ITEM M

OBJ. (2)
THEORY (2)
PROCEDURE (4)
RESULT & ANALYSIS (4)
DISCUSS. (4)
CONCLUS. (4)
TOTAL (20)

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

CAWANGAN PAHANG
KAMPUS JENGKA

PHY 547
ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS
LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE : ZENER DIODE AND POWER SUPPLY

EXP. NO. :2
GROUP : AS303 3a
NO NAME STUDENT ID
1. WAN AMIR SYAUQI BIN WAN RAZALI 2021494744

2. MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS BIN MOHD RAPI 2021858816

3. WAN MUHAMMAD NAQIUDDIN ARFAN BIN WAN 2021859002

ISMAIL

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 5th DECEMBER 2022

LECTURE : DR. MOHAMAD SYAFIE MAHMOOD
 EXPERIMENT 2: ZENER DIODE and POWER SUPPLY

Objectives

1. Constructing a 5-V power supply

Theory

The Zener Diode functions similarly to a general-purpose signal diode made up of a silicon
PN junction. When biassed in the forward direction, it behaves like a normal signal diode, passing
the rated current, but when a reverse voltage applied across the Zener Diode exceeds the device's
rated voltage, the breakdown voltage is reached, at which point a process known as Avalanche
Breakdown occurs in the semiconductor depletion layer and a current begins to flow through the
diode to limit this increase in voltage.

Under varying load current conditions, a Zener Diode can be used to produce a stable
voltage output with low ripple. The zener diode will maintain a voltage drop of Vout by passing a
small current from a voltage source through the diode via a suitable current limiting resistor (Rs).

An electrical load receives electricity from a power supply, an electronic device. Power
supplies are occasionally referred to as electric power converters because this is their main use:
changing one type of electrical energy into another. Others are integrated into larger devices along
with their loads, while some power supplies are discrete, stand-alone devices. Desktop computer
power supplies and consumer electronics devices are examples of the latter.

To function, electric circuits require energy. Typically, a circuit known as the power supply
provides the energy. All the other circuits will experience a power supply failure. In an electronic
system, the supply is crucial.

Alternating current was changed into direct current by rectifier diodes in power supplies. To
regulate voltage, they also use specialised IC.
Procedures

PART 1: Power Supply

1. All the pins of the capacitors, bridge rectifier and power IC are carefully identified before
setting the circuit.
2. The bridge rectifier (EC 1 B2) is connected to the 9-V side of the transformer and the power
supply is switched on.
3. An oscilloscope (OSK) is connected across the + and – terminals of the bridge rectifier and
the waveform displayed on the OSK screen is observed. The waveform is drawn. Capacitor
C1 is connected across the + and – terminals of the bridge rectifier and the waveform
displayed on the OSK screen is observed. Again, the waveform is drawn.
4. The connection of the whole circuit is constructed as in the diagram and the waveform
across C2 is observed.
Graph of analysis

➢ Waveform displayed for the total voltage for the circuit.

➢ Waveform displayed at terminals of the bridge rectifier.

➢ Waveform displayed between capacitor C1 and terminals of the bridge rectifier.

➢ Waveform displayed across capacitor C2.

Discussion

In Part 1, we found that a single waveform appeared on the oscilloscope. A sine graph
shown where the vertical axis is the time unit and the horizontal unit is the potential difference. This
shows that the voltage from our power supply is an Alternative Current (AC) current where they
always change their polarity. From the oscilloscope, it tells us that a division is equal to 5V, therefore
we can conclude that the peak potential difference of the current from the power supply is 15V.

For part 2, it shows us the current after it passes the bridge rectifier. Bridge rectifier consists
of 4 similar diodes in a closed-loop configuration to convert an AC to a Direct Current (DC) efficiently
making the graph on oscilloscope to change from a sine graph to an only positive sine graph as
polarity of potential difference remains the same. The result might not be as smooth as it should be
as this might caused by one of the diodes having an error. This happens as two diodes are arranged
to compete in a positive half cycle (forward biased) while the others are opposite to them (reverse
biased). During the positive half cycle, terminal of positive and negative of the bridge rectifier are
completely opposite from the negative half cycle. Despite this, the efficiency of a bridge rectifier for
the potential difference is not 100% making the result a little decrease from the original.

In Part 3, it shows us what happens to the graph after a 220µF capacitor is connected to
current. We discover that the capacitor works as a filter for the DC current we got from the bridge
rectifier to smoother it. As we can see from the previous result, the output of the DC signal has some
ripple on it making it considered as a high pulsating DC signal. At this point, we can see the DC signal
slowly become a straight line making it a smoother DC signal.

In part 4, the oscilloscope shows that the line has decreased into 5V as per division is still
equally to 5V. Mark here that IC Regulator is to help the DC signal to step up or step down,
depending on the type of IC, and making it more stable and consistent. As we using IC 7805 which
provides 5V, therefore the potential difference will be step down from the origin. Also, the DC
display become more stable wave.
Conclusion

In conclusion, we archive our objective to construct a DC 5-V power supply from an AC

power supply, by transforming the current from AC to DC by using rectification method, filtered it by
using the capacitor as the current we got are still has ripple and step down the potential difference
into 5V by using an IC regulator.
References

1. Hughes, M. (2016). Basic Waveform Analvsis with an Oscilloscope. All About Circuit.
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/t echnical-articles/basic-waveform-analysis-with-an-
oscilloscope/

2. Abadi, R. (2022). IC Regulator : Pengertian, Fungsi, Prinsip Kerja, Kelebihan & Kekurangan.
Thecityfoundary.
https://thecityfoundry.com/ic-adalah/ic-regulator/

3. (n.d.). Bridge Rectifier. Byju's.

https://byjus.com/physics/bridge-rectifier/

4. (n.d.). Sin Graph. Third Space Learning.

https://thirdspacelearning.com/gcse-maths/geometry-and-measure/sin-
graph/#:~:text=The%20sin%20graph%20is%20a%20visual%20representation%20of,the%20o
rigin%20but%20it%20does%20pass%20through%20it