objective
TOTAL
60
OBJECTIVES

1. To obtain appropriate coefficients to satisfy the Manning formula of a corrugated and

roughened bed on the depth of water at different flow rates.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Conduct the determination of hydraulic parameters in uniform flow for open channels
laboratory experiment. (CO1 – PO4)

2. Analyze and interpret the data based on obtained data. (CO2 – PO6)

THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

For uniform flow in an open channel, the Manning formula states that:

where

n = Coefficient of roughness (Dimensionless)

v = Mean fluid velocity (m/s)

R = Hydraulic mean radius (m)

= Flow area A / Wetted perimeter P

Where:

Where

B= channel width (m)

S= Slope of energy line

= sin θ = (d0 – d1)/x

with

x = Distance between level of measurements (m)

d0 = Upstream depth of flow (m)

d1 = Downstream depth of flow (m)

The actual fluid velocity can be calculated as:

� = �/�

where:

v = Mean fluid velocity (m)

Q = volume of flow rate (m3 )

A = Area of flow (m2 )

= (Breadth of channel, b) x (depth of flow, h)

h = Average depth of flow above gravel bed (m)

(d0 + d1) / 2
PROBLEM STATEMENTS

The group is required to obtain the coefficient of roughness, n based on the laboratory test
on the two (2) type of different bed surface. Then need to compare to the actual Manning
coefficient publishes base on the two (2) types of different bed flow rates.

APPARATUS

i) i.
ii) Self-contained glass sided tilting flume
iii) ii.
iv) Rulers
v) iii.
vi) Paper
vii) iv.
viii) Corrugated bed
ix) v.
x) Gravel bed
xi) vi.
xii) Point gauge
PROCEDURE/METHOD

1. Install the corrugated bed section at the bottom of the flume.

2. Position the hook and point level gauge on the instrument rails.
3. Use the top of the corrugations in the bed as a datum and measure
4. the datum height.
5. 2)
6. Ensure the downstream tilting overshot weir is at the bottom of its
7. water flow, open the flow control valve and admit the water into the
8. flume. Once a small head of flowing water has been achieved do
9. not adjust the flow control valve again, in order to maintain a
10. constant flow rate throughout the experiment.
11. 3)
12. Measure the volume flow rate, Q, and the depth of flow d0 and d1
13. above the roughened bed at each end.
14. 4)
15. Raise the downstream tilting overshot weir in small stages,
16. repeating the measurements at each stage.
17. 5)
18. Further sets of readings can be obtained by repeating the above
19. measurement with different flow rates but increasing the slope of
20. the flume.
21. 6)
22. Repeat the whole procedures with gravel bed section.

where ,
n = Coefficient of roughness (Dimensionless)
v = Mean fluid velocity (m/s)
R = Hydraulic mean radius (m) = Flow area A / Wetted perimeter P
Where B= channel width (m)
S= Slope of energy line = sin θ = (d0 – d1)/x with x = Distance between level of
measurements (m)
d0 = Upstream depth of flow (m)
d1 = Downstream depth of flow (m)
DATA AND ANALYSIS

CORRUGATED BED

Length(cm) 83.2
Height(cm) 4.5
Width(cm) 29.7

No Flow rate (m3/s) upstream depth of downstream depth of

flow, d0 flow, d1(m)
1 0.00118 0.431 0.213
2 0.00187 0.541 0.296
3 0.00236 0.643 0.356
4 0.00306 0.797 0.467

R = A/P
A = 0.3 + 2[(0.431 + 0.213)/2]
=0.097
P = 0.3 + 2[(0.43 + 0.21)/2]
=0.944
S = (d0 – d1)/x
= (0.431 – 0.213)/0.8
=0.273
Q=AV
0.0118 = (0.3) (0.43) V
0.0118 = 0.129 V
V = 0.0091
0.0091 = (1/n) (0.219) (0.522)
n = 12.56
 GRAVEL BED
Length(cm) 83.4
Height(cm) 7
Width(cm) 29.7

No. Flow rate (m3/s) upstream depth of flow, Downstream depth of flow,
d0 (m) d1 (m)
1 0.00144 0.495 0.221
2 0.00172 0.556 0.288
3 0.00208 0.635 0.325
4 0.00348 0.859 0.519

R = A/P
A = 0.3[(0.495 + 0.221)/2]
=0.107
P = 0.3 + 2[(0.495 + 022)/2]
= 1.016
S = (d0 – d1)/x
= (0.495 – 0.221)/0.8
= 0.343
Q = AV
0.00144 = (0.3) (0.495) V
0.00144 = 0.149 V
V = 0.0097
0.0097 = (1/n) (0.223) (0.586)
n = 13.47
DISCUSSION

Using the Manning equation, the coefficient of roughness for gravel beds and corrugated beds
was computed. According to online research, the roughness coefficient for gravel beds should
be higher than that for corrugated beds. Perhaps there were some mistakes when takin
the measurement of flow depth.

CONCLUSION

When both the flow depth and average flow velocity are consistent, the flow in a channel is
said to be in uniform flow. Uniform flow conditions are typically observed in long straight
lengths of channels with constant slope, constant cross section, and constant surface lining.
The coefficient of roughness can be calculated using Manning's roughness equation.