ET8304 Lecture9 2022updated

3/9/2022
ET8304
Power Theories &
Compensation with Power Electronics
Lecture 9, March 7, 2022

Elisabetta Tedeschi
Lecture 9 - Outline
• Introduction to electric power theories

– Power theory vs. Meta-theory
• Critical analysis of basic power theories

– The Theory of Budeanu
– The Theory of Fryze
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Power theories
- The expression ‘power theory’ can be used “as
a classifier of various power concepts
developed by scientists who studied power
properties of electrical circuits”
- In this case the expression refers to the terms

defined in such theories, their inter-relations
and meaning
L. Czarnecki, ”Power theories and meta-theory of powers in electrical circuits” Przeglad Elektrotechniczny R.87 N.8/2011
Meta-theory of electric power

- Meta-theory “is a theory that has other theories
as its subject matter”. It includes, for example,
motivations for power theory development,
methodological approach, opinions and
statements, including comparisons and critics
to different power theories
- Statement in meta-theory can have the form of

descriptive opinions
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Power theories
- Have power in electrics circuit as their subject
- Use mathematics as a
fundamental tool Czarnecki’s
Theory
Fryze’s
Power Theory
Budeanu’s
- Differ in the Theory Theories
physical interpretation Akagi &
Nabae’s
of power related Theory
phenomena
Meta-theory
- Physical interpretation of power terms
- Relate power theory
to practical
problems, Czarnecki’s
Theory Fryze’s
such as Power Theory
Budeanu’s
compen- Theory Theories
sation & Akagi &
Nabae’s
account- Theory
tability Meta-Theory
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Motivations for power theories
Accountability
How can reactive power be defined under non-sinusoidal
conditions? Compensation
How can distortion and unbalance be quantified?
Do these quantities keep a physical meaning?
How can they be used for compensation
Understanding purposes?
of physical
How can they be used for accountability?
phenomena
Origin of the debate

• In 1892 Steinmetz noticed that
the power factor in an electric arc
is less than unity, although no
phase-shift is detected between
voltage and current
8 CP Steinmetz, «Does a phase shift occur in an AC arc?” (in German) Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, Heft 42, 567-568, 1892
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Power theories’ classification
- Frequency domain - Time domain

(Ex. Budeanu, Czarnecki’CPC, (Ex. Fryze,Depenbrock’ FDB,Akagi &
Sheperd & Zakikhani, etc.) Nabae’s IRP, Tenti’s CPT)
- Use the concept of - Are entirely developed in

harmonics the time domain
- Harmonics can be useful - Are valid under transient
to explain the physical conditions
origin of specific - Can be used to drive
phenomena dynamic compensators
Power theories’ classification
- Frequency domain - Time domain

+ +
F ( ) =  f ( t )e − jt
dt f (t) = 
−
F( )e jt d
−
Formal equivalence between time and

frequency domain:
- Quantities defined in the freq domain have an
equivalent in the time domain, and viceversa
Is it irrelevant which domain we choose?
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Frequency/Time domain equivalence

 
u(t ) = U 0 + 2 U n cos( nt +  n ) =  un
n =1 n =0
 
i(t ) = I 0 + 2  I n cos( nt +  n ) =  in
n =1 n =0
 
p ( t ) = u ( t )i ( t ) =  u r  i s
r =0 s =0

=  Sn cos( nt +  n )
n =0
Instantaneous power looks like the sum of infinite

oscillating components
11
11
Analysis of basic power theories
• Budeanu’s Power Theory (1927)

• Fryze’s Power Theory (1931)
12
12
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Mathematical background
T
• L2-Space ={ f (t ) =  | f ( ) | d  and it’s finite}

2
T T
1 1
Internal product f,g =
T 
0
f (t )  g (t ) dt P = u, i =
T 0
u (t )  i (t ) dt
T
1 2
T 0
Norm f = f, f u = U RMS = u (t ) dt
Schwartz Ineq. f,g  f g P  U RMS I RMS = S
13
Mathematical background
Orthogonality f1 ⊥ f 2  f1 , f 2 = 0
f = f1 + f 2 = f1 2 + f 2
2 2
f Sum of orthogonal quantities
Fundamental properties
S = 0  U RMS = 0  I RMS = 0 Zero-product property
SP Schwartz inequality
S  P  i(t ) =  u(t )
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Theory of Budeanu
Developed in the frequency domain
Definition of apparent power from generic,
periodic (current and voltage) waveforms
 
S = UI = U  I
n =1
2
n
n =1
2
n
The active power is defined as:

 
P =  Pn = U n I n cos( n )
n =1 n =1
Physical meaning: average value of the instantaneous

active power
15
Theory of Budeanu
Extension to non-sinusoidal conditions of the
reactive power as defined in sinusoidal conditions
  
Q = QB =  Qn = U n I n sin  n
n =1 n =1
The power balance is completed through the

distortion power concept

P +Q  S
2 2
B
2
D = S 2 − ( P 2 + QB2 )
S 2 = P 2 + QB2 + D 2
16
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Theory of Budeanu
ExtensionIs to
QB non-sinusoidal
related to the energy exchanges in
conditions of the
the network?
  
n =1 n =1


P +Q  S
2 2
B
2
D = S 2 − ( P 2 + QB2 )
S 2 = P 2 + QB2 + D 2
17
Is QB related to energy exchange?
  Different harmonics can be associated to

QB =  Qn reactive powers of opposite sign that
n =1 balance each other
Example:
i(t) 1 = 1 rad / s
u(t) u(t ) = 2 (100 sin( 1t ) + 25sin( 31t )) V
49 32
C= F L= H 
QB =  Qn = ?
32 57
n =1
Czarnecki, L. S. "Budeanu and Fryze: Two frameworks for interpreting power properties of circuits with nonsinusoidal voltages
and currents." Electrical Engineering 80.6 (1997): 359-367.
18
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Example:
u(t) i(t) 1 = 1 rad / s u(t ) = 2 (100 sin( 1t ) + 25sin( 31t )) V

32
3 = 31
49 L=
C=
U1 = 100e− j 0 U3 = 25e− j 0
F H
32 57
Circuit at the 1st harmonic

YL1 = 1 ( jL) = − 57 j 32 S YC1 = j C = 49 j 32 S Yp1 = YL1 + YC1 = − j 4 S
I1 = U1Y p1 = −25 j A i1 (t ) = 2 25sin( 1t − 90o ) A
Circuit at the 3rd harmonic
YL3 = 1 ( j3L) = − 57 j 96 S YC 3 = j3 C = 147 j 32 S Yp 3 = YL3 + YC 3 = 4 j S
I 3 = V3Y p 3 = 100 j A i3 (t ) = 2 100 sin( 31t + 90 ) A
o
i(t ) = 2 (25sin( 1t − 90) + 100 sin( 31t + 90)) A
19
Example:
i(t) 1 = 1 rad / s
u(t) u(t ) = 2 (100 sin( 1t ) + 25 sin( 31t )) V
C=
49
F L=
32
H i (t ) = 2 ( 25 sin( 1t − 90) + 100 sin( 31t + 90)) A
32 57

QB =  Qn = 100 * 25 * sin( −90) + 25 * 100 * sin( 90) = 0 VAr
n =1
The two harmonics are associated to reactive powers of

opposite sign so the total resulting QB is zero
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i(t)
u(t) 32 u(t ) = 2 (100 sin( 1t ) + 25 sin( 31t )) V

L= H
i (t ) = 2 ( 25 sin( 1t − 90) + 100 sin( 31t + 90)) A
57
49
C= F
32
200 200
[V] voltage [A] [V] voltage [W]
150 current 150 inst. power/100
100 100
50 50
0 0
-50 -50
-100 -100
-150 -150
-200 -200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
[s] [s]
21
Theory of Budeanu
ExtensionIsto non-sinusoidal
it useful conditions
for compensation purposes?of the
  
n =1 n =1


P +Q  S2 2
B
2
D = S 2 − ( P 2 + QB2 )
S 2 = P 2 + QB2 + D 2
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Is QB useful for compensation?
i(t) A Distorted voltage source, supplying an R-L load

Data:
u(t) L = 1H U1 U
u (t ) = 2 (U1 sin( 1t ) + sin( 51t ) + 1 sin( 71t )) V
5 7
R =1 U1 = 100  = 1 rad / s
B
Let’s consider the active power P, apparent power S,
Budeanu’s reactive power QB, Budeanu’s distortion power D,
and power factor PF at port AB in the considered conditions
23

Example:
i(t) L = 1H
U1 = 100  =1 rad / s
u(t)
U1 U
u (t ) = 2(U1sin(1t ) + sin(51t ) + 1 sin(71t )) V
5 7
R =1
Budeanu’s power terms

P = 5019W QB = 5105VA S = 7296VA DB = 1407 VA  = 0.688
24
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Then, consider the same network where the compensating
i(t) A L = 1H capacitor C has been introduced
u(t) Data:
U1 U
u (t ) = 2 (U1 sin( 1t ) + sin( 51t ) + 1 sin( 71t )) V
C = 0.38 F 5 7
U1 = 100  = 1 rad / s
B R =1
And re-calculate the above terms:
P = 5019W QB = 0 VA S = 7259VA DB = 5244VA  = 0.691
25

Example:
i(t) L = 1H
U1 = 100  =1 rad / s
u(t)
U1 U
C = 0.38 F u (t ) = 2(U1sin(1t ) + sin(51t ) + 1 sin(71t )) V
5 7
R =1
Without capacitor
P = 5019W QB = 5105VA S = 7296VA DB = 1407 VA  = 0.688

With capacitor
P = 5019W QB = 0 VA S = 7259VA DB = 5244VA  = 0.691

Despite QB = 0 there is no significant improvement in the power factor
26
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What’s the term responsible of non-active

power transfer?
2 2
N
P  N
 Qn  Term responsible
i =   n  +    of current
n =0  U n  n =0  U n 
increase
≠
N
Different from Budeanu’s
QB =  Qn
n =1 reactive power
27
Theory of Budeanu
Extension to non-sinusoidal conditions of the
  
n =1 n =1


P +Q  S
2 2
B
2
D = S 2 − ( P 2 + QB2 )
2
= P 2 +related
Is DSactually QB2 + to 2
Dthe relative distortion
of currents and voltages?
28
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Is D related to waveform distortion?
- What’s the condition to have D = 0 ?
1
D = S 2 − P 2 − QB2 =  U r2U s2 Yr − Ys
2
2 rN sN
D=0 if  r, s Yr = Ys
i.e. : Yr = Ys et  r =  s
I.e. Load admittance is equal at all harmonics
29

Example: u(t ) = 2 (U1 sin( 1t ) + U 3 sin( 31t )) V
i(t)
L = 1H i (t ) = 2 (U1 sin( 1t + 90 ) + U 3 sin( 31t + 90 )) A
250
U1 = 100 V
voltage [A]
[V]
u(t) 200 current
150
C2 =
1
F
U 3 = 50 V 100
2
 = 1 rad / s
50
1
C1 = F 0
3 -50
-100
Y1 =1 jS -150
Y3 =1 jS D= 0 -200
-250
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
[s]
Distortion power is zero, BUT voltage and current are
distorted with respect to each other
30
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Example:
u(t ) = 2 (U1 sin( 1t ) + U 3 sin( 31t )) V
i(t) i (t ) = 2 (U1 sin( 1t + 90 ) + U 3 sin( 31t − 90 )) A
L = 1H U1 = 100 V [V]
200
[A]
voltage
current
U 3 = 50 V
150
u(t)
2
C1 = F 100
3
 = 1 rad / s 50
 0
j
Y1 = e 2
=1j S D0 -50
 3
−j
D = 1e 4 VA
-100
j
Y3 = e 2
=e 2
= −1 j S -150
It is i(t) = au(t-) if: Yn = ae − jn

-200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
[s]
Distortion power is not null, but voltage and current

are only phase shifted compared to each other
31
Summary of Budeanu’s theory

• Reactive power QB is not related to energy
exchange
• Reactive power QB is not significant for power
factor improvement/compensation
• Distortion power D is not related to the actual
distortion of the current with respect to the
voltage
- D = 0, but u and i have different waveforms
- D ≠ 0, but u and i are just phase shifted
32
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Analysis of basic power theories
• Budeanu’s Power Theory (1927)

• Fryze’s Power Theory (1931)
33
33
Theory of Fryze
Developed in the time domain (single phase case)

Current decomposition in two terms:
i(t ) = ia (t ) + ina (t )
 P P
ia (t ) = Gu(t ) = 2
u(t ) = u (t ) Active current
u U2

ina (t ) = i(t ) − ia (t ) Non active current
Physical meaning: Active current is the minimum current

required to convey the required active power P to the load
34
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Meaning of Fryze’s decomposition

i(t) + + i(t) P=0
u(t) u(t) ia(t) G ina(t)
- -
Properties:
T
1
T 0
 u, ia = u(t )ia (t )dt = P
ina i
T
1
 u, ina =  u (t )ina (t )dt = 0 Orthogonality
T 0 ia
T
1
i = ia + ina
2 2 2
T 0
 ia , ina = ia (t )ina (t )dt = 0

Power balance: S 2 = P2 + QF 2 where: QF = u ina
non-active
power
35
Observations on Fryze’s decompos.

✓ Fryze non-active power is always positive (it cannot be
associated to reactive elements)
✓ Non-active power should not be confused with reactive
power, which is only defined in sinusoidal conditions
• Current decomposition in active and non-active currents
is possible only observing one entire period
37
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https://padlet.com/elisabetta_tedes
chi/nkfl0vo1vicz5bnr
38
Theory of Fryze

Is it useful to distinguish different loads in
Current decomposition in two terms:
the network?
Is it useful for compensation purposes?
i(t ) = ia (t ) + ina (t )
 P P
ia (t ) = Gu(t ) = 2
u U2


39
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Can it be used to distinguish

different loads?
Example:
u(t ) = 2 (100 sin( 1t ) + 100 sin( 31t )) V 1 = 1 rad / s
i(t) i(t)
R =1 R =1
u(t) 1 u(t) 1
L= H L= H
2 2
2 2
C1 = F C1 = F
3 7
For both of them we have:

P = 10 KW QF= 10 KVAr S = 14.1 kVA PF = 0.71
Y1 = 0.5 + j0.5; Y3 = 0.5 - j0.5 Y1 = 0.1 + j0.3 Y3 = 0.9 - j0.3
40
Can it be used to distinguish

different loads?
Example:
250 250
(1t[V]
u(t ) = 2 (100sen[A] ) + 100sen(31t )) 1 = 1 rad /[A]s
voltage voltage
200 current 200 current
[V]
150 150
100
i(t) 100
i(t)
50 50
0 R =1 0 R =1
-50 -50
u(t) 1 u(t) 1
L= L=
-100 -100
H H
-150
2 -150
2
-200 2 -200 2
C1 = F C1 = F
-250
0 2 4 6 8 310 12
-250
0 2 4 6 8 10 7 12
[s] [s]
For both of them we have:

P = 10 KW QF= 10 KVAr S = 14.1 kVA PF = 0.71
Y1 = 0.5 + j0.5; Y3 = 0.5 - j0.5 Y1 = 0.1 + j0.3 Y3 = 0.9 - j0.3
41
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Theory of Fryze

Is it useful for compensation
Current decomposition purposes?
in two terms:
i(t ) = ia (t ) + ina (t )
 P P
ia (t ) = Gu(t ) = 2
u U2


42
Compensation with passive means

Example: u(t ) = 2 (100 sin( 1t ) + 100 sin( 31t ))
i(t) i(t)
4 20
LC = H R =1 LC = H R =1
3 9
1 1
u(t) L= H u(t) L= H
2 2
1 3
CC = F C=
2
F CC = F C =
2
F
4 3 20 7
QF reduced to zero QF not null

P = 10 k W P = 10 k W
QF = 0 Var QF = 8 kVar
S = 10 kVA S = 12.7 kVA
PF = 1 PF = 0.78
G1 = 0.5 S G3 = 0.5 S G1 = 0.1 S G3 = 0.9 S
43
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Summary on Fryze’s theory

✓ Focus on current terms rather than power
✓ Fundamental definition of active current
• It is not sufficient to distinguish different loads based on
the power information
• It is not sufficient for the compensation of different loads
with passive elements
44
Evolution of Fryze’s theory

✓ Fryze’s theory, developed for single phase circuits, has
been extended to multi-conductor circuits by Buchholz
and Depenbrock, who also gave the theory an
“instantaneous” focus
✓ Fryze’s theory has been also the starting point for
Kusters and Moore, who moved further with a
decomposition of the non-active current
45
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Lecture 9: summary
Basics of electric power theories
1 – Difference between Power Theories and Meta-theory

2 – Motivations for power theories
3 – Time domain vs. frequency domain approach
46
46
Lecture 9: summary
Power Theory of Budeanu
1 – First power theory, developed in the freq. domain

2 – Definition of (Budeanu’s) reactive power and
distortion power
3 – Limits of Budeanu’s Theory
47
47
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Lecture 9: summary
Power Theory of Fryze
1 – First power theory, developed in the time domain

2 – Definition of active and non-active current
3 – Definition of Fryze’s non-active power
4 – Strengths and limits of Fryze’s Theory
48
48
Proposed modification to the lecture

plan
14:00-16:00
49
49
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Reference material
1) Czarnecki, L.S. ‘’ Power Theories and meta-theory of powers
in electrical circuits’’ Przeglad Elektrotechniczny R.87
N.8/2011, p.198-201
2) Czarnecki, L.S ”Budeanu and Fryze: Two frameworks for
interpreting power properites of circuits with nonsinusoidal
voltages and currents” Electrical Engineering N.80, 1997,
p.359-367
3) Czarnecki, LS. "What is wrong with the Budeanu concept of
reactive and distortion power and why it should be
abandoned." IEEE transactions on instrumentation and
measurement 36.3 (1987): 834-837.
50
50
Thanks for your attention
51
51
25

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3/9/2022

Lecture 9, March 7, 2022

• Introduction to electric power theories

• Critical analysis of basic power theories

- In this case the expression refers to the terms

Meta-theory of electric power

- Statement in meta-theory can have the form of

Motivations for power theories

Origin of the debate

Power theories’ classification

- Frequency domain - Time domain

- Use the concept of - Are entirely developed in

Power theories’ classification

- Frequency domain - Time domain

Formal equivalence between time and

Frequency/Time domain equivalence

Instantaneous power looks like the sum of infinite

Analysis of basic power theories

• Budeanu’s Power Theory (1927)

• L2-Space ={ f (t ) =  | f ( ) | d  and it’s finite}

Schwartz Ineq. f,g  f g P  U RMS I RMS = S

S = 0  U RMS = 0  I RMS = 0 Zero-product property

SP Schwartz inequality

The active power is defined as:

Physical meaning: average value of the instantaneous

The power balance is completed through the

The power balance is completed through the

Is QB related to energy exchange?

  Different harmonics can be associated to

Is QB related to energy exchange?

u(t) i(t) 1 = 1 rad / s u(t ) = 2 (100 sin( 1t ) + 25sin( 31t )) V

Circuit at the 1st harmonic

i(t ) = 2 (25sin( 1t − 90) + 100 sin( 31t + 90)) A

Is QB related to energy exchange?

The two harmonics are associated to reactive powers of

Is QB related to energy exchange?

u(t) 32 u(t ) = 2 (100 sin( 1t ) + 25 sin( 31t )) V

The power balance is completed through the

Is QB useful for compensation?

i(t) A Distorted voltage source, supplying an R-L load

Is QB useful for compensation?

Budeanu’s power terms

Is QB useful for compensation?

P = 5019W QB = 0 VA S = 7259VA DB = 5244VA  = 0.691

Is QB useful for compensation?

P = 5019W QB = 5105VA S = 7296VA DB = 1407 VA  = 0.688

P = 5019W QB = 0 VA S = 7259VA DB = 5244VA  = 0.691

Is QB useful for compensation?

What’s the term responsible of non-active

The power balance is completed through the

Is D related to waveform distortion?

- What’s the condition to have D = 0 ?

I.e. Load admittance is equal at all harmonics

Is D related to waveform distortion?

Is D related to waveform distortion?

It is i(t) = au(t-) if: Yn = ae − jn

Distortion power is not null, but voltage and current

Summary of Budeanu’s theory

Analysis of basic power theories

• Budeanu’s Power Theory (1927)

Developed in the time domain (single phase case)

Physical meaning: Active current is the minimum current