AMMONITES

AND

THE OTHER CEPHALOPODS

OF THE PmKKB SEAWAY
IDENTIFICATION GUIDE

Authors Exiteloceras

Oxybeloceras
Neal L. Larson

&I
Steven D. Jorgensen
Robert A. Farrar
Peter L. Larson

Photographer Hoploscaphites

Ed Gerken

Didymoceras

Baculites
Placenticeras

Pierre Seaway Ammonite Forms

OSCIEnCE
BESS. Inc.
T-ArlzoNI
© 1997Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, Inc.
ISBN 0-945005-25-3 (paper)
ISBN 0-945005-34-2 (hardcover)
Library of Congress Catalog Number: �78211

Illustrations are by Dorothy Sigler Norton, NealL. Larson, and John R. Stacy.
illustrations by John R. Stacy are courtesy of Dr. William Cobban.
Computer Graphics by Marion Kathleen Zenker and Ed Gerken.
Content Specialistsare Dr. William Cobban, Dr. NeilLandman, and Dr. Karl Waage.
All photographs are by Ed Gerken, except as noted.
Book design by Neal L. Larson, Marion K. Zenker, Joe Small, and Ed Gerken.
Book transcribed by Marion K. Zenker.
Cover design by Kim Ericsson.
Production Manager was Amy Sorrell.
Copyediting by Bernice Pettinato of Beehive Production Services.

All Right<� Reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or electronic
process, or in the form of a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted,
or otherwise copied for public or private use, without written permission of the authors.

Published by Geoscience Press, Inc.

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Publisher's Cataloging in Publication

(Prepared by Quality Boolcs, Inc.)

Ammonites and the other cephalopods of the Pierre Seaway : identification

guide I NealL.Larson, [et al.].
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN094
-5500 2
- 5-3 (paper)
ISBN 0-945005-34-2 (hardcover)
l. Cephalopoda, Fossil. 2.·Paleontology-Cretaceous. 3.
Paleontology-North America. I. Larson, Neal L.

QE
806.C47 1997 564'.5'097
QBI%-40453
T be authors dedicate thi book to
Dr. W. A. (Bill) Cobban, researcher,
about the Western lnterior Cretaceous rocks
and fossils, especially the Pierre Shale, than
geologist, and scientist with the U.S. Geologi­ any other individual in the world.
cal Survey in Denver, Colorado, since 1948. Yet it is not only ammonites ti·om the
Bill's interest in ammonites began as a high Western Interior that Bill has studied and de­
school student collecting near Great Falls and scribed. Ammonites from the Atlantic, Gulf,
Shelby, Montana, and continues to the present and Pacific regions as well as ammonites from
day. Many well-deserved honors have been Africa, South America, Europe, and Asia have
bestowed on Bill over the years. They include: been objects of his research and subjects of his
the Meritorious Ser- papers. Due to this
vice Award (1974) wide-ranging research
and the Distin­ and the excellence of
guished Service his work, 1 2 species and
Award ( 1986), from several genera of Ju­
the U.S. Department rassic and Cretaceous
of the lnterior; elec­ i n vertebrate fossils
tion as Fellow of the have been named for
American Associa­ Bill by his colleagues
tion forlhe Advance­ in the United States,
ment of Science France, Japan, and Rus­
(1982); the Distin­ sia.
guished Geologist Bill has consis­
Pioneer Award tently and unselfishly
(1985) from the shared his knowledge
Rocky Mountain with all interested col­
Section of the Soci­ lectors and researchers.
ety of Economic Pa­ In the process, he has
leontologists and taught skills and shared
Mineralogists; the information that was not
Pa l e o n t o l o g i c a l available at any univer­
Medal from the Pale­ Dr. William A. (Bill) Cobban sity anywhere in the
ontological Society world. It is due, prima-
( 1985); and the rily, to Bill's encour­
Raymond C. Moore Paleontology Medal agement and assistance that this manuscript
awarded by the Society of Economic Paleon­ was attempted and finally completed. There­
tologists and Mineralogists (1990). fore, on behalf of all the amateur, professional,
Bill's approach of stratigraphy through and academic geologists and paleontologists
paleontology led to his organizing more than who have been enriched by Bill's efforts. I say
70 different Cretaceous ammonite horizons thank you. Bill, this book is for you!
and his describing and naming over 100 new
ammonite pecies from the Western Interior. NealL Larson, Vice Presidenl
Dr. William Cobban probably knows more Black Hills Institute of Geological Rt>searclr. Inc.

v
 CONTENTS ::,;��
.

Foreword viii
Preface lX
Acknowledgments Xl

Introduction
Geologic Setting 2
Chart: Position of the Pierre Shale 3
Extraterrestrial Phenomena 4
The Pierre Seaway 5
Maps of the Pierre Shale 6
Geology 10
Macrofossils 11
Chart: Ammonite Zones 12
Class Cephalopoda 14
Order Ammonoidea L8
Family Baculitidae 19
Baculite Identification Guide 38
Family Collignoniceratidae 42
Family Desmoceratidae 44
Family Dip1omoceratidae 45
Family Nostoceratidae 49
Family Pachydiscidae 59
Family Placenticeratidae 62
Family Scaphitidae 71
Family Sphenodiscidae 91
Order Belemnitidea 93
Family Belemnitellidae 93
Order Nautiloidea 95
Family Nautilidae 96
Order Teuthidea 99
Family Kelaenidae 99
Family Trachyteuthidae 1 01
Macrofaunal List 103
Glossary 1 08
Bibliography 114
Index of Cephalopod Species 140
Charts of The Known Range of the Ammonite Species 144
Backword 146
About Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, Inc. 147
About The Black Hills Museum of Natural History 147
About The Authors 148

Fotmwotib
'"11e identification of ammonites and other
1 �ephalopod fossils has been a tremen­
dous, almost overwhelming challenge for sev­
eral reasons. First, there are numerous species
of cephalopods that appear to be very similar
to each other. Many species have not yet been
described, named, or properly placed among
related forms. Second, the existing descrip­
tions are scattered through a vast array of
literature, often in old, out-of-print publica­
tions, government agency or museum special
publications, or otherwise not generally avail­
able. Also, there are relatively few experts to
whom one may turn for help. Fossil cephalo­
pods have attracted human interest for centu­
ries and remain among the most popular fos­
sils today, yet there are few people who really
know very much about them.
This publication makes a quantum leap
forward in solving some of these problems. It
brings together, for the first time, the descrip­
tions and references for all of the known cepha­
lopod fossils representing a major geographi­
cal area and time span in North America, the
Pierre Seaway that divided the continem dur­
ing the Cretaceous period. This work immedi­
ately solves the problem of the scattered litera­
tW'e by bringing these references and descrip­
tions together under one cover. However, it
also contributes to solutions of the other two
problems. Having all recognized pecies in
one reference will greally facilitate the naming
and description of yet unknown form . It will
also make it possible for many people to be­
come familiar with and knowledgeable about
this fa<;cinating group of organisms. Perhaps
persons who formerly only admired these fos­
sils for their beauty will now be able to under­
stand more about them and, hence, appreciate
them on an entirely new level.
The authors of this publication are among
the few experts in the subject and are emi-
viii
'
··.:..._
nently qualified to write this book. They have
worked closely with many if not most of the
other authorities in the field; they have as­
sembled their own library of all of the pertinent
literature; and, through their own extensive
collections of fossil cephalopods and collabo­
ration with other collectors and collections,
they have direct access to a major ponion of
the best fossil cephalopod specimens avail­
able anywhere.
Furthermore, these authors know how to
help other people. They have not only spent
innumerable hours trying to understand am­
monites and other fossil to increase their own
knowledge, but they also invest an inordinate
an1ounL of time and effort in helping others
learn, ranging from elementary school chil­
dren and casually interested collectors to uni­
versity students, serious amateurs, and fellow
professionals. From the ftrst day we met them,
my wife and 1 were graciously offered their
as istance in our understanding of ammonites.
As a result, through the ensuing years, all the
authors became close personal friends and are
among our favorite colleagues. I and others
from our university have taken numerous
groups of students to the Black Hills Institute
of Geological Research for tours and educa­
tion. While visiting the Black Hills Institute,
r have been frequently impressed at the num­
bers of chool children, people from the gen­
eral public, upper-level students, and profes­
sional paleontologists who come through their
facility. Institute taffwillingly,eveneagerly,
spend many hours explaining their favorite
subject-fossils. This publication is an ex ten-
ion, in print, of that outreach.
James W. Grier, Professor ofZoology
North Dakota State Univer.�iry
Fargo, North Dakota

PREFACE·E��·-
T his book began as what appeared to be
a fairly simple project in July of 1 993,
consolidating into one reference the descrip­
tive work on ammonites of the Pierre Shale.
Yet even simple concepts can become incred­
ibly complex as you begin to explore them,
and thus complicate your work and your Life.
For example, I wanted to use everyday lan­
guage to describe the fossils in thi. book. It
quickly became evident that using everyday
language would often entail u ing 20 or more
words instead of the one definitive scientific
term. Consequently, when expedient, I cho e
to u e the scientific terms. That necessitated
compiling a glo ary, containing definitions
of the common morphological and geological
terms used in the cientifie description of cepha­
l op ods, for inclusion in the book. Tn the
beginning, T planned to define the 50 or so
described ammonite species and assumed the
writing would rake one to three months. My
research, however, revealed nearly I 00 de­
scribed ammonite species. Who knew?
This project took hundreds of office hours,
consuming a majority of Ed Gerken's, Robert
(Bob) Farrar's, M arion Zenker's, and my sched­
uled work hours. There were also many eve­
nings and weekend hours invested that kept
me from my children and my wife, Brenda.
And, as the book grew, so did my family. Tn
October of 1994, our daughter, Elisha, joined
her four brothers in our family.
Though that was not its purpose, my im­
mersion in thi project has, at times, allowed
my mind to momentarily escape the le s pleac;­
ant ordeals. related to a dino aur named "Sue,"
that have followed us over the pa<;t few years.
After several years of research and writ­
ing, with Bill Cobban's invaluable help, we
had nearly completed the text when Bob Farrar
�
�-�--
suggested that we include the remaining six or
so cephalopods from the Pierre Seaway. I
consented, assuming it would be a three- or
four-day project. Many months later we were
still di covering and gathering new infonna­
tion about these few species. One conse­
quence of this addition was an opportunity to
vi it with Dr. Cu11 Teichert (deceased), who
completed Part K, Treatise on the Mollusca 3
fo r the Geological Society of America in 1964.
Although Dr. Teichert was retired, in very
poor health, and confined to a wheelchair, he
managed to visit his old office at Harvard
University and rummage through his 30-year­
old files to locate the Agassiz 1847 reference
for the Family Nautilidae for us. To our
knowledge, this is the only publication about
Nautilus that contains this reference in its
bibliob'Tapby. As we go to press, these remain­
ing cephalopod descriptions and discoveries
have become a major contribution to this work.
During the compiling of the information
for this book, we were fortunate to have many
cephalopod and mollusc collectors and re­
searchers from throughout North America visit
Black Hill ln. titute. Each person contributed
important information, ideas, and data to this
manu cript. Becau e of the discovery of so
many undescribed species of cephalopods,
many of which were uncovered while gather­
ing the information in this book. it is clear that
within just a few years, it will need revision
and updating.
For me, the most interesting aspect of this
project has been the research. Tt wac; when we
began to match the arrunonite descriptions
with the fossil ammonites, though, that the u·ue
purpose of this work became really clear. We
learned quickly not to accept all scientific
literature as fact, because discrepancies were
lA
found in many scientific ammonite descrip­
tions. Other consequences of our research
have been the discovery of more than a dozen
new cephalopod species, the elimination of
several existing species names, and the serious
questioning of at least one currently accepted
ammonite genus.
The purpose of this work was to assemble
descriptions of the more common ammonites
into one consolidated reference, as well as to
combine scattered source material, and create
a comprehensive, bibliographic and faunal
listing for the Western Interior Pierre Seaway.
Not all of the ammonites are herein described,
because after nearly ISO years of collecting
and research on the cephalopods from the
Pierre Seaway, there are still many yet to be
defined.
The number of cephalopod specimens that
have been collected from the Pierre Shale and
dispersed throughout the world must be stag­
gering. Most popular localities for collecting
invertebrate. within the Pierre Shale produce
thousands of ammonite specimens every year.
With the number of collectors who visit these
localities annually and the fact that many of the
sites have been collected continuously for more
than I 00 years, you can begin to understand
why these ammonites are not rare, even though
good ammonites might be uncommon.
Nearly every rock and mineral collection
in this country, not to mention the amateur and
museum fossil collections, have at least one
ammonite from the Pierre Shale among their
specimens. Most of these specimens are
misidentified or remain unlabeled. Whether
Anak/inoceras n. sp.
Drawing by John R. Stacy
X
the ammonite is a scaphite, baculite, or
placenticerac;, most people have had no avail­
able source to consult for proper identifica­
tion.
Although there are hundreds of scientific
books and papers wriuen on the subject, very
few arc written for the amateur, or even the
museum curator, that can help them make
accurate and scientific identification of their
collections.
This book was written with the help and
advice of the top ammonite experts in this
country. They read, reviewed, and commented
on this manuscript throughout its many stages,
from its creation to what you now hold. We
sincerely hope that this book will serve as an
indispensable identification guide for you.
The specimens depicted in this book were
primarily from two sources: The U.S. Geo­
logical Survey (USGS), Denver, Colorado,
and the Black Hills Institute of Geological
Research, Inc. (Bl-ll), Hill City, South Dakota.
The USGS specimens are designated by
USNM numbers and are patt of the U.S. Na­
tional Museum's permanent collection. Tbey
were photographed with the permission and
under the supervision of Dr. W. A. Cobban of
the USGS. The Black Hills Institute of Geo­
logical Research specimens are designated by
BHl numbers a11d are part of that permanent
collection. Some of these specimens may be
seen on exhibit at the Black Hills Museum of
Natural History in HiU City, South Dakota.
The remaining photographs of specimens were
used with the permi sion of the owner and are
acknowledged with the photos.
This project wac; fun and very educational
for the authors. Our hope is that collectors and
researcher will also find it interesting and
helpful for many years to come. The authors
welcome any suggestions, thoughts, or criti­
cisms of this book that may help make it more
enjoyable, useful, or readable.
Neal L. Larson
ll Te thank Dr. W. A. (Bill) Cobban, Dr.
\1 \1 Neil Landman, and Dr. Karl Waage
for reviewing this manuscript and adding their
valuable sugge Lions and comment to the
text. Thanks also to Dorothy Sigler Norton
and John Stacy for their artwork and Ed Gerken
for his wonderful photography and his many
hours on the computer formatting. typing, and
inserting the image .
In addition. the authors thank the U.S.
Geological Survey for its long-term commit­
ment to the study ofthe North American West­
ern Interior Pierre Seaway during the Ia t 140-
plus years. Their findings have been made
public in papers. bulletin . monograph , and
maps. Of this e teemed group of geologists.
none has been more helpful than Dr. William
(Bill) Cobban of the U.S. Geological Sur\'ey,
who for over 20 year. has shared his knowl­
edge, wi dom. and friendship with us. Other
scientists who un elfishly bared their rime.
advice, and wi dom are: Dr. Karl Waage of the
Yale Peabody Mu eum, New Haven. Con­
necticut: Dr. eil Landman of the American
Museum of arural Hi tory. New York; Dr.
Karl Hirsch (deceased) of the University of
Colorado atBoulder: Dr. WilliamJame (Jim)
Kennedy of University of Oxford in England:
and Dr. Jim and Joyce Grier from North Da­
kota State University in Fargo.
Special thanks go to David Anderson,
GeorgeBurg,Dr. Ray A., Dorothy, andJapheth
Boyce, Earl Brockelsby (deceased), Donely
Darnell. Barry Brown, Ed and Ava Cole,
Howard (Bud) Ehrle, Bruce Ellison, Steve
Haire, Rev. Harry Heidt, Lonnie Holsworth
( deceased), James A . Honert, D a l l a s
Jorgensen. John Larson, Neal C . and Gert
Larson. Jim Michaud, Doroth y and Richard
Norton, Wayne Olson (deceased), Don Par­
sons, Paul and Winifred Reutter (both de­
cca ed), Bill and Jean Roberts (both deceased).
Jordan Sawdo, Jim Schoon, Dean and Donna
Talty, Tom Trask, Leon Theisen, Kurt Triscori,
Tom Wooden. Helen Wright, and AI (de­
ceased) andJune Zeitner. These are the people
who opened the doors, showed us the way,
donated specimens for our research, supported
our interest, and even our obsession with
the e wonderful creatures.
In addition. we thank all the ranchers who
opened their lands to us and others for collect­
ing. as well as the numerous collectors who
have shared their finds with us.
Thanks also to Joe Small, editor of the
Fossil News. a monthly journal of amateur
paleontology, for all of his help on the layout
and suggestion to improve readability.
A very pecial thank you to Brenda Larson,
\\ho put up with Neal through all of the hours,
weeks. and year that went into this book,
when he could often think of nothing else.
And fmally, particular thanks is given to
Marion Zenker, who typed this manuscript
many. many times. created numerous dia­
grams and drawing�. and also suffered the
erratic temperaments of the authors with
grace. Thank you!
NealL Larson Steven D. Jorgensen
Roben A. Farrar Peter L Larson
xi
 INTKODUCTIJiJN :•::-

Placenticeras intercalare
(after Meek, 1876)

T he Pierre Shale and its macrofauna have been studied for more than 150 years. F. B.
Meek collected, figured. and described many of the common invertebrate fossils. His
1876 monograph. InvenebraJe Cretaceous and Teniary Fossils of the Upper Missnuri
Country, is the mo t comprehensive reference for Pierre Shale invertebrate fos sils to date
, .

Since that time, many others have published works on the cephalopods, gastropods. pelet:y­
pods, arthropods, and other invertebrates. A large variety of vertebrates has a Iso been reported.
Despite scores of publications on the geology and fauna, many specimens await description .

The rapid erosion of the shale expo es large numbers of fos its each year. and the continued
coUe cting of this material will undoubtedly yield new taxa.
 -
GEoLOGIC :'{ SEJim, �a
D uring the Campanian and Maastrichtian
Stages of the Late Cretaceou!>,the West­
em Interior epicontinental ea covered an elon­
gated,asymmetrical trough. The westernbound­
ary of this Cretaceous basin extended from west­
ern Arizona h
t rough western Utah,central Idaho.
western Montana,and north into the Canadian
Arctic. The tectonically active Sevier Orogenic
Bell contributed enormous quan­
titie. of coar.e-grained, clastic
material to the rapidly subsiding
westernportion of the ba.in.
The easternedge of the basin
can be traced to we.tern Minne­
sota anc.l Iowa. The fine-grained
sediment,low rates of deposition,
and thin su·atigraphic units indi­
cate a limited sediment source on
the easternside of the basin. The
north end of the seaway wa open
to the boreal region of northern
Canada and Greenland,while the
south end of the seaway was con­
nected to the Texas Gulf Coast
area. Marine vertebrates and in­
vertebrates migrated into and out
of the Western lnterior from both
of these regions.
Various re earchers have in­
vestigated the po ·ible depth of
the epicontinental seaway,in gen­
eral,and the Pierre Seaway spe­ Didymoceras nebrascense
cifically. Kauffman (1977) states
that the shallow-water marine,
marginal marine, and coastal-plain coar e­
grajned clastics,deposited on the western shore­
line,were deposie
l d in water less than 50m deep.
ln western Colorado. New Mexico.and parts
of eastern Utah, h
l e Mancos and Lewi
appear to have been deposited in deep. quiet
2 i\mmnniti'S and til� ntlrer Ct!!phalnpods ofth� Pierr� S�away
. ·' �
water (200-300m), possibly the deepest part
of the seaway. The eastern Colorado and west­
ern Kansas ''hingeline" represent outer shelf
water depths of 100-200m. The easternplat­
form,in eastern Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa,
probably was rarely covered by more than 100
meters of water at maximum transgression.
Gill and Cobban (1966a) state that at Red
Bird, Wyoming, the Gammon
Ferruginous and Sharon Springs
Members of the Pierre Shale ap­
pear to have been deposited in
le s than 200m of water, while
sub equent members of the
Pierre Shale were deposited in
more than 200m of water. Fora­
miniferal data at Red Bird, Wyo­
ming, indicate a water depth
ranging from 120m to les. than
15m (Mello, 1969).
Gill and Cobban ( 1973) pre­
sent a detailed discussion of the
depositional environments of the
Pierre Shale and its equivalents
in the Dakotas, Wyoming. and
Montana. Across this vast area,
the lithologies range from
nonmarine and nearshore arena­
ceous clastics ro fine-grained il­
lite-montmorillonite marine
shales. Bentonite beds,of vary-
ing thicknesses, can be traced
DraWing by John R. Stacy aero s hundreds,and sometimes
thousand ,of square miles in this
area. These bentonites are valuable correlation
markers in the Western Interior because the tiny
sanidine and zircon cry tals,which occur in the
bentonites, have been used o
l radiometrically
Shale date the variou members of the Pierre Shale.
 PosiTION oF THE PIERRE SHALE
IN GEOLOGIC TIME
ERA PERIOD EPOCH STAGE FORMATION

- 66.5 MY r---"T"

u
� 71.5
0 00
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0
00
0
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� u
�
�
�
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��5 �
u :z
�
�
�
�
<
:;g
=
00
\ �
\
\ �
\ �
\ �
\ �
\
\ =.c
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
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82MY

References: Dyman, T. S.: Mete\\ether. E. A: Molenaar. C. M.; Obrado\ich.J. D.: Wt:imer, R. 1.: and Bryant, W. A 1994.
Geological Society of America 1983. Figurt!: Farrar, N. Larson, 11)94
Computer Graphic: M. Zenker

3
 ' .

ExTKATERRESTKI��
E vcr since I 980,when Louis and Walter
Alvarezstunned the scien tific commu­
even older Sharon Springs Member. It appears
that the Pierre Shale,below the unconformity a t
ni ty wi h
t h
t eir as teroid impact theory,a search the base of the Crow Creek Member ,has been
has been underway to locate the crater blasted more deeply eroded in sou h
t eastern Sou h
t Da­
hy the exta
r terrestrial body hypothesized to have kota (nearer the Manson site) than in more
impacted the Earth at the end of the Cretaceous. westernareas.
bringing to an end the reign of the dinosaurs Another possible e ffect of the impact and
and the ammoni tes. Two impac t features that resul it ng tsunami is the absence of Didymoceras
appear o
t have been srevensoni and any
created a t or near the fossil molluscan or
end of the Creta­ oh
t er distinguishable
ceous include the fo sils throughout the
Chicxulub structure, entire Didymoceras
of the Yucatan Pen­ stevensoni Range Zone
insula on the Gulf of in Norh
t Dakota. South
Mexico, and th e Dakota, or Nebraska.
Manson s rt ucture in As far away as West­
Iowa. The Chicxulub ern Sou th Dakota
structure is thought to there is a noticeable
more closely coin­ absence of fauna be­
cide with the Creta­ tween the Didy­
Comet Hyakutake
ccous-TeJ lt ary (K-T) Photo by 0. Richard Norton. Science Graph1cs moceras nehrascense
boundary (64.4 MYA), Range Zone and the
while the Manson s rt ucture is older (73.8 MYA) Exriloceras jenneyi Range Zone on the north­
and occurred during the it me of the deposition em. eastern. and southern flanks of the Black
of the Didymoceras srevensoni Range Zone of Hill . The tsunami could have left the seaway
the Pierre Shale. lze tr et al. ( 1993)reported tha t uninhabitable or it may have destroyed all evi­
the base of h
t e Crow Creek Member of the dence of life in the e area . However,the fauna
Pierre Shale in eastern Sou h
t Dako ta contain is remarkably n
i tact and abundant on the wes ­
t
shocked quartz grains,presumably derived from emand northwestern flanks of the Black Hills,
the Manson impact ejec ta,based on radiomet­ indicating that there must have been orne struc­
ric data and proximity. u
t re that pro tected or shielded them from the
Possible evidence of the erosive force of a force o f the t unarnl.
tsunami produced by h
t e Manson impact is the I t i. geological events such as this that make
regional, angular unconformity present at the the investigations of the geology and paleontol­
base of the Crow Creek Member of the Pierre ogy of the Pierre Shale in teresting,challenging.
Shale. ln Lyman County. South Dakota, the and exciting. With continued research into the
unconformity occurs be w
t een the Crow Creek Manson impact structure and associated geol­
Member and the underlying Gregory Member. ogy,a more informed and clearer picture will
Fru h
t er eas ,
t in Yankton County. South Dakota. develop that may prove the incredible force of
erosion hao; completely removed h
t e Gregory this impact.
Member and the unconformity lie on top of the

4 Ammonites and the uther Cephalopods ufthe Piure Seawa)


Tnt: PIERRE .�E�WA�
T hroughout the Cretaceous Period, t h e
Western i nterior Seaway made a series
of transgressions and regressions into the West­
�m Interior Basin of North America Even
though the seaway wac; open to the Arctic Ocean,
there i no evidence in the fo it record to sug­
gest a cold environmenL A wide variety of life
was supported by three major ecological areas
within the seaway-a cool northern boreal zone,
a mild central zone, and a warm southern tethian
Lone.
Ammonite diversity seemed to reach its peak
within the temperate zones of the seaway which
extended from what is pre ent-day northern New
Mexico through southern Canada. Many differ­
ent types of cephalopods nourished in these
waters, but heteromorph ammonites predomi­
nated. Ocean warming and cooling plus rapid
Oxybeloceras sp.
DraWing by John R. Stacy
EXPLANATIO OF SUBSEQUE T PIERRE
Plotting the shoreline of an ancient seaway is
difficull and often impreci e work. We are
grateful that Dr. William Cobban undertook to
plot the west coast of thi seaway. using ammo­
nite zones from New Mexico to Canada as hi
guides. His calculation probably follow quite
closely the western shoreline of the Pierre Sea­
way at its greatest incursion. Glaciation and
erosion have nearly obliterated all traces of the
seaway' northern and eastern boundaries. A
-
·.
nuctuations of oxygen content and salinity caused
changes i n the lithologic deposition and life
forms in the seaway. Many extinctions occurred
during these episodes, but new forms of ammo­
nites arrived and Oourished. The new forms
probably came most often from the Gulf Coast,
but some probably also arrived via the northern
corridor to Greenland or to the Arctic Ocean.
The Baculires obtusus Zone, of middle
Campanian age, coincides with the maximum
expanse of the seaway. Many transgression
and regres ion followed the Baculites obtusus
transgression. The seaway never again covered
such a large area, and it tin ally succumbed to the
continental uplift and eli appeared ncar the end
of the Maastrichtian.
SEAWAY MAPS
few mall outcrops remain. however, suggesting
that the eastern edge of the seaway may have
extended well into present-day low a and Minne-
ota. Judging from the foraminifera and an
ammonite found in glacial till, the northern
boundary was probably open to what is now
Greenland. Exposures of marine outcrops in the
'orthwest Territory and the Yukon inclicate that
at its greate t extent the Pierre Seaway probably
opened to the Arctic Ocean to the north.
5
 PIERRE SHALE MAR£NE AGE OUTCROPS

Present Day North America

U. S. Geolo11ical Survey stale geolo gi cal ma ps : Canadian Gcolog�cal

F1gure: N. Larson, 1994
Referenccs:
Survey Provancial geological map� & map of !he Arctic: American
Association of Petroleum Geologists tate geological highway �I�apS. Computer graphiCS: M. Zenker

6 Ammonites and the mlrer Cephalopods of rluo Pierre Seawa-.

 WESTERN INTERIOR PIERRE SEAWAY OF NORTH AMERICA
Regressions and Transgressions during Upper Cretaceous Period

I
"1'-
'- '-
1
I
I
1;.
I

Baculires obuma time

appro:timatel} 80 MYA

References. Cohb:m. W.A.: Men:v.c:tbcr. E. A.: Fouch. I. D.: and ObradoHch.J. 0.. 1994. Figure: N. Larson, 1994
Computer graphics: M. Zenker

7
 WESTERN INTERIOR PIERRE SEAWAY OF NORTH AMERICA
Regressions and Transgressions during Upper Cretaceous Period

Baculires compressus time

approximaLely 73 MYA

References: Cohban. W. A.; Merewelher. E. A.: Fouch, T. D.: and Obradovich. J.D.. 1994. Figure: N. Larson, 1994
Computer graphics: M. Zenker
!! Ammonites 011d Lhe other Cephalopods of rlre Pierre Seaway
 WES TERN lNTERlOR PIERRE SEAWAY OF NORTH AMERICA
Regressions and Transgressions during Upper Cretaceous Period

I
I
' I
/'-,.. I
I -,..-
I I I

{, I
I I
I
\ I I
\ I I

Baculites clinolobaws time

approximately 69 MYA

References: Cobban, W. A.; Merev.elher, E. A.: Fouch. T. D.; and Obradovich, J. 0., 199�. Figure: N. Larson, 1994
Computer graphics: M. Zenker
9
 T h e Pie r e S hal eis l ar gely compo sed o f
da rk-gray to blac kma rin es hale ran ging
Uppe r Cr etaceous roc k u nits of the W es tern
n
I t erior S eaway and h elped d ef
ine 26di fere nt
t an I ,000to 10,000f tin h
from l ess h t ic kne s . ammo nit era nge zon es in h
t e P ier e
r Shal eand
The pre sence o fs lty,
i andy . a nd calcar eou a ge- equival ent roc ks o
t da te. The r eco gnitio nof
u ni tswit hin ht ela rgely dar k- gray Pi erre Shal e thes e zo ne s bas be en of ma jor m
i po rtance n
i
ha . be en ht e bas is of formal m ember nam es, u nravelin g h
t e history and h
t e st rat igrap hy of the
suc has h
t e Gammon F erru gi nou s M emb er (i n­ P ierr e Shal e. Glenn R. Scot t a nd W lliam
i A .
cludin g h
te Groa t Sands o
t ne B ed ), Sha ro n Cobba n mapp ed h
t e se ammoni te zones alo ng
Sp ri ngs M embe r, Mitten Blac k Shale M ember, h
t e Fro nt Ra nge from out b centra l Colorado
Red Bi d
r Sil y
t Memb er ,and Mo num ent Hill and no rthward to h
t e Wyom ingbo rd er.
Kara B en o
t nit ci M embe rs o f h
t e B ac
l k Hill Du rin g Campan a
i n and Maa st rich ita ntim es
ar ea ; and h
t e Sha ro n Spri ngs, Gr ego ry , C o
rw fluc tua tion si n sea l ev el caus ed cha ngesin the
Cr eek, Dc Grey , Vcre ndry e, V ri gi n Cree k, w e et rn (and pr esu rnably ea c;te m)mar gi nso fh
te
Mobrid ge, and El k Bu tte M embe rs o f the seaway. Th ewest er nma rgi no fth e Pi erre Shal e
M issiouri Riv er vall ey o f Sou th D a kota. i of ten inter o
t n gued wi th t err estrial d epo si st .
Nears hor e sands o
t n eunit sin no rthern Colorado O ne uch ter re str ai l '"ton gu e"i st he Campa nian
hav e giv en ris e o
t suc h nam esa Hy gi ene, T erry . Jud ti h Riv er Format o
i n of cent ral Mon at na a nd
La rm
i er , Roc ky Rid ge,and Richard Sa nd sto ne Alberta. D ur n
i gla te Campani an itme, h
t e sea­
Memb er so ft he P ier re S hal e. Themonoto ny of way a ga in expa nd ed w estd e
p o si in
t gt be Bcarpaw
th e sh al eu nit sis bro ken by many hor izon s o f Shal e of Mon a
t na and A berta
l . The m a rin e
calca reou sand iro nsto ne co ncre iton . Ma ny of B earpaw Shale i a time equ valent
i o f theupp er
th ese co ncr etio ns contain fos sil s. Du e to the part o fth e Pi err e Shal e. A st he Cr etaceous drew
di fficul y
t reco gn zi in gs ructur
t ein t he shal e,t he to a c o
l se, the P ier re Seaway be ga n to re c ed e
co nc e
r tio nhor izons wi thdis tinc tiv efaunal a c;­ eas w
t a rd y
l a nd then sou h
t eas w
t ardly. Th e Pierr e
sembla ge s hav e been ex tremely m
i por a
t nt o
t S eaway di sapp ea red by middl e Maa strich ita n
geolo gistswor kin gin the Pi err e S hale. Throu gh­ tim e.
out the W est ern n
I ter o
i r, the o
f siliz ed r ema ins The Pie rre Shale r ests con formably o
t di s­
of ammon ties ar eso numerous and wid espr ead, co nfo rmably upon h
t e Niobrara Forma iton, a
and thei rmorp holo gical diff erenc es so disc ern ­ y ellow o
t gray wea therin glim estone o rc hal k.
bl
i e, tha tby u sin g them, geolo gis tsand paleon­ Depos ited co nformably o n o
t p of h
t e Pi erre
o
t lo gis tsca n separa teve ry h
t ic k homo geneou Shale i the Fox Hills Fo rma iton,wh c
i h isc hi efly
roc kunits into small er bio tra tigrap bic zo nes . .ands o
t neand sa ndy ·hal e h
t at was depos ited at
T hes el m
i i et d zo nes enable geolo gi ts o
t locate the ed ge o fth e seaway a si r ec ed ed from we t o
t
h
t em se lv es at h
t esa n1epoint n
i geolo gic tim e east. Th eforma tio n si tim e rta nsgressiv e so that
acro ss grea t di stances (sometime s m o re tha n t etop of t he P ierr e Shal e in Wyomin g i sold er
h
,
1 000mi apar t). D r. W lil a
i m A. Cobban in­ than th e o
t p of th e P ier e
r Shal e i nc entral Sou h
t
v ested mor e t ha n 40 y ear . wor ki ng with the Da ko a
t .

ltl llmmnt�itP< ,,, ,,,,. nthl'r rf'nlurlnnnd< nfthe Pierrt' .'it'Ok'tt\

 :-=-

l'1ACKOFOSsms

�he Pierre Shale is probably best known
.1 for its remarkably well-preserved ammo­
nites. These include the planispiral Placenticeras
.tnd a host of heteromorph forms such as
Baculites, Hoploscaphites, Jeletzkytes,
0\}'beloceras, Solenoceras, Exiteloceras, and
Didymoceras. There are also a number of lesser
known and several known but undescribed am­
monites. In certain horizons, ammonites are
round in great numbers and often in an excellent
,tate of preservation with iridescent, nacreous
,hell material intact. Eutrephoceras, probably
the ancestor of the present-day chambered nau­
u l us, occurs abundantly in the later portions of
the Pierre Shale. Other cephalopods. such as
11elemnites and squids, are rare. Gastropods,
pelecypods, and scaphopods are abundant and
.tre commonly well preserved. Although these
mollusks are typically best preserved in calcar­
eous concretions, they also occur loose in the
,hale.
Echinoderms are rare
m the Pierre Shale, al­ �/
rhough several echinoid
::iffllfiilLt;2�C�·
abundant lobsters and crabs. Several localities
in South Dakota produce small crabs in concre­
tions (Dakoticancer). One site yields crabs and
lobsters (Linuparus) in concretions and loose in
the shale. A concretion horizon in the Bearpaw
Shale ( equivalent of the upper part of the Pienc
Shale) in central Montana produces abundant
lobsters of the genera Hoploparia, Palaeo­
nephrops, and Linuparus. Other i nvertebrates
occasionally recovered include bryozoans, bra­
chiopods, and corals.
Vertebrate fossils are found throughout the
Pierre Shale. They are preserved both in concre­
tions and loose in the shale. Vertebrates are
common only in the Sharon Springs Member
near the base of the formation. Most of the
specimens found in this horizon are poorly pre­
served; consequently, excavation, preparation,
and description of this fauna have been limited.
Interest in this fauna has increased and extensive
collecting projects have begun.
Ken Carpenter of the
,-,
Denver Museum ofNatu-
ral History has been par-

��
genera and a brittle-star ticularly active i n re-
have been noted. The searc h i n g t h i s fauna.
echinoids usually occur in Documented vertebrates
concretions but have also Pteranodon ingens include mosasaurs, ple­
heen found loose in the (after Eaton 191 0) s i osaurs, pterosaurs,
'hale. One locality in birds, ntrtles, and fish. Di-
South Dakota has pro- nosaurs arc one of the
duced complete ophiaroids in compacted shale more unusual faunal elements ofthe Pierre Shale,
units. probably representingcarcasses that were washed
Althropods are uncommon in the Pierre out to ea.
Shale; however. limited areas have produced

II
 AMMONITE ZONES OF THE WESTERN
Pierre Shale and Age

Soulh DakOla North Dakota Nebrnsk•

South Dakora
AGE South Dako1a Wyoming
-g Stage Ammonite Zone · wr::,ung Montana Enslcm
•t:
"'
c..
(!
S
olu F
lanJ. Northern

(I
Flank
Black Hillf6 Mossoun Rij'J O>:ldron M:h
(�
Black Holl>
.lllArP"Ar 12
m
Hell �!i
l Hill)o
Formmon
Jeletzkyu:> dorfi
Formauoo .,. _
�
Creek
upper -
..."' Unnamed
69.42 ± 0.37
Baculite> dirw/oha111;
unnamed
u ?: Fox Hill> Shale
shale
Mobridge

�Vl .3 Raculites 11randis Formation

Member
Mcmba
< Baculites baculus

� 1..,-.�� --;:;;;o;;o
Baculites elicui
7 1 .3 ± 0.5 �Low
er
-
unconfonrut)
f--
unnarnetl
BaCIIIitesjerueni
>hale I,..,� Uppc::r
\'em� Odanah
(pan)
part
Baclllitrs reesidei Unnamed Member

�ITVTT
Member
Shale
Baculites ctmeutus Member
• ab>cn
_ ? _
t
73.35 ± 0.39

�JJiiJl f--
Raculites cnmpre>sus
Vl
.... l: I
onum
M ent l)eGrey
-?-
;:J Member
u
8. Didymoceras clll!yennen.te c: IUU
Bentomtic:
0..
;:J a;
u

@
u
Member J:!

DeGrey .!!
Exite/oceras jenneyi 74.76 ± 0.72 lo>Aoc:r
1-- � - ? - .2
�
u
Didymoceras stevemoni
�Mcm�r
(pan)
Unnamed �
Shale
Member
.;::
Crow
Creel.
Member
Mcmbc:r "'
...
t
:,:
u
Didymncercu nebra.vcense ;;
z
0::: c- ? -
Middle
J:!
t.IJ
c..
:s Baculite.f scotri �t �----- - ?-
;:J z
c..
Re<l nird Gregory
part
c: Re<l Bird
u
u

Mernba"
..
�
J:!

Memher Greg«y
Baculitrs redwrcu.f Ill Stloy
"'
Member
Siloy

Memba
u

< �
u .;::
Baculites gregoryenm

"'
:0 Baculites puplexu> (4 M-
-
f-- -
f--
-o Hlo<l Mitten

MiiiCil
-
� Baculites sp. (;moulh 'J'OC•esl ·- Bllk'k

l'embina
Shal<
McmbtT
Black
Baculites asperifonnis Sharon Shale Member
Springs Member f--
Bacu/ues mcleami
Member Sharon
Spring,
Baculites oblltSILf 80.54 ± 0.55 Member
f--
sp. ("'<ak Onnk nb>l
Sharun
Baculites Spring<>
Member
..."' Baculites sp. (•muoihl O=mon Gommoo Niobrar•
:l: r..._,.. � Formation
0 m
(part)
Scaplrites hippocrepif \l<mb<r ldembcr
..J

Scaplrites lppocrepif
u n 81.71 ± 0.34
Noolnnl I'm Niolnrafm
Scaplrires hippoaepis I N- R ilJliiiOI!I part) (part) (part)
I) Gill and Cobban 1966a 2) Obradovich. J. D. 1993
g
3) The Baculites redwtcus zone may be lhe same a e as the Baculites gregoryen�is zone
[Cohban written communication 1994]
4) Zone contains an early and late form of Baculites perplexus and is separated by Baculires gilbeni.
5) Gill and Cobban 1 972a 6) Cobban and Larson 7) Gill and Cobban 1965

12 Ammonite,f and the othu Cephulopnd.f ofthe Piurt' Seawav

INTERIOR PIERRE SEAWAY
Equivalent Rock Units

i\..tl�
l , Culorndo Colomdo Colomdo New Mexico w2':n�g wr:�ng Montana Montana Albt:rta Mrutitoba
<1h Central Utah Colorndo Central Saskatchewan ContrJ.!

Furt Col tinfR· Pueblo

(
Rook Cli��·SanJuan�
Eastern Northeastern
Salt C rcc�11 Larnmie110.
(9
HardinAl'cfo
Southern

II (11)

lJrUl Transmoo
Member
Trinidad
Sandstone
Laoc< Fm.
(pun)
Lance
Formation
(part)
Hell Creek

(part)
Fonnation
Fox llills
Formation
Eastend
Eastend
Formation

�� //
Fox Hms Fm. Formation
Fox Hm<
llunter
Canyon
Kirkland Fonnation

Shale Lewis Lewis

Unnamed sandslonc Fonnation Shale Shale
Mcmlx!'r and Bearpaw unnamed
Unnam:d
llearpaw
Salt shale Shale Shale Member

Creek I- ? -
shale

\1ember
t-- ?-
1:¥:: I- -?- - - -?--
�
.. "* � � Fruitland
-
Lake
� r--- Fonnatioo Teapot
Bearpaw
t:
Creek ... Pine
./"

- Member
S:mdl.tooe
_ " sa.nd.�mne Ridge Shale

�
Member
:. 0::
<hale
and
Mount
Sandstone
Odanah

v
-
I- ? -
Garfield Member
0.

II ��
Formation
Terry Ss. 5
- Teepee
Me
m ber Zone
tr:LGtlben ·tf� Wlllallled
Oldman
-
0.
0
� Formation
Lewis marine e
1897) "

tp
::.; "
...
Weskan
shale Shale "'2
"
shale 0 JudJth ]
"'
Member �
,. Ruck
�
Formation !l
River Millwood
>

0:: Member
River
., r--- ' � "
FUnnalioo
-;; �
Hygiene ;;;
Sandstone u Ru.�ty
Member
5 Zone � Prutman
Foremost
<i: (ofGilbm l'arlcman Fonnation
SaMstone
1897) Buck Sandstone P:!rlmt:m
� Tongue Sandstone �
r--- Steele
s:mdstonc
and Sharon r,.-... shale Shale Pembina

�
Sharon shale (pan}
Sprin� Member
Springs
Member Sharon �"" �
Member Claggen Claggell
";; S1raySs. Shale Shale Pakowki
Springs
Member � o... s. c
-�"' ] ----.; ;---- Shale
.2
"' ..
.......
E - -
- - -
Transnioo
Memb<t
Trans11Hlll
Mcmba
"
e
�
.J::
0
t:!. -8 �
u =
& i:
0

Milk
"'
!;'
Eagle
�" _,... Eagle
Sandstone Sand<Jone
Ganunon
Niobmm River
.><

! :l ft.mlgJIIOU.'J
-
�vnnation .E :E.
-
(pan)
:E. .bole
.,
Niobrara Niobrara .>< (pan) Sand�tone Member
0

I"
(pan)
Farmalion Formation f---
FishlOOlh
(pwt) (part)
Mancos
Sandstone
Shale
1--- N1obrard. Frn
(pan) shale (pUil)

8) Gill, Cobban and Schultz I972a
I I ) Cobban 1955
*Ss is abbreviation for Sandstone
9) Gill and Cobban 1973 I 0) Gill, Merewelher, and Cobban 1970
12) Cobban Lwritten communication 1994] 13) McNeil and Caldwell 1981
Illustration: W. Cobban and N. Larson.
Computer graphics: M. Zenker, 1996.

13
 C ephalopoda ar ethe larg est, mo st nt
i eUi­
g ent ,and mo st a gil er epr esentat ivesof
th e Phylu m Mollu <.:a that ha veever il ved . Ce pha­
lopods (mean n
j g h ead -foot )ha ve ext ernal or ­
gan s cons sting
i of a di st nct
i head with two la g
re
eye .,a b eak.a f unn el,and a cir cle of ann. w th
i
a pa ri ofpr eh ensil et entac les (o ften wi h
t hooks
or .uck er s)around the mout h. They al so ha vea
la g
r e body ca vity that prot ects th einternal or ­
gan s such a sth e h erut.k d
i n ey s, gills , sto ma ch,
int est n
i es, re producti ve organ s, rad ula, and a
man tl e ca vity. All cephalopod s (w tih the ex cep­
tion of so me octopi )ha ve eith er an ext ernal sh ell
wh ere th eani mal nhab
i ti sth e last cha mb er,or an Cross Section of Chambered Nautilus
Illustration by D.S. Norton
int ernal sh ell that i slinearly cha mb er ed or re ­
duc ed n
i siz e. ilis play fer vent courtshi p exhlb tions.
i Extin ct
Ce phalo pod s ha ve b een di vid ed into two cephalo pods ate a variety of food. Th es maller
gro up s, Tetrabranc ruata (fou r-gillcd ,
) wh ci h in ­ ty peswer ep ir mar ly
i p ankton
l emers,but as with
cl ud es th e ext ernal shell ed nautiloid and a m­ all pr edatory an ima ls, they w ere o pportunisti c
monoid , and th e Dibran chiata (two-g lil ed), f eed ers, eating whate ver they w er eabl e to catch.
which incl ud es sq uid s.octo pi,and th eb ele m­ Th ediet of extant cephalopods consist sof plank­
l pods ar eu ed
nit e sor cuttl e fish . Shell ed ce pha o ton , <.:r ustacean s,and fi sh a sw ell a sother cepha ­
by b o
i stratigrapher sto .e parate the t ruck Pal eo ­ lopod .. They , in tum, arc f ed upon by tish ,
zo ci and Mesozoi crock unit sinto small er , more r eptil es, crusta ceans.and oth er <.:ephalo pods .
con ci se bio stratigraphi c ,wn es. Mod ern ce pha ­ Shell ed cephalo pod s ha ve th e a hility to
lopod sarc mo st ab undant in th e shallow (l ess achi eve neutral b uoyan cy in wat er d ueto th eir
than I 00 m) coa stal ar eas of th e world s' o ceans. cha mb er ed sh ell swh ich can b e fill ed w tih ga sor
Many c ephalopod s, as do other pr edator s, ca meral lf uid sto control the d epth to which th e
ha ve a high er metabol ci rate than most oth er ani mal sinks or ri ses. Nautilus ( Lat n
i : nautilos
n
i vertebrat es. This enables th emto b e qu ick, mean s sa lor),
i th e only sur viving, external y
l
ni mbl e swi mmer sthat can stalk pr ey and co m­ sh ell ed ce phalo pod, even a p
pear s in mod ern
p et ewith f
i shes fo r food. Th e mo llu scan f
oot of fiction. n
I Ju les Vcme's l 870booktit lcd Twenry
th e sh elled and .o tf-bodied cephalo pod s ha s Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, Vernena med
b een moditi ed nto
i a funne l h
( yponorn e)that can ills sub marine , th e Nautilus, an d ga ve it the
be pointed in d fi f er ent dir e ction.. Wh en th e chara ct eristi cso fthi sre markabl e ce phalopod.
cephalopod takes wat er into the mant leca vity, ti Sh elled c ephalo pod s do not ha ve ink sac s
then expe sl th ewat er o ut through th efunnel and b ecaus eth ey ha vea protecti ve,hard , ext ernal,
by jet pro pul sion mo vesits elf in th eoppos ti e chitinous sh ell. Leh man ( 1967) and Wet zel
dir ect o
i n fro mthe dir ection in whi ch th e f unn el ( 196 9 )d d
i d es cr be
i what they belie ved to b eink
point s. sacs n
i two dif fer ent a m
monites. Land man and
Cephalopod brain s ar e so w ell de veloped oth ers,how e ver ,dispute thi s p
( ersonal co mmu­
h
! at th ey ar e capabl eof earn
l ing and taking care ni cat o
i n, 19 9 4). Th e of ,
t externa l-bod ed
i ce pha­
of th ei 1· young . Many typ es of cephalopod s o
l pod sty pi cal y
l ha ve n
i k sa cs that enabl ethe m

1 -l Ammonites Ollll the other Ct'phalopods of the Pierre Seaway

Ct A..,.., Ct t'ttAI.OI'ODA
to hide from their enemies behind a self-gener­
ated ink cloud. The earliest known fossil ink
sacs are from the Jurassic. Many modem squid,
culllefishcs, and octopi have the ability to make
rapid color changes with the aid of muscle­
controlled pigment-bearing cells. This muscle­
controlled color changing is unique to cephalo­
pods.
CEPHALOPOD EcoLoG�
A ssuming that the main body of the Pierre
Seaway ranged in depth from 15 to 200
meters, a vast array of ecological niches existed.
Animal life in the sea would have evolved to
inhabit the benthic or pelagic cnviTons of the
seaway as best suited their particular needs or
was easiest for them to exploit. It is possible that
the highly buoyant, free-swimmingjuveniles of
all cephalopod genera were dispersed by the
surface currents of the seaway while they drifted
with the other planktonic organisms living in the
sea. This would help explain how species were
able to quickly disperse across the seaway. Sub­
adults probably migrated to the portion of the
water column that they would occupy as adults.
Juvenile cephalopods probably ate other
planktonic-sized organisms, both plant and ani­
mal. and were likewise consumed by larger
creatures. All growth stages of cephalopods
� beloceras, and Solenoceras were not fast swim­
v Involute Evolute
Illustration by D.S. Norton
were subject to predation by marine reptiles.
birds. fish. crabs. squid, and larger ammonites.
The planispiral genera (e.g . Menabites.
. stay at deeper depths during daytin1e hours.
Menuites. Pachydiscus and Placenticeras) con­
, probably to avoid predators. In reef-slope habi­
tinued with their involute and evolute. overlap­
ping whorls lhroughom their lifetimes. but the
heleromorphschanged their hape dramatically.
"·-).
Scaphites grew involute coils until nearly adult,
when the living chamber became retracted from
the earlier whorls. Exiteloceras was planispiral,
but it is still considered a heteromorph because
the whorls do not come into contact. Baculites
began as a coiled ammonitclla, but straightened
after only about one and one-half coils. All three
genera were probably relatively mobile and their
neutral buoyancy would have allowed them to
actively feed throughout the water column.
Solenoceras began as a typical coiled
arnmonitella and grew a straight limb that inex­
plicably turned 180° and grew back in the direc­
tion of the ammonitella with the body chamber
in contact alongside the pbragmocone. The
Oxybeloceras ammonitella was followed by one
and one-half to two open spiral whorls that
retracted into a straight to slightly curved limb.
Later ontogenetic stages of Oxybeloceras look
similar to those of Solenoceras. Depending on
the species, the ammonitella of Didymoceras
was followed by straight or curved limbs that
changed to tight or loose helical coils and ended
with a J-shaped or U-shaped body chamber.
Schooling behavior is almost always de­
picted for Baculites as analogous to the modern
squid. There is no direct evidence for this be­
havior in any of these genera. However, the
large numbers of individuals of some species
would indicate vast schools, not only when
spawning, but also when feeding opportunities
presented themselves. Didymoceras, Oxy­
mers: consequently, they doubtless were benthic
feeder , eating plankton, carrion, as well as
larger. s low-moving or careless marine animals.
Cretaceous nautiloids probably lived in the
same shallow-water depths as the ammonites.
Extant nautili are nocturnal and only move up in
the water column at night to feed. They prefer to
tats, the nautilus is a bottom-dwelling or benthic
cavenger and predator. Modem adult nautili
tend to tay in the same area they inhabited as
15
Cl AS� CL: FIIAI .Of'ODA
newborns and juveniles; most travel no more
than 30 krn from their home territory. Long­
tem1 habitats appear to be at about300 m deep or
less in the water column, which limits damage to
the shell by flooding or implosion.
Squids and octopi arc rapid swimmers using
their tentacles or arms for catching and holding
their prey. They are both benthic and pelagic
dwellers that search the reefs and shallow seas
for their food. These animals propel themselves
by taking water into the mantle cavity and expel­
ling it through an organ called the funnel.
Preserved remains of fossil nautiloids are
not nearly as abundant as those of the ammo­
nites. This suggests that they were primarily
solitary animals, whereas the ammo nites prob­
ably "schooled" as evidenced by the abundance
of their remains. The population densities of the
nautilus were never as large or diverse as the
ammonites. This is probably a result of their
reproductive success, with a few large eggs laid
every year by the female. Due to the fine preser­
vation of cephalopods and other fauna through­
out the Pierre Seaway, we have been able to
learn a great deal about their habitat.
DIMORPHISM IN CEr:ftALOP.ODS
I
t is important to the paleontologist and bio­
su·atigrapher to determine the gender of
cephalopods. If male and female differences are
not identified, there may be twice as many spe­
cies described as actually Lived because each
gender may have dramatically different body
size and shell morphology.
The extant Nautilus (a living relative of
these ancient cephalopods) have been tudied
for more than I 00 years and produce some
interesting observations. Collections of speci­
mens of Nautilus from New Guinea and the
Philippine Islands show that the percentage of
males in the mature population ranges from 69%
to 92%. This is a surprisingly large percentage
of males because it is the female that guarantees
16 Amnwnitel and the mher Cephalopods of the Pierre Seaway
�':�
the survival of the species. One male can im­
pregnate several females, but the female must
wait out the gestation period imposed by nature
before producing young.
ln mature nautili, the male generally has a
slightly larger shell and a heavier visceral mass.
Male nautilus shells are larger in diameter and
wider than those of the mature female. It is
probable that sexual maturity is not reached until
maximum growth is achieved. Some giant am­
monites, however, surely must have attained
sexual maturity long before they reached maxi­
mum size.
Another interesting phenomenon of the ex­
tant nautilus is that the female lays compara­
tively few eggs each year. Therefore, even
though nautilus has the ability to reproduce for
several years, i t is probably not capable of explo­
sive reproduction. That may be the primary
reason Eutrephoceras has never been found in
large enough numbers to be designated a Range
Zone fossil within the Pierre Seaway.
For more than 100 years, paleontologists
assumed that ammonites were sexuaUy dimor­
phic, but it was not until the 1950s and 1960s that
discoveries were made that support this assump­
tion. One of the most exciting finds regarding
ammonite sexual dimorphism was tl1e discovery
by Lehman i n 1 966 of preserved egg sacs i n the
fossilized remains of a Jurassic ammonite
macroconch. The macroconch or larger conch
of ammonites has since been widely accepted as
being the shell of the female. Shell size seems to
be the most striking difference between the
sexes i n ammonites. In the invertebrate world,
and in nearly all molus.ks, females are ordinarily
larger than males. There are often strikingly
different male and female morphological forms.
ln scaphit:ids, the macroconch (female) has a
slight swelling just above the umbilicus in the
body chamber. This has been suggested by
Landman and others as the possible placement
site of a brood chamber. ln the Family
Scaphitidae, the macroconch body chamber in­
creases gradually in width but rapidly i n height.
CLA�� Ct f'tt '\1 <>I'ODA
However, in the microconch, the body chamber
;rows slowly in both height and width, but never
.mains the ma<;s of the macroconch. Tubercle
placement, flank and venter width, and ribbing
.uc all factors when attempting to establish
'110rphorypes. In the phows of the scaphitids. we
'how microconchs and macroconcbs together so
rhat the reader can see the extreme differences.
The fossil record indicates that the male-to­
female ratio in ammonites was probably the
opposite of the extant Nautilus. thus providing
the number offemales necessary to make explo­
,r ve reproduction possible. It is also believed
that because of the small ammonitella size in
..tmmonites, they may have laid hundreds or
thousands of eggs in a year, which may explain
the great numbers of ammonites found pre­
-�rved in the Western Interior Pierre Seaway.
Evidently, water temperature, salinity, depth.
Anaklinoceras gordiale
Drawing by John R. Stacy
�
and a lack of natural predators made conditions
favorable for cephalopods to reproduce rapidly
because their fossil record indicates great numbers
of these animals inhabited the Pierre Seaway.
If we are to accurately describe these marine
animals, it is important to correctly identify the
gender of individual specimens. So how does a
paleontologist determine the sex of a cephalo­
pod? By studying not only the mature shells but
also the phragrnocones, and by keeping faunas
of specific areas separate for study, we may be
able w distinguish sexual dimorphism from spe­
cie differentiation. lt is already known that
suture patterns, shell shape, and shell growth are
similar i n immature forms of a species, regard­
less of gender. Studying all of these elements in
concert w i l l help the scientist assign an accurate
gender to a long-dead animal and ensure a more
accurate depiction of the species.
17
A mmonoidea is an extinct order of cepha­
lopods mat flourished in the later Pa­
leozoic and throughout the Mesozoic Era. bur
became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous
Period at the same time as the dinosaurs. They
are related to the extant and extinct forms of
squid, octopi, and nautiloids. Their soft parte;
include a large head, arms or tentacles. and
internal organs. They also had ajaw mechanism
that includes the aptychus, which is occasionally
preserved. Anunooite shell shapes may be tightly
or loosely coiled in a plane, tightly or loosely
helically coiled, slightly curved, irregularly
curved, or straight.
The Ammonoidea are characterized by an
external, multichambered shell with septa that
are connected by a tube structure called a
siphuncle. The septa, at their intersection with
the external shell, form complex, angular suture
panerns. The septa and external hell are com­
posed of alternating aragonite and conchiolin,
nacreous shell. Thi layered shell structure gave
the thin shell of the ammonite prut of its strength
to withstand cru hing under extreme hydrostatic
pressure. Septa created chambers in the
phragmocone that enabled these cephalopods to
maintain neutral bouyancy. Arrangcmentofthe
buoyant hard shell and soft tissues enabled rhe
The living ammonitella
[Dashed line indicates phragmocone position]
Illustrations by D.S. Norton
ammonite hell and visceral mass to maintain a
particular orientation in the water (center o f
buoyancy and center o f mass).
AJJ ammonite began life as an embryonic
shell stage called an ammonitella, which had a
diameter of approximately 1 mm and consisted
of a coiled protoconch, one or more septa, and a
body chamber. These tiny animals were then
able to disperse throughout the seaway, along
with other plankton, imply by movement of the
water currents until they became large enough to
colonize an area of the sea.
The abundance and diversity of the
Ammonoidea from rhe Pierre Shale bas pro­
vided collectors and cientists with an extensive
ammonite fauna that is not yet completely de­
scribed. To date, there are nine known ammo­
nite families, 28 described genera, and almost
100 described pecies from this single geologic
formation and its marine equivalents in the West­
ern Interior.
The abundance and variety of beteromorph
ammonites makes rhis ancient seaway unique in
the world. The excellent preservation of many
ofthe ammonites and other ancient sea life in the
Pierre Shale is rarely equaled but never sur­
passed, if the geographic extent of the formation
is considered.
Ammonitella
cross section
18
 FAMILY BACULITIDAE G I LL, 1 87 I �;_;�--
_
J,

The Baculit:idae are characterized by an amrnonitella followed by a straight to slightly curved

haft. Whorl section can be circular. ovate, elliptical, trigonal, or pear shaped with a flat venter. Ribs
consist of undulations or slight swellings on the flank and sometimes prominent ridges on the venter.
The degree of tapercan vary from low (nearly parallel venter and dorsum) to high (almost triangular).
Size ranges from small to quite large ( 120 em in length and greater). Eight genera of Baculites exist
throughout the world, but only two genera have been reported from the Pierre Shale. Baculitidae have
a worldwide distribution from the Upper Albian through the Maastrichtian Stage.

A Baculite
Life Restoration

dorsum

7
I
b _
e
phragmocon -
"'J
dorsal lappet
er
- bOdY cham

Illustrations by D.S. Norton

Genus Baculites Lamarck, 1799

baculus = a taft' + ites = a !>tone

This genu is comprised of a traight to lightly curved . hell except for the ammonitella, which
has one or two minute. planispiral coils. The cro eclion can be circular, ovate, elliptical,
compressed elliptical. or triangular. The adult apenure has a short, dorsal lappet and a longer, ventral
lappet rhat is traight to . lightly cur. ed dorsaJJy. The venter commonly hac; ribs, and the flanks may
be decorated by broad rib . rounded to concentric node or broad undulations. The degree of taper
generally varies from 0° to 8°. but mo t pecie exhibit a degree of taper of about 2°. The suture
ranges from imple in the early form to very complex at the time of Baculites rugosus. Individual
species of Baculites are very important index fo il in rhe Pierre Shale. comprising 1 8 of the 26
ammonite zone . The following baculite description. arc listed in chronological order from the
olde t to the younge t Range Zone. AI o included are rhe other common species of Baculites. For
identification purpo e . a moderate- or average- ize baculite has a diameter of approximately 2.5 to
5 em in a mature bod} chamber.

19
 Baculites aquilaensis Reeside, 19 27 Baculites haresi Rccside, 19 27

Baculites aquilaensis is distinguished by a Baculites haresi has a very elliptical, well­

compressed ovate cross section, medium size
(generally smaller than Baculites obtusus), strong
and short arcuate ribbing that occupies only
about half of the flank and its early appearance of
ribs. The prominent arcuate ribs occur about 2.5
per flank width. The venter i s slightly ribbed and
compressed, while the dorsum is smooth and
rounded. This pecics occurs with Scaphites
hippocrepis in the basal Pierre Shale and its
equivalents (the Steele Shale, Mancos Shale, the
Eagle Sandstone, and the Telegraph Creek For­
mation) i n Montana, Wyoming, South Dakota,
Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah.
rounded cross section. In large, mature speci­
mens the shell is as round on the venter ac; in the
dorsum. Younger specimens tend to have a
slightly compressed venter. The shell is smooth,
although the ventral edge can be slightly ribbed.
This specie occurs with Scaphites hippocrepis
from the Eagle Sandstone, the Telegraph Creek
Formation, the Steele Shale, the upper part of the
Mancos Shale and the Pierre Shale of Montana,
Wyoming, South Dakota, Utah, and New Mexico.

Baculites haresi
Side view
Baculites aquilaensis
USNMH 73298
Side view 7.6cm long
USNMH 73298
6.8cm long

Raculires aquilaensir Baculites haresi

suture pattern cross scc11on suture pattern cro�s section

�� 0 Recstdc. 1927 0
20 Ammonite� and the other Cephalopods ofthe Pil'rrl' St'away
 FA�liL"r B'\( lJI I I II >AI -�'

Baculites sp. (smooth) Baculites sp. (weak flank ribs)

Baculites sp. (weak flank ribs)

Bacullles sp. (smooth)
USGS D 3550 6.3 em long
USNM 23639 18 em long

This species is the first (oldc l) ofthc baculitcs Directly above the Baculites sp. (smooth), in
10 be used a a Range Zone fossil. Specimens the Gammon Ferruginous Member of the Pierre
have an ovate cro s section and a low degree of Shale and equivalent for-
taper. They are generally quite smooth on the mations, is the unnamed
c:ross�JC>Il

llanks, hence, the infor- baculite, Baculites sp.

0
mal name. The venter (weak flank ribs). lt is
can reveal some minor characterized by low ar­

0
ribbing. Baculites sp. cuate ribs on the flank
Gill & Cobban I '173
1 smooth) reache 3 to 5 and a smooth to well­
t:m in diameter and 15 to ribbed venter. Baculites
Gill & Cobban l973
.10 em in length. This sp. (weak flank ribs) is a
baculite and all of the moderate-sized baculite
�uccessive species up to similar to its predecessor
Bacufites g regoryensis in size, shape, taper, and
have s i m i lar, fairly suture pattern. They are
�imple suture patterns. reported from the Pierre
They have been reported Shale and equivalent-age
from the Lower Pierre formations in Colorado, Enhanced View
Shale andequivalem-age Wyoming, South Dakota,
rocks in Colorado, Mon­ and Montana.
Enhanced V1ew
tana, South Dakota, and
Wyoming.

Bacufltes sp.
(weak flank ribs)

Bacvlrtes sp. (smooth)

USGS D 3550 cross sectJon

21
F'\�111 ' fiAt ULITIOAI. -,'!"
Baculites obtusus Meek, 1876 Baculites mcleami Lande , 19 40

Baculites obtusus is a small- to moderate­ Baculites mclearni bas a

sized conch that has very little taper, an ovate
cross section, smooth to well-
ribbed venter, and nodelike
llank ribs or blunt nodes
spaced about every two ribs
for the shell diameter.
suture isofaverage complex­
ity and has rectilinear lobes
and saddles. This species is
found in the Sharon Springs
Member of the Pierre Shale
in South Dakota, Wyoming,
Colorado, and New Mexico,
as well as in the Claggeu
Shale in Montana.
moderate ovate cross section.
The species is characterized by
widely spaced, broad flank ribs,
and a smooth to weakly ribbed
venter. Baculites mcleami com­
Its bines features of the earlier
Baculites obtusus and the later
Baculites asperifonnis in its ribs
and low degree of taper. The
suture pattern is moderately
complex. Specimens are found
in the upper part of the Sharon
Springs Member and lower part
of the Mitten Member in Wyo­
ming, South Dakota, and Colo­
rado, and i n the Claggett Shale
in Montana.

Baculites obtusus Baculites obtusus Baculites mcleami Baculites mcleami

USGS 02624 Ventral v1ew USGS 06372 USGS 06372
cross section USGS 02624 cross section 35 cm long
9.5 cm long

Ram/ires nhrusu� Baculites mrleami

Z#lf� rLs-v'Q
�uturc panem cro!>> seccion sumre pattern cro>s section

vl�
Recside 1927
Cobban 1962b

22 Ammonites and tire other Ct'plralopods ofthe Pierrf' Seaway

 Baculites asperiformis Meek. 187 6
Buculites asperifonnis also has
,mall degree of taper, ovate cross
�<�on, smoolh 10 well-ribbed ven­
�- .111d rounded flank nodes spaced
ut one for every distance of the
�II diameter. Meek described i t as
. mg "strong, oblique, nearly
,.....11ght ri dges or undulations, cx-
�ndtng entirely across the sides."
T�c suture is of average complex-
This species has been found in
£i'c upper part of the Sharon Springs
\fember i n Kansas, Colorado, Wyo­
m t ng, and S o u t h Dakota, the
( .tgg:ett Shale of Momana, and in
u e Lewi s Shale in New Mexico.
Right
Baculites asperiformts
USGS 08224
27.5 cm long
Baculttes aspenformts
USGS 08224
cross sect100
Raru/ites aspuijon11if
suture pattern
MeeL 1 876
Baculites sp. (smooth species)
Baculites sp. (smooth species) is an un­
named pecics found just above the top of the
Sharon Springs Member in eastern Wyoming. It
has a low degree of taper, a
subelliptical cross section, and
is smooth on the flanks and ven­
ter. It i moderate 10 large in size
wi th a suture of average com­
plexity. A sim i l ar species of
about the same age from Russia
w as described as Bac:ulites
cohbani K hak imo v in 1 976 and
was supposed to be the name for
Baculites sp. (smooth species) .
However, there is a noticeable
difference in the constrictions
on the middle lobe of the suture
of the Russian form, which
make this name, Baculites
cobbani, doubtful for the spe­
cies in the Western Interior.
Baculttes sp. Bacufttes sp.
(smooth species) (smooth species)
USGS 02140 USGS 02140
cross sect100 14.3 em long
Baculires sp. (smooth species)
cross section suture pattern cro>> >t:clion
0 Gill & Cobban 1973
23
 Baculites perplexus Cobban. 1 962b Baculites gilberti Cobban, 1 962b

Bac:ulites perplexus has a gentle to low taper Baculites gilberti is found between an early
and a corrugated venter with smooth to weakly and late forrn of Baculites perp/exus. This mod­
sculptured flanks. The prominent ribs on the erate-sized baculite has a ribbed venter
venter average about four ribs for the shell
diameter. The suture i s of average complexity.
The species is larger than average size for the
genus. Specimens have been
found i n the Mitten Member
of the Pierre Shale, around
the Black Hills, in the Steele
Shale in central Wyoming. Baculites gtlberti
in the Claggett Member o1 USGS 07804 9 em long

the Cody Shale in south cen­

tral Montana, in the upper with average spacing of six ribs per shell diam­
part of the Mancos Shale io eter. Undulation on the flanks are spaced at two
northwest Colorado. in the per shell diameter. Tt has a subovate cross
Pierre and Lewis Shales in section in juveniles and an elliptical one in
New Mexico, and in equiva­ adults. The suture is s i m ilar to Baculires
lent strata in eastern Utah. perplexus, but the ribbing on the venter is con­
In some areas there is an siderably weaker and more closely spaced. It
upper and lower Range Zone occurs in the upper part of the Mancos Shale in
of Baculites perplexus sepa­ northwest Colorado, in the "rusty t.one" of the
rated by Bac:ulites gilberri. Pierre Shale i n Colorado and Wyoming, and in
the Mitten and Red Bird Members of the Pierre
Shale around the Black Hills.

Baculites perplexus
Above: BHI 4763 9.5
em tong
Left: BHI 4762
5.5 em tong

Baculttes gilbert!
USGS D7804
cross sec1ion
Baculttes perplexus
USGS D6251
cross sectiOn

Barulites puple:rtiS Baculite.f gilbent

suture panem crus.� sections suLUre pattern cross >ection

Cobban 1962b Cobban 196211

24 Ammonites a111i the orhn Cephalopods uf tilt! Pierre Seawa\'

 FAMILY BAtliii iii>At
--�-
Baculites gregoryensis Cobban, 1 95 1 a Baculites reduncus Cobban, 1 977

Baculites gregoryensis is a rapidly tapering, Baculites reduncus is a rapidly tapering,

'Tioderately sized ammo nite. lt has an oval cross moderately sized, curved ammonite. Its cross
-.:ction that is quite compressed on the ventra] section is ovate, yet sljghtly compressed on the
edge. The flanks are smooth, and the venter can ventral e d g e . The
'lJve slight ribbing or corrugations, especially flanks are ornamented
•n larger specimens. The suture is fairly com- with broad arcuate ribs
or undulations. The
venter i s smooth to
slightly ribbed. The
suture is similar to that
of Baculites gregory­
ensis. The species has
been found in the
lower part o f the Rock
R i v e r Formation i n
Baculi/es gregoryensis Wyoming, i n south­
BHI 4163 6.5 em long
western and central
plex and characterized by the lateral lobe being South Dakota, and in
-:-onstricted just above its major branches. equivalent-age rocks
Baculites gregmyensis is found in the Gregory in Colorado.
\I ember of the Pierre Shale along the Missouri
River in South Dakota. above the Mitten Mem­ Baculites reduncus
BHI 4760
her on the northern and southern flanks of the
12.5 em long
Black Hills, and in central Montana.

Baculites gregoryensis Baculites reduncus

BHI 4163 USGS D1 392
cross secllon cross section

Baculius gregoT)'ensis Baculi1es reduncus

surure pallCm croo;s section surure pattern l-ross sections

Cobban 1951 Cobban 1 962b

25
 Baculites scotti Cobban, 1 958a Baculites sp. (new species)

Baculites scotli is gently tapering and of Occurring with Baculites scotti is a baculite
average size. The cross section is form that i. ovate in cross section, has a smooth
ovate yet slightJy compressed on venter, and has broad ribs or arcuate swellings
the ventral edge. The flanks are on the flanks. The broad
generally smooth to sl i g h t l y ribs become almost like
ribbed. The sutw·e of Bac:ulites a large cone-shaped tu­
scotli can be more complex than bercle in the smaller
that of Baculites �regoryensis. specimens and appear
Baculites scotti has been found in node like. These ribs oc­
the Pierre Shale in New Mexico, cur aboutonce forevery
Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, and flank diameter. The su­
South Dakota, in the Mancos Shale ture pattern is like that
in western Colorado; and in a ma­ of its contemporary,
rine tongue in the Judith River Baculites scotti. This
Forn1ation in east central Mon­ species has been de­
tana. scribed, but has not yet
been published. This un­
published species oc­
c u r s throughout the
Western Interior along
Baculites scotti with Baculites scotti .

BHI 4168
1 6 cm long Baculites sp. (new species)
BHI 4671
2 em by 5 em long

Bacutltes scant
BHI 4168 Baculites sp. (new species)
cross section BHI 4671
3 em by 5 em long

Baculites scorri
suture pattern CI'Ol..� <;eetions

� (9 Cobban 1958a
(new species)
Baculites sp.
BHI specimen
cross section

26 AmmonirPS and tire orlrer Ceplraloporu of the Pierre Seawcry

FA�lll ' fil\< l l ll l i >AI "•.

Baculites pseudovatus Elias. 1933 Baculites crickmayi Wil liams, 1930

Baculites pseudovatus i the Baculites cricknwyi

predominant Baculites found has an ovate cross sec­
throughout the Range Zone of tion, a rapidly tapering
Didymoceras nebrascense. It is conch in juveniles, and
a moderate to large-sized pe­ a slowly tapering �hell
cies that has a gentle taper, a i n malUre adults. On
stoutovate cross section. smooth larger pecimens, broad
flanks on most pccimen , and undulations ornament
smooth to weakly ribbed ven­ the flank. The venter
ters. Larger specimens have un­ m a y be s m o o t h or
dulations on the flanks. The com­ w e a k l y to s t r o ng l y
plex suture has the terminal ribbed. The pecies i s
branche of the lateral lobe con­ most often found with
stricted at their base. Specimens Didymoceras stevensoni
have been found in Montana, in ew Mexico, Colo­
South Dakota, Wyoming, Ne­ rado. Wyoming, Mon­
braska. Kansas. Colorado. and tana. and Canada. The
New Mexico. suture pattern of Bac ­
ulites crickmayi is com­
plex and similar to that
of Baculites pseu do ­
Bacvlltes pseudovatus varus.
BHI 4162
22.5 cm long
Baculites crickmayi
BHI 4165
19 em long

Bacul'les psei.Jdovatus Baculites crickmayi

BHI 4162 BHI 4165
cross section cross section

Baculllt-s ps�'tiiJI.S Baculir�s criclanayi

'uture pancm cross section �uture pattern cross sections

Elia!o 1933

27
 Baculites rugosus Cobban, 1 962a Baculites corrugatus Elias, 19 33

Baculites rugosus ranges from a large, later­ Baculites corru�-:atus

ally compressed, rapidly tapering form to a is found in the Didy­
smaller, stouter, more ovate form. The larger, moceras cheyennense
more common variety has a flattened ovate cross Range Zone. Tt has a
section, strong ventral ribbing, and a very com­ compressed to elliptical
plex suture pattern. This was the largest of the cross section similar to,
Baculite species during Campanian time. The yet more ovate than. the
smaller, immature specimens are later Baculites com­
more ovate in cross section, but pressus. The venter has
as they grow, they pronounced corrugations
flatten on the that arc spaced about ev­
flank, and the ven­ ery five to seven ribs for
tral ribbing be­ the shell diameter. The
comes very prom­ shell tapers slowly to
inent, with ribs form a l o n g . nearly
spaced three to straight shaft. The suture
four for the shell pattern i s similar to
diameter. The Baculites compressus,
species is associ­ but has an inclined sec­
ated with Exitel­ ond lobe. Baculites
oceras jenneyi. corrugatus is found
Baculites rugosus within the zone of Didy­
i� widely distrib­ moceras cheyennense
uted from New from New Mexico, Kan­ Baculites corrugatus
BHI4161
Mexico to Mon­ sas, Colorado, South Da­ 1 4 em long
tana. kota, Wyoming, and
Baculites rugosus Montana.
BHI 4169
22.5 em long

Left
cross section
Baculites corrugatus
BHI 4161
cross section
Baculites rugosus
BHI 4170
43.5 em long

Bacu/ue.v rugosus Baculites corrugarus

suture pattern cross sccrion suture pattern cro�� sections

28 Ammonites and the orher Cephalopods of the Piure Seaway

FAMILY BACULITIDAE - •�'::'._

Baculites compressus Say, 1 820

Baculites compressus is the most abun­

dant ammonite in the middle Pierre Shale
within South Dakota. Tt is easy to identify
because of its very compressed (hence the
name), elliptical cross section and smooth to
weakly ribbed venter. Large specimens have
slight undulations on the flank. The species
tapers rapidly and can curve somewhat in
juveniles. It is almost straight in mature
adults. Baculites compressus has a very com­
plex suture pattern. Specimens can attain a
large size and. within their zone, are the most
prolific ammonite, if not the most abundant
mollusk that is found. The species ranges
from Colorado into Canada.

Bacvhtes compressus
BHI 4159
cross sect100

BaroiJies compressus
BHI 4159
17 an long

Baculiz�s compr�.ssu.s
gn:nre pallem cross section

Baculites compressus
BHI 4160
Mecl J SI6 40 cm long

29
 Baculites compressus var. robinsoni Cobban, 1 962a

Haculites compressus var. robinsoni was originally described as Baculites var. ornatus by
Robinson, 1 945. However, Cobban renamed it after Dr. Robinson because the type Baculites omatus
was described by d'Orbigny, 1 947, from South America. Tills variety has a slight.ly greater degree
of taper than that of Baculites compressus. The cross section is compressed to
trigonal i n the immature specimen to nearly el liptical in mature specimens, but
not as trigonal as Baculites cuneatus nor as compressed as Baculites compressus.
The flanks are ornamented with broad arcuate undulations similar to those of
Baculites cuneatus, but occur at an earlier stage of growth. The suture pattern
is less complex than that of either Baculites compressus or Baculites cuneatus.
Baculites compressus var. robinsoni occurs from the Baculites compressus
and Baculites cunearus Zones of the Bearpaw Shale i n Saskatchewan. south­
western Alberta, and central Montana. The species has also been reported in the
Pierre Shale of South Dakota. This is often the mo t abundant baculite found
within the middle section of the Bearpaw Shale.

Above:
Bacullles compressus var. robinson/
with Baculltes compressus
BH1 4756
41.5 em total length

Above:
Baculites compressus var.
robinsoni Baru/ites cumprt!.uus var. robimoni
BH1 4167 sururepauem cro•� sections
27 em long
Right:
cross section

30 Ammonite� and the nrher Cephalopods ofthe Pierre Seawll)

FAI' ll l ) BACIJIITI L>AC _,.�-
Baculites undatus Stephenson, 1 94 1 Bf}culites cuneatus Cobban, 1 962a

Baculites undarus has a stout elliptical to Baculites cuneatus is large

round cross section. The flanks have broad for the genus. lt is mainly char­
J.rcuate ribs or undulations with an average spac­ acterized by its cuneiform or
mg of 1 .4 per shell diameter. The venter is triangular cross section and
hroad and also displays broad to fine ribbing. narrow venter. When young,
The suture pattern i much less complex than the juveniles are often curved
that of its contemporaries, and is nearly identi­ with smooth flanks and a high
c a l to that o f Baculites degree of taper. Upon matu­
baculus. Baculites undatus rity they become fairly straight
is small in size for the ge­ with a low degree of taper.
nus, the diameter of an adult Mature specimens have well­
specimen measuring one to developed undulations on the
two inches. flank and slight to moderate
This species was origi­ ribs on the venter. The species
nally described from the has a very complex suture pat­
Nacatoch Sand of northeast­ tern l i ke that of Baculites
ern Texas and bas also been compressus. Baculites cun­
found in Delaware. New Jer­ earus is very common from
sey, Tennessee, and Missis­ Colorado into Canada.
sippi. Cobban. 1973, re­
ported the occurrence of this
Gulf Coast baculite within
the Western Interior in New
Baculites undatus Mexico and north into north­
Above: BHI 4034
lateral view ern Colorado from the
1 1 .5 em high Didymoceras cheyennense
Below: Zone through the Baculites
USNM 182427 reesidei Zone. More re­
cross sectK>n
cently, Baculites wzdatus
bas been reported from the
Baculites compressus and
Baculites ctmeatus Zones in
Meade and P e n n i n g tOn
Baculites cuneatus Bacu/ites cuneatus
Counties in South Dakota. BHI 4158 BHI 4158
cross section 49 em long

Baculit�s wularus
suture pancm � section cross section

Cobban 1973
0 Cobban l%2a

31
 Baculites reesidei Elias, 1 933 Baculites jenseni Cobban, 1 962a

Baculites reesidei is Baculites jenseni is large and has an ovate

very similar to Baculites cross section. It is characterized by its low
compressus in shape but degree of taper, !>mooth flanks, and a dorsolat­
wilh a compressed trian­ eral depression. Young adults
gular cross section. and have ribs on the ventral edge
a slightly less complex (about nine per shell diameter),
suture pauern. Adults but older more mature speci­
generally have a slight mens seem to be moother. The
degree of taper, but suture i similar to that of
young juvenile shells can Baculites compressus. Speci­
taper rapidly. The ven­ mens have been recorded from
tral edge has larger and the Pierre Shale of Colorado,
wider spaced ribs that South Dakota, and Wyoming,
form slight corrugation the Bearpaw Shale of Mon­
that distinguish it from itc; tana and Canada, and the
predecessor, Baculites Lewi Shale of Wyoming.
c:ompressus. Baculites
reesidei has been re­
corded from Kansas,
Colorado, W y o m i n g . Left
Baculites
South Dakota, Mon­
jenseni
tana, Alberta, and Sas­ BHI 4045
7.5 cm long
katchewan.

Baculires reestdel
BHI 4157
23cm long

Baculttes reesidei
BHI 4157
cross seCIJOil Left
Baculites Jensem
USGSD8018 Above:
cross sectJon Baculttes jensem
BHI 4757
33cm long

Bantlires ree>idei
suture pattern cross secuons cross secuon

Cobban l%2a

32 Anmzmures and rhe urher Cephalnpods af rile Pterre Seal•·ay

FAMILY BACULITIDAC -,---
-

Baculites eli.asi Cobban, 1 958a

This species is described as an average-sized

baculite with a low degree of taper, smooth flanks, a
nearly smooth venter, and a very elliptical cross sec­
tion. Smaller specimens can be slightly curved and
taper as much as 6°, whereas. the larger the specimen,
the lower the angle of taper (as little as 1 '). The surure
pattern is similar to but less complex than Baculites
compressus. The pecies is common i n the Bearpaw
and Pierre Shales of Montana. Saskatchewan, and
Alberta, and i n the upper part of the Pierre Shale of
Wyoming and Colorado. Abundanl bul poorly pre­
served specimens occur in the Virgin Creek Member of
the Pierre Shale in the Missouri River valley in South
Dakota and northeastern Nebraska. The species is also
known from the Pierre Shale in southwestern North
Dakota and from the Sail Grass Member of the Pierre
Shale of western Kansas.

Baculites efiasi
BHI 4173
11.5 em long

Right: Bacufltes ehasl

BHI 4173
cross section
BacuJites elias/
BHI 2090
4S cm long

&culitn diasi
surure panem

��4,�i'1 (9 Cobbdn 1958a

33
 FAMILY ISA< LILITIDAI' �.;,

Baculites baculus Meek and Hayden, 1 86 1

Baculites baculus can attain a large size and has a n elliptical to ovate cross section i n young
juveniles. As it matures, the cross section can become circular to almo. t quare. Tt has nearly smooth
flanks in juveniles, but as they increa-;e i n size, they develop low, broad lateral rib or undulations .
Bacu/ites baculus has a very slight degree of taper except in the mailer pecimens. The suture pattern
is simplified like that ofprc-gregoryensis baculites. The specie. appears to be a migrant from the Gulf
Coast region and wao;; the ancestor oflater endemic species. lLc; ancestor seems to be Baculites undatus
that ot:curs in rocks of a much earlier lime within the Western Tnterior. Baculites baculus has been
found from Colorado to eastern Montana (Glendive area) and also in Alberta and S askatche wan .

Baculites baculus
Left: Side v�ew Above: BHI 4681
Baculites baculus 7.5 cm long
BHI 4166 Below: BHI 4680
13.5 em long 7.6cm long
Above:
cross section

Bacuilres bacutus
cross sectJons
Lell BHI 4680
Roght BHI 4681

Racu/1/eJ barolus
�uturc pattern cross section

Meek and Ha)den 1 86 1

34 Ammonites and riot' othu Cephaloporu ofIM Piern: &cnun

 Baculites grandis Hall and Meek, 1 854

Thi specie name i derived from the extremely large size of mature adults. Some specimens
of Baculires grandis have been confinned at more than 100 em (over 3 ft) long, making this species
one of the largest known within the Family Baculitidae in the world. The cross sect ion changes from
nearly ovate in juveniles to almo t lrigonal in large adults. The flanks have very broad crescentic
undulations, but smaller individuals do not show these undulations. The ven ter
become more pronounced or narrow in relationship to the robust flanks and
dorsum as the baculite mature . The maller the specimen, the greater the taper.
More complete specimens also show light curvature. The suture pattern is
similar to that of Baculites baculus. Baculites grandis ranges from Colorado and
Kansas, and north into Montana .

Bacu/rtas grand1s
BHI 4171
cross secbOn

Baculites grandis
BHI 4171
ventral view
1 6 cm long

8acJJiites grandis
suture pattern cross sections
Baculnes grandJs
S Jotgensao
collection
84 em long

Hall and Meek 1855

35
F/\�111 y 15AC l/Lilll>/\1.: ·;,
Baculites clinolobatus Elias, 1 933

These are the last of the large baculites from the Western
Interior. The cross . ection is compressed ovate in younger
conchs to more triangular in large adults. The angle of taper
is low. Larger adults developed widely paced, low, broad
undulation on the flank, whereas young individuals arc
smooth. Baculites clinolobatus has a more complex suture
pattern than Baculites grandis and somewhat resembles the
uture of Baculitesgregoryensis. The species has been found
in Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and South Dakota.

Left:
Baculites dmo/obatus
DMNH specimen
(aduh)
28 em long

Below:
cross section

Buculitel clinolobarus
;uture pattern c= scctioru.

Bacurtl es dmolobatus
Above: BHI 4759
12.5cm long
R1ght BHI 4758
20 cm long

3(1 Ammoniiel alld Ihc• other Cephalopod.f OJ the Piure Seaway

 -
FA�1 1 1 ' l�t\t l liTID/\1 ...

Genus Pseudobaculites Cobban, 1 952b

pseudo = false + baculu.1 = a staff + ires = a stone

This genu has a straight bell with a rapid raperof generally 10° to 13°, an oval to elliptical whorl
section, and broad undulation on Lhe venter. Individual specimens are shaped more like t1attened
cone than representative of the Family Baculitidae. The flanks are ·mooth to very ornate, with
�orne forms having nodes on rbe dorsal Jape of the flank. The genus differs dramatically from its
contemporaries by having an unusually large . hell
with a very rapid taper and a complex suture
partem similar to Baculites compressus. Pseudo­
baculites has been found in rocksofLateConiacian
Age in Wyoming. Utah, and Colorado, and late
Campanian rocks of Wyoming and Saskatchewan.

Pseudobaculites natosini (Robinson, 1 945)

This species has perhap· the largest body cham­

ber of any other species within the Family
Baculitidae, yet with its rapid taper i l never achieves
a long i7e.
Pseudobaculires Jzawsini has been described
from the Bacu/itesjenseni Zone of the Lewis Shale
in central Wyoming. the Baculites eliasi Zone of
the Pierre Shale in east
cemral Wyoming, the
Beacpaw Shale in Mon­
tana. the Pierre Shale of
north central Colorado,
and the Bearpa\\ Shale
of outhwestern Sa -
katcbe\\an (Cobban and
Kenned)'. 1 994b).

PseutJobacUttes na1DSJni
USGS 04508
24 an long

Pseudobaculites natosini
USGS 04508 aoss sec1Jon

37
 BACULITE IDENTIFICATiON
.:.1_
�

The authors have compiled this guide in the hopes of simplifying the process of identifying
baculite specimens. The authors intend that thi identification guide should be used in conjunction
with the preceding scientific descriptions. Please refer to them for additional information.
The baculites are described as small, moderate, or large. A moderate-sized baculite is one that
has a cross section of 2 to 5 em or l in. by 2 in. However, smaller and larger specimens of the same
species are found becau e of the presence of juveniles and large adults.
We have also described ventral and flank ornamentation with the brief descriptions of the
bacul ites. These form of ornamentation are rarely present on juvenile specimens. Nearly all mature
forms of baculites develop some sort of flank rib , and may also lose their ventral ribs. Very old
baculitcs may lose all ornamentation and become more inflated.
The cross sections arc aLo quite variable. Young, mature, and old baculites of the same species
will vary to some degree. Different localities within the arne Range Zone might also produce slightly
different ornamentation and cross section within the same specie .
A low degree of taper i considered by the authors to be less than 2°, and a high degree of taper
is 4° or more. Please consult the references if you have other questions concerning identification.
The following identifications are organiL.ed from youngest to olde t form.

TypiCal suture pattern

Baculites clinolobstus Elias, 1933

) )
Elliptical to compressed trigonal cross section
Generally smooth venter
Smooth flanks developing undulations
Low degree of taper
Moderate to large

Bacu/ites grsndis Hall and Meek, 1854

Ovate to nearly trigonal cross section
Smooth to broad ventral ribs
Generally broad undulations with a
ventrolateral depression
Low to moderate degree of taper
Large

) ) )
Baculites bscu/us Meek and Hayden, 1861
Ovate to circular 1n cross section
Smooth to well-ribbed venter
Smooth to undulated flanks
Low degree ol taper
Large

oe
lllustrallons by N. Larson

J� Ammonites and the th r Cephalopods of the Pierre Seaway

B;\lt t t t t ltHNtttt<ATinN Gutut.: - .
- .
-;;
..

Typical suture pattem

0
Baculites e/iasi Cobban , 1958a
Ovate cross section
Smooth venter
Smooth flanks
Low degree of taper
Moderate

0 ) ) ) )
Baculites jenseni Cobban, 1962a
Strongly ovate cross sectJon
Ventral nbs averagtng mne to twelve per shell diameter
Smooth flanks with ventrolateral depression
Low degree of taper
Moderate

Bacul/tes reesldel Elias, 1933

Compressed cross section
Ventral ribs averagmg seven to eight per shell diameter
Smooth to weakly ribbed flanks
Moderate degree of taper
Moderate to large

0
Baculites cuneatus Cobban, 1962a
Tngonal CfOSS section
Strong ventral nbs, soc to nine per shell diameter
Broad short lateral ribs, one to three per shell diameter
H!Qh to low degree of taper
Moderate to large

Bacu/ites compressus Say, 1820

Compressed cross sec1ton
Smooth venter
Smooth to weakly nbbed flanks
H.gh to low degree of taper
Moderate to large

Baculites corrugatus Elias. 1933

Compressed CfOSS section
Prorrunent ventral ribs,five to seven per shell diameter
Smooth flanks
Slight degree of taper
Moderate to large

8 ))
Bacu/ites rugosus Cobban, 1962a
Compressed cross sec1ton
Strong ventral bs,
n three to four per shell diameter
Smooth to weakly ribbed flanks
Htgh to low degree of taper
Moderate to large

39
 15,,, L 1 ITr I r" N 1 1 t I< ,, l iON G UlllL
'J

Typical suture pattern

Bscu/ites crlckmayi Williams, 1930

g
Ovate cross secti0/1
Smooth to well-ribbed venter
Sculpted flanks with broad undulations.
about one per shell diameter
Gentle taper
Moderate

Bsculites pseudovatus Elias, 1933

0
Ovate cross section
Smooth to weakly ribbed venter
Smooth to weakly ribbed flanks
Gentle taper
Moderate

Baculites sp. (new species)

Ovate cross section
Nearly smooth venter
Broad, almost nodelike ribs,
one per shell dlluneter
Gentle taper
Moderate

Baculites scott/ Cobban, 1958a

Compressed ovate cross section
Smooth venter to slightly ribbed
Smooth to slightly ribbed flanks
Gentle taper

j..//
Moderate

Baculites reduncus Cobban, 19n

0 122.22?!
Ventrally compressed ovate cross section
Smooth to slightly ribbed venter
Broad arcuate flank ribs,
about two per shell diameter
Hlgh degree of taper
Moderate

Bsculites gregoryensis Cobban, 1951a

Compressed elhptlcal cross section
Slight to welkibbed venter
Smooth flanks on Juveniles
Slightly nbbed flanks on adults
Hogh degree of taper
Moderate

40 Ammonites arul the other Cephalopods of the Pi�"� Seaway

B\{ I I III 11>1 "iTif ( \ f l l)r, Ut'IDI !li,

Typteal suture pattern

Bacu/ltes gilbert/ Cobban, 1962b

Subelliptical cross sect100
Prorrunent ventral ribs, about six per shell diameter
Broad flank nbs, about two per shell diameter
low degree of taper
Moderate

Bacu/ltes perplexus Cobban, 1962b

ElhptiCal cross section
Promment ventral ribs, about four per shell diameter
Smooth to weakly nbbed flanks
low degree of taper
Modelate

0 , __)___.
Baculltes sp. (smooth)
Subel'PliCal cross section
Smooth 11enter
Smooth Hanks
low degree of taper
_____ Moderate

0 1.2....?.. J
Baculites asperlformis Meek, 1876
Ovate cross sectJon
Smootn to weiJ.nl>bed venter
Strong, oblique undula!IOilS Of broad nbs, one per shefl diameter Low
degree of taper
Moderate

Bacu/ltes me/earn/ Landes, 1940

Moderate to ovate cross section
Smooth to weakly ribbed venter
Widely spaced. broad flank ribs, about l11> per shell diameter Low
degree of taper
Moderate

Baculites obtusus Meek, 1876

0 12.2.2.221
Ovate cross secoon
Smoolh lo wel-nobed venter
Node 'II! flanl( nbs. about two per shell diameter
low degree of taper
Moderate

Baculltes sp. (weak flank ribs)

Rolm to ovate cross section
Mlnor to well-ribbed venter
Broad arcuate ribs or swellings on flanks,
about one per sheU diameter
Moderate

Bacu/ites sp. (smooth species)

0 '
Ovate cross sectJon

J
Minor nobong on venter
Smooth flanks
Siogtll degree of taper
Moderate

41
 ·
;r

FAMILY COLLIGNONICERATIDAE W RIGtiT:,-·AND

The Family Collignoniceratidae i s characterized b y compressed oval to nearly square whorled

forms of planispiral ammonites with a generally evolute umbilicus. The venter hac; a errated or
notched keel with clavate-type node and tubercles or clavi along the ventrolateral shoulder. Ribs
are dense to widely spaced, generally broad, and typically ornamented with tubercles, clavi, or bullae.
The family is distributed worldwide from the Lower Turonian through the Middle Campanian.

Genus Menabites (Delawarella) Collignon. 1 948

Menabe = a Lown in Madagascar + ires = a stone

This genus and subgenu. have moderately ovate to subrectangular whorl sections. Ornamenta­
tion consists of prominent umbilical and ventral shoulder tubercles on every rib. On adult forms, the
ribs become more faint and generally display one or two row of tubercles. The ventral edge is
slightly depressed on either side ofthe keel when it again forms a rounded ridge above the siphuncle.
The genus and subgenus have been reported from France. Tunisia, Madagascar, New Jersey, and
occasionally within the Western Interior of North America.

Menabites (Delawarella) danei (Young, 1 963)*

Menabires (Delawarella) danei is distingu.il>hed by trituberculate ornamentation, low, broad

ribbing, an evolute umbilicus, and an oval to subrectangular whorl ection. The venter hac; a broad,
shallow groove separating the ventral shoulder from the siphuncle ridge. There are nine to ten ribs
per whorl section that are prorsiradiate. broad. and coarse. with wide spacing. Tubercles arc present
on the umbilical shoulder, midflank, and on the ventral edge. Clavi are present on either side of the
siphuncle ridge. The specie has been found in the Gober Chalk and the Ozan Formation of Texas,
the Ozan Formation of Arkansas, and is sparsely reported from the Baculites obtusus Zone of the
Apache Creek Sandstone Member of the Pierre Shale near Pueblo. Colorado.

Side and ventral VIew

Menabltes da!lel
USNM 14571
13.3 em tugh

• Parentheses enclosing the author's name indicate

that his original description placed the species In a
genus not currently accepted for that species.

42 Ammonites and the ather Ceplw/opods of the Pterre Seaway

FAMILY COLLIGI'IOI'UCERATIDAE ,
:'
Menabites (Delawarella) vanuxemi (Morton, 1 830)

This specie can be quite large (up to 17.5 em}, and it is generally compressed with a sub­
rectangular whorl ection. The umbilical wall i hort and steep, and the flanks are flat to slightly
rounded. Ribbing is dense with 22 ro 23 umbilical bullae per whorl, giving rise to 35 or 36 straight,
prorsiradiate rib . All the rib bear umbilical and ventral boulder rubercles, midl1ank tubercles, and
ventral, marginal clavi. As in other Menabites, a mall hallow groove separates the ventral marginal
clavi from the siphuncle ridge. This species is present in New Jersey. Texas. and the upper part of
the Manco Shale in New Mexico.

Side and venter -

Merlabl:es vanuxetn�
USNM 1 4543
1 2 an high

Genus Submorloniceras Spath. 1 926

i.JJ = lm�er in ran ... S. G \fono" + c�ras = hom

The de cription for thb genu close!} follows that of the family. Characteristics specific to this
genu are a compre. .ed whorl -;e.ction. broad. rounded. inner flanks. flat outer flanks, and a flat venter
bordered. by rubercle with a light, rounded ridge over the iphuncle. The flanks have low, broad
rib with lateral. vemrolateraJ, and umbilical boulder rubercle . The species, Suhmortoniceras
tequesquirense (Young. 1963 ). bas been found in the upper �Janco Shale of New Mexico. The genus
has al o been found in Africa Japan. Delaware. �ew Jerey. and Texas. We unfortunatel y do not
have a photograph of Lhi. pecies.

43
 �-

FA\IILY DESl\IOCERATIDAE ZITIEL. 1 895,.-

The Family Desmoceratidae is defined by thick, round nanks and planispiral coiling. The whorls
are general Iy round, oval, or even spear-shaped (having pronounced keels). The flanks are generally
smooth to weakly ribbed with occasional constrictions. The family occurs world\;Vide from the
Lower Cretaceous through the Upper Cretaceous.

Genus Parapuzosia Nowak, 1913

para = near+ pu;;osia

The genus commonly attains a size greater than 60 em. The umbilicus is moderately involute,
and the umbilical walls are steep and high. Flanks are flat to slightly rounded with prominent primary
and some secondary ribs on the inner whorls. The genus occurs from the Cenomanian through the
Campanian in Africa. Europe. and North America.

Parapuzosia bradyi Miller and Youngquist, 1946

This species is the largest known of all the ammonite species from North America. With verified
reports of more than 137 em ( 4.5 ft) aero and estimations of greater than 1 80 em (6 ft) across, this
ammonite was truly a giant. The whorl section is oval shaped: the umbilicu is moderately involute
with steep, high walls. The flanks are generally smooth and rounded with ribs present on the inner
whorls. The species has been found only in the upper part of the Eagle Sandstone of Big Hom
County, Montana, and the upper part of the Cody Shale (Sc:aphites hippocrepis Range Zones), Big
Hom County. Wyoming.

Parapuzosia bradyi

Carol Cheatham, a rockhound from Greybull, Wyommg, Is shown standing next to the largest known
ammonite from North Amenca, Parapuzosia bradyi. The photo is dated 1964. Th1s specimen was
oollected from the Cody Shale near Greybull and 1s on display at the Greybull Museum. The specimen
is miss1ng at least one·half whorl of body chamber. If complete, 1ts size would 1ncrease to over 6 feet
across. Note also the 'smaller" specimen on the nghl. Photo oourtesy of Dr. Wilham Cobban.

44 Ammonite.! and thP other Cephalopods of the Pierre Seawll)

 FAMILY DtPLOMOCERATIDAE S PATH, l-�-2'6
Diplomoccratidae seems to be an offshoot of the Nostoceratidae family. They have loose coils
tending to bilateral symmetry in one plane and develop fine to broad ribs with constrictions at
different stage of growth. Some forms had ventrolateral tubercles or spines. However, most
varietic did not pos es thi form of ornamentation. The family occur worldwide in the Upper
Cretaceous from the Turonian through the Maastrichtian.

Genus Exiteloceras Hyarr. 1 89 4

e:ciu/ = becommg exunct - cera.s = hom

Thi genu is de. cribed a having too e. ellipticaJ, planispiral coiling and a subcompressed to
oval- haped whorl section. Rib are simple in the early tage , becoming more complex with
branching and intercaJation in later tages. Nearly all of the ribs that eros the flanks and venter have
tubercle and pines. The 'entercan be flat to rounded and the suture pattern i complex. The genus
occur in the Campanian of the Western Interior Seaway and the Mount Laurel Sand of Delaware.
There is also a repon of it po ibly having been di covered in Colombia, South America.

Exitelocerasjenneyi (Whitfield. 1 87 7 )

Exireloceras jenneyi i the onl} described pecie for the genus, so the description follows that
of the genus very close]). The pecies in the juvenile stage resembles a juvenile baculite with the
small ammonitella followed by a nearly traighL. slightly ribbed . haft and angular to semicircular
bends and loo·ely coiled limb not in contact with the adjacent whorls. Ribs are moderately coarse,
generally rursiradiate. and mo t contain ventrolateral pine and tubercles. £ritelocerasjenneyi has
been found in the Western Interior in the Pierre Shale of Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming,
Colorado. and ew Mexico: the Bearpaw Shale of Montana: the Manco Shale and the lies Formation
of Colorado: and the Lewi and Pierre Shale of ·ew Mexico.

ExltelocerasJ6f1f16Y! Exrteloceras Jenneyr

BH1 4149 BHI 4115
7.6 an across 17 an Wide. 14 an high

45
fMmY DwLO�JOCt::RATIDAE ·'

Genus Glyptoxoceras Spath, 1 925

glypto = curved + ceras = hom

This genus begins with an initial shaJiow coil (similar to baculitcs) followed by either loose
elliptical to round coils within one plane or a helical spire of several whorls. The shell is small and
apparently doc not exceed I 0 em in len!,Tth. The whorl section is oval, and the ribbing is generally
rcctiradiate and sharp. Suture patterns are quite simple and the absence of nodes or tubercles make
this genus quite distinctive.

Glyptoxoceras rubeyi (Reeside, 1 927)

The specimens of Glyptox.oceras rubeyi

(Reesidc, 1927) from the Pierre Seaway eem to
have an absence of rib i n the early whorl , more
distinct ribs in the middle whorls, and some sped­
mens have alma 1 an absence of rib on the last
portion of the shell. They have been reported from
the lower half of the Pierre Shale on the western
rim of the Black llills, from the Steele Shale of G/yptoxoceras rubeyt
USNM 73292
central Wyoming, and from the upper part of the 2.3 em across
Mancos Shale in Moffat County, Colorado.
Regarding this specie , W. A. Cobban (written communication. 1 994) tales: "This genus is i n
need of revision inasmuch as i t includes species that have similar adult growth stages and ornament
but very different juvenile !,rrowth stages. S pecirnens from the Gammon Ferruginous Member of the
Pierre Shale ( Scaphites hippocrepis Ill) begin with a minute planispiral coil ( irnilar to that of
Baculites) followed by loose elliptical to circular whorls. Specimens from north Texac;. about the age
of the Raculites obtusus Zone, begin as a small helix followed by loose circular whorls. Specimens
from France (possibly about the age of Baculires mcleami
or Baculires asperifonnis Zone) begin as a minute coil
(like that of Baculites) followed by a straight, smooth
shaft, then a narrow helix, and fmally the loa e, circular
to elliptical. adult coils."
Further research may find that Glyptoxoceras may
repre ent more than one genus and that some may not
belong in the Family Diplomoceratidae but perhap in
the Family No toceratidae.

Glyptoxoceras rubeyl
USGS 03647
5 em across

46 Ammonites and the mher Cephalopods ofthe Pierre Seaway

 fAMIIl DIPLOMOCERAnDAE ,· . · �t;
Genus Solenoceras Conrad, 1 860
solen = pipe + ceras = born

Solenoc:eras begins with an ammonitella simi­

lar to baculites and continues wilh a long, straight
shaft that at one point turns 1 80• and bends back on
itself, similar to a bobbypin. The whorl section is
ovate to circular. Ribs arc quite distinct and gener­
ally lie perpendicular to or at slight angles to the Solenoceras mortoni BHI 4019
1.5cm long
shaft. Small tubercle and even pines occur on
either side of the venter on nearly every rib.
Solenoceras is found from Africa to Europe to
North America in lhe Campanian and Maa<;trichtian
Stages. Four species of Solenoceras have been
described from Lhe Pierre Shale: Solenoceras
crassum (described following): Solenoceras
rexanum (Shumard, 1 86 1 ) is known to occur infre­
quently from Lhe Bac:ulites compressus through the
Baculites reesidei Zones of Colorado; Solenoceras
mortoni (Meek. 1876) was described from the Big
Bend of the Missouri. probably within the Baculires
Solenoceras sp. BHI specimen
gregoryensis Range Zone; andSolenoceras reesidei 7 em long
(Stephenson, 1 94 1 ) has been recorded from the
Baculites compressus and Baculires reesidei Zones
of northern Colorado. The Solenoceras found asso­
ciated with Didynwceras nebrascense, Didymocems
stevensoni, and E�itelocerasjenneyi are, at the time
of lhis wriling. not published. The species found
with Didymoceras nebrascense is pictured here as
Solenoceras sp. Solenoceras texanum
USGS 02825
3.1 em long

Left:
So/enoceras sp. with Baculites pseudovatus
BHI2146
Baeulite is 6.5 em long

47
 f1\�lllY DIPLO�IOCERI\TIOI\E .•

Solenoceras crassum (W h tif ei ld . 1 877)

Solenoceras crassumfollows t he descrip tio no fthe genus . It si .however , qu tie lar ge for the
spec ei s,h av ng t 1 8.5 em inlength. Itbeg i ns w tih a n ammon itell a, anopen
i been re corded up o
pl an si p ri al co il,a bro adly curved l mb,
i two parallel,t ghtly
i joined adult s baft c; joined by a t ghtly
i
co lied ,a cute elbow, and rurs ri ad ai te r bb
i i ng onthe b ody ch a
mber . E ach r b
i bears at uber cle on either
side o ft he ve nter. O ccurren ces n i re Se aw ay are fr om the Didymoceras stevensonithrough
i th e P er
the Exitelocerasjenneyi Ra nge Z ones from S outh Dakot a. Wyom ing. Co o l rado, and Mo nta na . It bac;
also been re corded from C ol om­
b ai , South Ame rica .

Solenoceras crassum
Dtdymoceras stevenson1 Zone
1 7 em long
Japh Boyce photo

Genus Parasolenoceras Coll gi no n, 1969

para = alongside + solen = pipe + l'eras = born

Parasolenocerasis ch aracter zi ed by two w dely

i sep ar ated ,sm all par allel sha fts con ne cted by an
elbow. The init ial sh aft, cons si t ing ofthe phragmo co ne . si re cta ng ul ar to cri cula r inwhorl se ct ion
w tih l ow dist n
i ct ribs. The elbow and se cond sha f t usua Jiy en compas the body chamber and are
cir cular to comp e
r ssed in whorl se ct ion. Ribs a re generally prors irad a
i te on the ph ragmo cone ,
cr owded t orurs ri ad a
i te at the elbow , and stra g i ht to prors ri adi ate on t he body chamber . Some
i eof t be ve nter, although they aresm al L One spec es,
tuber cles are present on e tiher s d i Parasolenoceras
pulcher, Cobb an a nd Kennedy, 1991a,
was f ound int he Baculites reesidei Zo ne
in nort he rn Color ado . The ge nus h as also
bee nrepo ned from the Gulf Coast of the
Un tied St ates a nd M adagas car .

Parasolenoceras pulcher
USGS476127
5.2 cm long

4R Anurwmti'S and the other Cl'pha/opoth of the P�rre Seaway

 1 894:>
.�

FAMILY NosToct:RATIDAt: HYATI,

The Family ostocraridae i de cribed � helicoid

forms of regular or irregular coiling that can occur at
early or late gro�Lh tages or anytime throughout its
growth. Tubercle and spine are common along the
venter and can be paired. irregular. a single fO\\. or
completely lacking. Rib are generally broad. nar­
row. straight, and dense. They may also be
fine and curved. Nostoceratids may
show igns of uniform con. tricrions
during any point of their gT0\\-1h;
this may be a re ult of gro"Lh
topping or lowing down for a
short period of time. There are
ini tral (left) coiling and dex­
tral (right) coiling forms for
nearly all the known pecie of
the family . The) apparently de­
scended from the Albian Stage
Turrilitoides from England. The Life reconstruction of a
family occurs from the Cen­ Didymoceras nebrascense
omanian through the Maastrich- Family Nostoceratidae
IUustration by D.S. Norton
tian Stage.

Genus Anaklinoceras Stephenson. 1941

arui.klin = lean on - ceras = hom

This mall genu has an initial tapering pire of whorls that lies within the open body chamber.
The ribbing i trong and prominenL highlighted b) small rubercles. mostly on the body chamber.
Becau e of its mall ize. thi genu rna) often be O\'erlooked when concretion are being inspected.
The genu bas been found in Israel. Texas. Colorado. Ne� Jersey. and possibly also in South Dakota.
Two pecies ba\e been named. and an as yet unpub1i bed pecies bas been reported from the
Baculiles scorri Range Zone of Colorado.

Anaklirwceras gordiale Kennedy and Cobban, 1992

Anaklinoceras gordiale has been found only in the Baculites
compressus Zone of the Pierre Shale in Grand County, Colorado.
It consists of a mall spireofabout31/:!coils urrounded by the body
chamber that i in a planispiral coil. The ribs are widely spaced.
rounded. and rectiradiate in the early whorl c; and rursiradiate for the
remaining rib . Thi pecie, i mall and only reaches 2 em in size.

�ras gorrJi;JJe
USNM 449783
2 an across

49
 fAMILY NosrocrRAliOA[ ·�;:,

Anaklinoceras rejlexum Stephenson, 1941

This species achieves a slightly larger size than Anaklinoceras gordiale, up to 3.5 em for
macroconcbs and only about 2 em for microconch. . The phragmocone has about 4 to 41/2 coils set
in a tapered spire and an i nverted J-shaped body chamber that wraps around the initial coi Is. Ribbing
is inconspicuous in the early stage, but become stronger and more prominent throughout the growth
of the shell. The venter is somewhat flat, and ventrolateral bullae and tubercles are present
throughout most of the coiling. The specie has been found in the Baculites compressus Zone of the
Pierre Shale, Grand County, Colorado; Texas, New Jersey, and Lrae!.

Front and rear vtew

Anaklmoceras ref/exum
USNM 4451 1 1
4.7 em high

Genus Axonoceras Stephen on, 1 94 1

axon = axle + ceras = hom

The genus Awnoceras i determined by mall. loosely coiled, ymmetrical whorls within one
plane and small, simple ribs with ventrolateral tubercles. Axonoceras i known from the Campanian
of Angola, and Texas, Missis ·ippi. and Colorado.

Axonoceras compressum Stephenson. 1 94 1

This species is a small (less than 3 em) plani piral ammonite with approximately three slightly
eparated whorl . The whorl . ecrion is elliptical to ovate, and the
ornamentation consi lS of numeroill> narrow, prorsiradiate. flexu­
ou rib . many of wruch have tubercle · or clavi as they cross the
\entrolateral boulder. The venter is flat. and the surure patlem
is simple. The species has been described from the Baculites
compressus Zone of the Pierre Shale in the Kremmling area of
Colomdo.

Axonocer.iS compressum
USGS 08093
2 cm across

50 Ammonite.! and the other Cephalopods ofrhe Piffre Seak'Q)

fA�IIIl NosTOCtKATIDAf j,, .

Genus Cirroceras Conrad, 1 868

cirros = curl + ceras = hom

Cirroceras is described as having several helical whorls, not touching. and with a loose U-shaped
body chamber. lt ha den e. trong rib and tubercles along the flattened venter in either the entire
length of the shell or only on the body chamber. The genu
has been found from the Campanian and Maastrichtian
SLagc in western Europe. in igeriaand Angola. and i n the
Gulf and Atlantic coasts of North America. British Colum­
bia, and only occasionally within the Pierre Seaway.
Cirroceras conradi (Morton. 1 84 1 ) has been found in the
Western Interior in the Baculites cwrearus Range Zone near
Kremmling, Colorado. Thespecies i s listedas Didynwceras
conradi by Cobban and Kenned} ( in a yet unpublished
manu cript). bUl tho.e authors now believe the pecie�.
with its identical appear.mce ro the Gulf Coast pecimens.
C1rroceras conradi
is better as igned to the genus Cirroceras. USNM 16213
6.7 em across

Genus Didymoceras Hyatt. 1 89-l

did)""'''s = double .... ceras = born

The genu Didymoceras as described by Hyatt con i 1 of loose helical spires that have circular
whorl ections. two TO\\. of paired or irregular tubercle along the venter, irregularly bifurcated ribs,
and a large - hapcd body chamber. The genu coils sinistrally or dextrally. Didynwceras has been
found in the Campanian and Maastrichtian Stage of North America, Europe, the Middle East, and
Africa.

Didymoceras tortum (Meek and Hayden. 1 858)

This specie. has circular whorl sections and rib that are v. eak. on the dorsum and prorsiradiate,
strong. cocme. and imple (though they may branch) on the flanks and venter. Tubercles are present
on the Larger v. horl and bullae on the early whorl . There is a tendency for an irregular positioning
oftubercle and a presence of nontuberculate ventrolateral rib . Early growth has open helical whorls
in contact v.ith each other. Later growth
stage. .ugge.t an opening or separation in
their v. horls from the earlier v. horl . and
maintain the open helicoid coiling.
Did.vmoceras tonum i found in the Baculites
gregoryensis Range Zone of Sout:h Dakota
and Wyoming and in the Annona Chalk of
Arkan as.

Dld)mocerns tont.Jm
BHI <:108
7.5x 11.5cm

51
 fAMII v NosToet:RAnoAr. :''
Didymoceras cochleatum ( Meek and Hayden, 1 858)

Didymoceras cochleatum is characterized by a circular whorl section and a slowly broadening,

loosely coiled helicoid conch. Ribs are low, simple, and rursiradiate, with two rows of tubercles, one
midventer, and the other low on the outer whorl (base ofthe venter). Not all of the ribs have tubercles
on the venter. but mo t exhibit this ornamenta­
tion. Didymoceras cochleatum occurs in the
Baculires gregoryensis Range Zone in central
South Dakota and i n the Annona Chalk of
Howard County, Arkansas.

Oidymoceras cochleatum
BHI · 4019
8 x 13 em

Didymoceras mortoni ( Hall and Meek, 1854)

Didymoceras mortoni differs from itc; contemporary Didymoceras tortum by its irregular
positioning of tubercle on the ribs on the ventrolateral flank and by wider, stronger, straighter. and
more distinct ribs on the flanks and venter. Initial coils are similar to Didymoceras tortum, but the
whorls taper less or do not expand as rapidly as on Didynwceras tortum. Whereac; Didymoceras
cochleatum is loosely coiled, Didymoceras mortoni bas narrow. loose whorls, and yet is tightly,
heI icaJJy coiled in early stages. Tubercles are midventer and low on the base of the outer whorl, and
the ribs are weakly rur iradiate. Oidymoceras mortoni occurs in the zone of Baculites gregoryensis,
Baculites reduncus. and Baculites scotti of South Dakota. Wyoming. Colorado, and New Mexico,
and in the Annona Chalk of Howard County. Arkansac;.

Didymoceras morlom D1dymoceras mortoni

cast of type BHI 4764
AMNH 9550 4 x 3.5cm
3 em long

52 Ammonites and the other Cepholopnds of the Pierre Sea�<ay

 fA"IIL\ NosToCt::RAnDAI
�
.,,

Didymoceras binodosum (Kennedy and Cobban, 1 993b)

Thi species begins with two open planispiraJ coil in contact, followed by a slightly curved
slender shaft. The slender whorls then form a loa e elliptical whorl that descends into two loose,
circular, helical whorls on a low U- haped body chamber. Ribs are prorsiradiate to rectiradiate on
the early whorls and become
rur iradiate on lhe lower two
whorls and body chamber. This
pecies exhibits obviou�. unusu­
ally deep, periodic constrictions
repeated every 25 to 30 ribs.
There i a well-defined venter
bordered by ventrolateral tu­
bercle on most of the ribs. The
later two coils tend to have tu­
bercles or pines located slightly
Dtdymoceras btnodosum D<dymoceras blnodosum above midventer and another row
01 487H [) 588A
of tubercles or spines low on the
Steve Jorgensen collection Steve J<xgensen collecbon
3cm across 6 ern "'Ide x 7ern high base of the venter. Didymoceras
binodosum i s found i n the
Baculites scotti Range Zone of the Western lmerior in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Colorado; in
lhe Annona Chalk near Yanc)'. Arkansas; and in the BergStrom Formation in south central Texas.

't)Q�c. 't' '<)�C! o::,

, o:.J o "..J Q "t\. s. (J "" , 11;1 1<� 'Y\ -n _,cty xt0:0::�oo o®
Didymoceras cf. arclziacianum (d'Orbigny, 1 842)

Thi specie is characterized by 1 1/2 to 2 lao ely coiled helical whorl in its initial growth,
followed by 5 to 6 helical wborU. in contact with each other on a low. . lightly eparated body chamber.
Rib. are generally trong and rursiradiate. weak to faint on the dorsum. and trong and broad on the
flanks and venter_ Ribs are sometime paired aero the flank. meering to form tubercles or spines
midway on the ventral edge. and looped between the e tubercles and another
row, low on the outer whorl. Did)1noceras cf. archiacianum occurs in the
Baculites scoui Range Zone in South Dakota. Wyommg. and Colorado.
and shows distinct irnilaritie to DidyiTUJCeras archiacianwn from
France. The authors believe enough difference.<; do exist. how­
ever, and Didymoceras cf archiacianum will one day be
assigned a different pecie name.

Left speomen• Ddymoceras ct. arrnaa.anum

Di 984E 8.2 ern high

Right Oldymoceras ct. afCiliaaaf)(JfTI

Di 12758 13..5 ern t»gi1

S. Jorgensen colecoon

53
 fAMIL\ NosTOCERAnDAE :.

Didymoceras nebrascense (Meek and Hayden, 1 856)

Didymoceras nebrascense typically consists of31h loo ely coiled. broad, helical whorls on a large,
broad, U-shaped body chamber. Early whorls consist of an ammonitella followed by a nearly straight
limb that bends back and gently tapers into a lightly curved limb in a loo e. elliptical, planispiral
whorl. Middle growth is generally 2112 broad. almost circular, loose helical coil . The body chamber
becomes quite robust as it form a U. Rib are prorsiradiate early. low. and faint. then become wider
and more rursiradiate on the remaining whorls and body chamber. Ventrolateral tubercles or spine
do not occur on every rib but eem to be on only every third or fourth one for most ofthe growth. The
final one-half to two-thirds of the whml before the body chamber lacks tubercles. Tubercle. occur
high and low on the ventrolateral boulder early. but slowly drop to midventer and low on the whorls
until they fade out on the lower whorl. The body chamber ha<> prominent ventrolateral pines
bordering the nearly nat venter. Macroconch body chamber height averages 1 5 em, with an overall
height of 20 to 25 em. Microconch body chamber height
averages 1 2 em. with an overall height of 14.5 to I 7 em.
Macroconchs tend to have l arger and more robust
phragrnocones and body chambe� than do the microconchs
of the pecie. . Didymoceras nebrascense is prevalent
throughout the Western Interior from New Mexico through
nonheast Montarta. I! is also found in Delaware and in the
Misha h Formation of l rae I.

AboYe
Oldymoceras nebrascense wrth
Solenoceras sp� Bacufttes
pse00ova1u:s, and Scaphrtes 9
BHI4834
40 an long
25 an htgh

Dtdymoceras nebrascense Dldymoceras nebrascense

BHI 4113 BH1 4112
21.S cm h1gh 7 cm across

54 A11u110IIItes a11d the other Ct'phalopods oftht' Ptt''" St'<Jl4U)"

 f'APIILY NosTOct'.KATIDAI' ··,: .

Didynwceras stevensoni (Whitfield. 1 877)

Didymoceras ste\•ensoni is described. in early growth. as a loose. elliptical. or upside-down

U-shape with an initially curved. gently enlarging haft on two lightly maller, loose helical whorls.
These whorls grade into three broad helical whorls that are in contact with each other or nearl y so
on a broad. hallow U-shaped body chamber. Ribs are broad and rectiradiate to rursiradiate . On the
earlier whorls and Limb . the rib-venterjunction exhibits tubercle for almost every rib; later in the
growth. nonruberculate ribs are common. The venter or whorl flank is nearly flat and has two rows
oftubercle , one near the base ofthe whorl and the other at midflank ofthe ventral side. Didymoceras
stevensoni differs fromDidynwceras nebrasunse by having a largernumberoftighter coiled, he I ical
whorls (a spire) in the conch. the pre ence of' entrolateral tubercle on all whorls. coarser and more
widely spaced ribbing. and a body chamber shaft that does not extend very far below Lhe whorls
before the recurvarure in the fonn of a large U- haped hook. �1acroconchs are one-half to two-thirds
the size of the macroconchs. This pe.cie vel) clo.ely re emble its predece sor. Didymoceras cf.
archiacianum. Didymoc:eras
stevensoni is found i n the
Western Interior from Colo­
rado, Wyoming. and Montana,
as well as in Delaware.

DkJymoceras stevensoni
Left Microconch
Right Macroconch
24.5 ern high
Japh Boyce photo

55
 fA•m\ NosTOCI.RATIDAE ••

Didymoceras cheyennense (Meek and Hayden, 1 856)

Didymoceras cheyennense is typically characterized as 2112 to 3 slender, loose helical whorls on

a large J-shaped body chamber that has a very long shaft preceding the bend. Macroconch height
averages about 20 to 2 1 em, and microconch height averages 1 4 to 1 5 em. Didymoceras cheyennense
begins with an initial ammonitella and 1 112 open, yet touching, planispiral coils on a loose, slightly
curved, elliptical whorl. The middle helical whorls enlarge slowly and are almost circular and yet
not touching. The body chamber i fairly broad. with an initial haft that extends about 1 112 times the
height of the initial whorls, then bendc; back to about one-half of that distance. and forms the aperture.
The early ribs are ingular, prorsiradiate. and/or rectiradiate. and possess a double row of tubercles
on either side of a nearly flat venter. Ribs on the middle whorls are strong and oblique, generally
paired, rursiradiate on the venter and prorsiradiate on the top of the whorl. The ventrolateral
tubercles tend to be on every other rib on the nearly flat venter. The ribs are broad
on the body chamber. They are prorsiradiate at fir t. then recti radiate on the
curve, and rursiradiate on the final part of the hook. The tubercles are
generally paired but occasionally alternate on either side of the venter
on the body chamber. Thi species i found within the Western
Interior Seaway from northern ew Mexico to central and eac;tem
Montana. lL i al o present in the Mount Laurel Sand ofDelaware.

Left
Didymoceras cheyennense
BHI 2139
21 an high

Right
Didymoceras cheyennense
BHI 2100
15 an high

56 Ammonites and the olher Cephalopods of the Pierre Seaway

 Genus Nostoceras Hyatt, 1 894
nostos = remm + ceras = hom

Nostoceras has acute angled, helical whorls in a tightly coiled spire on a loose U-shaped body
chamber. Generally present are paired rows of tubercles on all or most ribs along the ventrolateral
shoulder. The ribs are generall y strong and dense
with or without some constrictions. This
Campanian and Maastrichtian genus has been found
i n Europe, Africa, North America, and Japan. Sev­
eral species have been found within the Western
Tnterior. but for the most part, they are very un­
common. A few specimens of Nostoceras mono­
tuberculatum, Kennedy and Cobban ( 1 993b) (so
named because they have only one row of ventro­
lateral tubercles), have been found i n the
Didymoceras nebrascense Range Zone of Fall River
County, South Dakota, and another specimen was
found in the Did;mwceras stevensoni Range Zone
Nostoceras monolllben::ulalum in the Cozzette Sandstone Member of the Mancos
BHI2093
4.3 em across Shale. Pitkin County, Colorado.

Genus Oxybeloceras Hyau., 1900

OXJbel = eye of a needle ,. ceras = hom

At the time ofthi printing, the genus Oxybeloceras is in doubt and will most likely be changed.
The type specimen for Oxybeloceras was OJ..)'beloceras crassum, and that species is probably only
a large Solenoceras.
The initial coil of Oxybeloceras is similar to that of Didymoceras cheyennense. Early stages of
Oxybeloceras consist of an ammoniteUa and 1 112 open planispiral whorls i n contact with each other,
followed by a long. lightly curved shaft that eventually bends back tightly on itself, leaving a small
open tear-shaped area near the elbow. The long body chamber includes the elbow and the entire
second shaft that bends back against the initial shafL The ribs are generally straight and perpendicular
to the venter and the dorsum. Small tubercles or e\·en spines occur on the ribs along the ventrolateral
shoulders. Oxybeloceras has been reponed from the We tern Interior and from Texas, Arkansas, and
Delaware, as well as from Colombia South America In the Western Interior they have been found
in Baculites gregoryensis. Baculites sconi, and Did)71wceras cheyennense Range Zones.

Oxybeloceras so.
BHI 4111
Baculites scotti Range Zone
62cm long

57
 fAMII.l Nostoa.RAnDA[ :.••

Oxybeloceras meekanum ( Whitfield. 1 877)

Oxybeloceras meekanum differs from the Baculite� scotri Range Zone Oxybeloceras by having
a much shorter body chamber ratio ro the phragmacone size. The ribbing seems to be slightly les
dense than on the earlier undescribed species. Oxybeloceras meekanum is also maller in size than
irs predecessor. Following the initial coil . the slightly bent haft broadens rapidly with rursiradiate
ribbing throughouL Tubercles are pre em on all of the ribs on the ventrolateral shoulder. Oxybe/oceras
meekanum i found from northern New Mex..ico to Montana, including western ebraska and South
Dakota within the Didymoceras cheyennense Range Zone.

Oxybe/oceras meelcanum Oxybeloceras meekanum

BHI 4761 BHI 4114
1 7 an long San long
The lmtial coils of an Oxybeloceras meekanum. Photo IS greatly
magn1fled, apprmumately 6 5 limes hfes1ze

5X Ammonites and the other Cephalopods of the Pterre Se��>·ay

 FAI\'IILY PACHYDISCIDAE SPATH, 1 92 2 ;,·
Pachydi cidae include mall-. moderate-. and large-sized planispiral hells with a moderately,
evolute to involute umbilicus. The whorl section can be inflated to compres.ed with generally steep
umbilical wall . At early ontogeneuc stage . lhey al o tend to have strong rectiradiate ribs at some
growlh stage. and mo t fonru generall) have rubercle above the umbilicus along the umbilical
shoulder. The family seems to have ari en 10 lhe Upper Albian and continued throughout the
Maastrichtian Stage in all lhe hallo\\ Cretaceous seas of the world.

Genus .lfenuites Spath. J 922

�"'ll = ::.mall det.uled + it�s = a '>tone

Thi ammonite ho\\ lhe varied difference between the macroconch and the microconch.
Menuites is characterized b) moderately tm olute coiling. very broad. rounded flanks, a we l l ­
rounded venter. and deep. rounded umbilical walls. Strong. \\ idely spaced ribs are present on the
inner coils and at the apermre. M.icroconch of the genu po se s rubercles around lhe umbilical
shoulder and ventrolateral tubercle on the li' ing chamber. whereru. the macroconch has smooth
ventrolateral shoulders and eilher small umbilical tubercle or none. The genus has a worldwide
di tribution and has been noted in Africa. India. Japan. Europe. ru. well as the Western Interior in
North America.

�fenuites portlocki (Sharp. 1 85 - ) complexus (Hall and Meek. 1 856)

Menuiles ponlocki complexus follow the de criptton of the genu in having strong ribs
(approximately 12 to 1 3 per
one-half whorl in the pb:rag­
mocone) that radiate from me
umbilicu outward over the
flank. and the venters. orne
connecting the rubercles and
other ribs separating the ru­
bercles. The macroconch
vary greatly with a larger size
in mature adult and a lack of
Menuttes portlocki complexus
ornamentation with the exception of rib on the Top Side view Bottom: Venter view
phragmocone. Microconchs ha,·e prominent rib Left BHI 4144. 3.3 em across
Right BHI 4145, 3.3 em across
and ventrolateral and umbilical tubercle Menmtes
.

ponlocki complexus has been found in the Baculires

gregoryensis Zone in South Dakola.. the Red Bird
Silty Member of the Pierre Shale. the Rock Ri\·er
Formation in W;oming. and the Hygiene Sands10ne
Memberofthe Pierre Shale in Colorado. the Manco
Shale near Aspen. Colorado. and the Sego Sand­
stone in eastern t:tah.

59
 FAMI LY pACI IYDISCIDA.I:':
,._
-

Menuites oralensis Cobban and Kennedy, 1 993a

Tbis ammonite also shows strong variation between the microconch and macroconch. The basic
descriptions of this and Menuires portlocki complexus arc the same, but Menuires oralensis has 1 5
to 30 ribs per one-half whorl. The e ribs are difficult to see and irregular i n height. On microconchs
the ribs are weak or absent on the living chamber, except near the aperture. The living chamber also
possesses ventrolateral tubercles and umbilical bullae along the umbilical shoulder that parallel or
alternate with each other on both sides of the venter. The macroconchs get much larger (up to 30 em)
and lack ornamentation on the living chamber. Menuites oralensis occurs only in the Baculires scotti
Range Zone of the Pierre Shale and equivalent-age rocks. The species has been reported from
Colorado, South Dakota, Wyoming, and New Mexico.

Above and Left:

Menwtes ora/ensJS
Left BHI 4147 (nucroconch) 9 em across
RJQht BHI 2052 (macroconch) 12.5 em across

60 Ammonite� and the other Cephalopods of the Pierre Semwry

 F1\1'111 � P'1\CHYDIS.CIDA.E
�···"""'
Genus Pachydiscus Zinel, 1 884
pachy == thick + discus == disk

The genu Pachydiscus i found worldwide. All the conchs within this genus have common
characteristic of moderate coiling. lightl) e\olute. and well-rounded flanks blending into a rounded
venter. The umbilicus i weJI rounded and very deep. There is usually strong ribbing at some stage
of growth and a tendency for tubercles. especially around the umbilical margin. Pachydiscus has
worldwide distribution from the Upper Albian through Maastrichtian Stages.

Pachydiscus (Paclzydiscus) arkansanus {Stephenson, 194 1 )

This specie i the most common form o f large Pachydiscidae found within the Pierre Shale.
Like all Pachydiscus, it i moderate!) evolwe \\ith rounded. deep umbilical waUs. The flanks and
venter are well rounded. Pachydiscus
has strong. prominent ribs on the flank
crossing the venter and strong pri­
mary ribs rising above the umbilicus
on the u m b i l ical shoulder.
Pachydiscus ( Pachydiscus) ar­
kansanus can get quire large, prob­
ably greater than 60 em across. It has
been recorded fTom the Exiteloceras
jenneyi Range Zone through the
Baculites compressus Range Zone in
the Pierre Shale. The significant dif­
ference between Pachydiscus
Side and edge VIew (Pachydiscus) arkansanus and
Pachyrftscus ct. hombye:nse Paclzydiscus (Pachydiscus) cf.
BHI 4149 23.5 an across
oldhami is the more complex suture
panem of Pachydiscus ( Paclzydiscus) arkansanus. Pachydiscus ( Pachydiscus) cf. oldhami (Sharp,
1855) has been reported only from the We tern lnterior from the Baculites compressus Range Zone
of the Bearpaw Shale in Montana. A ingle large phragmocone of Pachydiscus p. was found by
Walter G. Camack. Pueblo. Colorado. from the Exireloceras jenneyi Range Zone in the Pierre Shale
near Pueblo, Colorado (W. A. Cobban. wrinen com­
munication. 1994). and ar least one specimen of
Pachydiscus cmarinae has been reponed from the
Pierre Shale ne-ar Pueblo. Colorado. A couple of
specimen of Paclrydiscus cf. Jwmbyense Jone . 1 963
have been verified from the Baculires campres.sus
and Baculires cuneaJLlS Range Zones of Meade and
Pennington Counties of South Dakota

Cast of Pachydiscus catarn

USGS speamen
21 an across

61
 FAMILY PtAct:NTict:RATIDAt: HvATT, l �.oo

The Family Placenticeratidae is characterized by mall to large. compre ed. planispiral shell .
The umbilicus is moderately involute, flank are omewhat rounded. and the venter is flat or
sometimes grooved. Most possess some form of ribbing. which tends to be slightly rectiradiate
swellings, but many forms have no ribbing. Placenticeratidae have world\\ ide distribution from the
Upper Albian through the Maasrrichtian Stage .

flank

umbilical
shoulder

venter
tubercles

Shell Ornamentation of the

Family Placenticeratidae
Iustra:bon by N Larson

62 Ammonites and the other Ceplwlopods ofthe Pinre &aMOT

F 1\I'IILy f"LACl:NTIDF.RATIDAE
-·:�
Genus Hoplitoplacenticeras S pat h, 1922
hoplito = heavily armed foot soldier + placenta = flat cake + ceras = hom

Th si ge nus isc haracter zi ed b ya s o mewhat

co mpressed whor l se ct o
i n, e vo lute u mb ili­
cus, fla t to s l g
i ht y
l rou nded f a
l nks, a fla t
ve nte r.a nd pro mine nt.stra g
i ht to pros ri ad ai te
r b
i s that bea r two row o f ve ntr o a
l tera l tu­
be rc e
1 s . The outer row o ftuberc e
l s ma ybe
o mewhat cla va et . Th i ge nus is ra re i n the
i r. As ing el s pecime nassig ned
Wester n I nter o
to Hoplitoplacenticeras c .
f Hoplitoplacentic­
eras coesfeldiense (Sch lute r, 1 867) va r.
schliiteri Mikhailo v. 195 1 ,was o f u nd int he
Baculites asperifonnis Zo ne in l.be Steele S hal e
insouth-ce ntra l W yo ming . Two other spec ­
i
me n that ee m ot be Hoplitoplacenticeras
Abolle: cast of marrori (C oqua nd . 1 859) we re fo und in the
Hoplrtoplacenticeras wesfietdensts Bawlites s p. (s mooth) Zo ne a nd Baculites
USNM 132373
82cm hl!fl obtusus Zo ne iothe Stee le S ha el a nd the S ha n­
no n Sa ndsto ne ince ntral a nd southe rn W yo­
ming (W. A. Cobba n. writte n co mmu nic a ­
tio n. 1 994).

Above: cast at Hop/iloplacenticeras marroli

USGS specimen
Shannon Sandslone
10.8 em high
This specimen was GISCOVered 111 the center of a core
dnll sample and IS the finest representative of lh•s
genus and speaes from the Pierre Seaway

63
 FAMilY PLACI-:I'I rU>ERATII>At-:
'''J,�
Genus Placenticeras Meek, 1 870
placenta = flat c.:ake + ceras = born

The genus Placenticeras is characterized by a tightly coiled (moderately involute), lenticular

(lens) shaped shell. The umbilicus is well rounded and moderately deep. The flanks are broad and
convex and sometimes ornamented with ribs and tubercles along the umbilicus and midflank. The
keel or venter is narrow and flat to slightly concave and protects the siphuncle which is near the
surface of the shell. The suLUre pattern on Placenticeras is very complex with 10 to 14 divided, deep,
narrow-necked saddles, lobes, and sinuses. Placenticeras has been recorded from less than 2 em u p
to 90 em in diameter. The genus has a world-wide distribution, and specimens have been recovered
from South Africa, lndia, Siberia, Europe, and North America. Their remains are abundant within
the Western Interior of North America from New Mexico to Alberta.

Placenticeras sancarlosense Hyatt, 1 903

This species attains a moderate size for the genus of 24 em in diameter. The umbilicus is
moderately evolute; the venter is rounded and wide. The umbilical wall is low but steep i n the
juvenile stage and sloped in the mature adult. The umbilical shoulder has sparse, broad tubercles that
radiate low, broad ribs. A distinguishing feature of Placenticeras sancar/osense is very prominent,
ventrolateral tubercles that are evenly spaced on the ends of the primary and secondary ribs. This
species has been found in the uppermost part of the Mancos Shale and the basal part of the Mesaverde
Formation in the upper Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico.

Placenticeras sancarlosense
USNM 73379
Side and ventral views
1 5 em high

64 Ammonites and rhe nrher Ceplw/opods of the Pierre Seaway

 FAMII.Y PLACENTIDERATIDAE .. '" �

Placenticeras guadalupae (Roemer, 1 852)

Placenticeras guadalupae has a thick. stout shell at all stages ofgrowth with a moderately evolute
umbilicus. It attains a fairly large size for the genus of up to 32 em in diameter. The species is
ornamented with several rows of nodes, one above the umbilical margin. one near the ventral edge,
and finally, a row of small clavate tubercle along either side of the venter. The species becomes
almost rectangular to circular in the whorl section of the adult form. Ribs are broad and faint
Placenticeras guadalupae has been found in Texas, in the upper part of the Mancos Shale of east
central Utah, and in lhe upper Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico.

Placenliceras guadalupe
USNM 73381
14.5 em across
left Side vtew Right Venter view

65
 FAMILY PLACENTIDERATIDAE
. 1�.
Placenticeras planum Hyatt, 1 903

Plac:enticeras planum is a pccics of medium si.le with the largest known specimens being no
more than 25 em in diameter. The most distinguishing feature is its smooth venter. In early tages,
the venter is at flrst �lightly concave, it then becomes flat, and finally rounds. Placenticeras planum
has a double convex near-circular-shaped hell with a moderately involute umbilicus. It also may
have tubercles aJong the umbilical shoulder. although some form. arc smooth. The suture pattern
is simpler than that of Placenticeras meeki or Placenticeras intercalare. The . uture patlern increases
in size to the third lateral lobe from the ventral side and then decreases beyond it. Placemiceras
planum is found in thc lowcr part ofthe Pierre ShaJe on the western rim of the Black Hill in the Eagle
,

Sandstone and Telegraph Creek Formation ofMontana and Wyoming, in the Mancos Shale ofcentral
Utah, and in the uppermost Mancos Shale and lowermost Mesaverde Formation in nonhero New
Mexico.

PlacentJCeras planum
Cast of USGS specimen
20.3 em across

66 Ammonites and the other Cephalopods ofthe Pierre Sea...-ay

 FAMILY PLACENTIDERATIDAE -"'iJ,

Placenticeras pingue Kennedy, Cobban, and Landman, 1 996

This species displays a thick whorl section, nearly rounded venter, and a moderately evolute
umbilicus. The name pingue means "fat" in Latin. This species name refers to the inflated or
thick flanks. This form is similar to a later species, Placenriceras intercalare, with umbilical
shoulder tubercles that each give rise to one or two low. prorsiradicate ribs. The ribs in turn form
broad bullate s h aped tubercles that end about three-quarters of the distance from the umbilicus
-

to the ventral edge. The venteral edge is flat early to rounded as i t matures, and low clavi Lend
to alternate on either side of the venter. The suture pattern is significantly more simple than that
of i ts descendant Placemiceras intercalare. There are 1 1 to 1 2 low lobes and saddles. The size
appears not to exceed 27 em in diameter. The species has been found from the Baculites
gregoryensis and the Baculites sconi Range Zone of South Dakota and Wyoming.

Placenticeras pingue
Above: BHI 4644
19 x 22 cm
Right VeniJ'al view
BHI 4646
1 9 cm high

67
 FAMil
. Y PLACE:I'ITIOE:KATIOAE -,
_ j

Placenticeras meeki Bohm. 1898

Placenticeras meek:i follows closely the de cription of the genus. The distinguishing features are
its smooth convex, broad, nearly unornamented flanks and smooth venter. Some specimens oc­
casionally possess small tubercles along the umbilical shoulder and some slight broad. low ribbing.
Placenticeras meeki has a large size range up to 80 em in diameter. The narrow, concave venter i n
the smaller specimens becomes more rounded
in larger helJs. The species occurs in
the Pierre Shale, sparsely in the
Exirelocerasjenneyi Zone. and
abundantly in the Didy­
moceras cheyennense
lhrough Baculites cun­
eatus Range Zones
throughout the West­
em Interior.

Plaamticeras meeki
BHI4150, 19 em across
Above: Flank vrew
Right Ventral VIeW
Below: Edge detail

68 Ammonit�s and the other Ceplwlopods ofdU! Piure Seaway

 FAMILY PLACENTIUERATIDAE ....

Placenticeras intercalare Meek and Hayden. 1 860

The obvious difference between this species and Placenticeras meeki are its smaller size (up to
25 em). thicker whorl section, narrower flanks, and greater ornamentation. There arc two rows of
well-defined tubercles on the nanks. one ncar the umbil icus and the second approximately two-thirds
of the distance from the umbilicu toward the ventral edge. Minor broad. low, rounded ribs seem to
connect these tubercle . The venter is slightly wider than that of the Placenticeras meeki and has
small clavate tubercle on both edges. Placenticeras illtercalare is distinguishable by having on
the average three clavi along the ventral edge between each pair of outer flank tubercles. It is difficult
to distinguish between macroconcbs or rnicroconchs in
tbi pecies, although the macroconchs seem to
have more rounded, thicker flanks, whereas
the microconchs seem to be more de­
pre ed in the flanks. Placenticeras
intercalare is found primarily in
the £Titelocerasjemzeyi through
Baculites compressus Range
Zones from New Mexico
north into Canada.

P'.acentJoeras IIJtert:aJate
BHI 41.16
16.5 an across
Above. Aan ­
Right. Veotral VteW
Below Edge delal
BH speamen
1San across

69
 FAMILY P't.ACENTII>I�KATIDAE •;.·

Placenticeras costatum Hyatt, 1 903

This speci es reprc enls the last reported occurrence of Placenticcras within the Western Interior.
As with its predecessor, Placellficeras intercalare, this form has a thick whorl section, broad flanks,
and prominent tubercles. There are generally two rows of tubercles, one row above the umbilical
shoulder and the other about two-thirds the distance from the umbi Iicu to the ventral edge. This form
differs from its predecessor both in the suture pattern and in its ventral edge. The three outer suture
lobes are more constricted than those of Placenticeras illtercalare. The clavi, al on g either side of the
ventral edge, number five between eacb pair of tubercle on the outer flank. The ribs are low, broad,
and prorsi rad iate originating on the umbilical tubercles and splining into a pair of ribs that develop
,

into the conical-shaped tubercles furthest out on the flank. The species has been reported from the
/Jaculites cuneatus and Baculites reesidei Range Zones of Colorado, South Dakota, Montana,
Cypress Hills of Sac;katchewan and possibly Alberta, and also in the Baculites reesidei Range Zone
of New Mexico.

PlacentJoeras costatum
BH14519
17 x 20 cm
Above left: Side view
Above nght Edge v1ew
Left. Close-up VIew
BHI 4520

70 Ammonites and the mhu Cephalopods uf the Pierre Seaway

 FAMILY ScAPHITIDAE MEEK, 1 87 6 -
·�
>·
The Family Scaphiti dae i characlerized by curved over the phragmocone but rad1er drops
its unique J-shaped body chamber_ H aving straight down until curving back toward the
descended from an Albian and phragmocone at the aperture. Lateral ri bs
Turonian lineage, scaphites be­ are generally straight and branching .
carne more abundant and var­ The ventrolateral ribs are also straight.
ied throughout the Western Commonly, there are tubercles or
Tnterior during the early bullae located al ong the umbilical
Pierre Shale (Campanian). shoulder and ventrolateral tu­
Conch size can vary from bercles located on the body
extreme!y small (less than 2 chamber. The family ap­
em) to quite large (greater pears to be mostly lim-
than 1 5 em in length). The �������;., ited to the Albian
shell can be compre sed to through Maastrichtian
inflated with a tightly coiled Cretaceous rnari ne
(involute) pbragmocone: sediments of the
the body chamber i not northern hemisphere.
life Reconstruction of a Scaphite
Ulustrallon by O.S Norton

Sheri Ornamentation
Family Scaphitidae
Ulus!rabon by N l..aJson

71
 Genus Haresiceras Reeside, 1927
after C. J. Hares + ceras = born

The djstinguishing features ofthi ammonite are a very involute phragmocone and tightly coiled
body chamber. The whorl section is compre ed and the venter is flat with ventrolateral nodes. The
ribs are slightly flexuous, fine, and widely spaced, with a forward bend. The surure pattern is complex
and shows a typical scaph.ite pattern in the large size and form of the first lateral saddle. The three
species of Haresiceras from the Pierre Seaway occur in the Gammon Ferruginous Member of the
Pierre Shale on the northern flank of the Black Hill. . Haresiceras placentiforme Reeside, 1927, al o
occurs in the Telegraph Creek Formation in northwestern Wyoming and Cody Shale on the
southeastern part of the Big Hom Basin. Haresiceras natronense Ree, ide, 1927. has also been found
in the Cody Shale of western and central Wyoming and in the upper part of the Mancos Shale in
northwestern Colorado. The genus occur within the Scaphites hippocrepis Range Zones. and is
limited to the Western interior region of North America.

left Side and veotral view

Haresiceras fisherl
cast of USI'<M 73387
2.7 cm hogh

R�ght. Side and ventral vrew

Hares�eeras natroense
cast of USNM 1314S6
3.1 cm aaoss

lett Side and edge view

HaresK:eras placentfforme
cast of USNM 131483
2.6 an aaoss

72 Ammonites and the other Cl'piUJlopotb of IM Pierre Seaway

 '..�
FAI'III. V S CAI.IIITIDAE

Genus Hoploscaphites Nowak, 1 9 1 1

hoplo = heavily anned foot soldier + skaphe = boat + ites = a �Lone

Hoploscaphites is small to medium sized for the family with compressed or flattened shells,
tightly coiled ( involute) pbragmocone. hallow umbilical walls. a shon. slightly curved body
chamber, and a lightly recurved hook. Ribs tend to be th.icker on the phragm.ocone and become more
dense and fme on the body chamber, often bifurcating and bending back (rursiradiate) toward the
phragmocone at rnidOank. Small ventrolateral tubercle are often present on the body chamber and
may or may not be pre ent along the umbilical margin. Hoploscaphite� eems to have its origin in
the Baculites obtusus Zone of Greenland and continues through the Jeler:kytes nehrascensis Zone
of the Fox Hi I I Fonnation. Hoploscaphires i present in the Campanian and Maastrichtian of North
America and Europe.

Hoploscaphites gilli (Cobban and Jeletzky, 1965)

Hoploscaphttes g
Left: BHJ 4116 (macrooonch) 5 em high
Right BHI 41 1 7 (I'TliCIOCOflCh) 4.5 em hiQh

Hoploscaphires gilli is a small- co medium-sized scaphitid (up to 41/2 em) that occurs in the
Baculites perplexus th.rough the Didymoceras nebrascense Range Zones within the Pierre Shale.
The shell i compre ed (having a narrow whorl ection), and the body chamber is broad and large
and loosely coiled around the phragmocone in the macroconch. The microconch has a longer,
straighter body chamber that eparates lhe phragmocone from the recurved book. The umbilical
walls are tapered and hallow. flanks are flat to semirounded, and the venter is very rounded and
blends into lhe flanks. The rib are more coarse on the phragmocone but become very fi ne and dense
on the body chamber. Ventrolateral rubercles may be pre.em but are u ually absent. Macroconchs
of the species tend to have a much \\rider flank and an umbilical swelling on the body chamber and
are about 25 percent larger than the rnicroconch .

73
 FAMII.Y SCAt"HITIOAE
���b
Hoploscaphites Landesi Riccardi, 1 9�3
This species ha. a relatively small shell (2-3 em). It is involute on the phragmoconc, with the
body chamber extending slightly beyond the phragmocone, leaving only a slight gap near the

Hoploscaphttes IandeS/ Left: BHI 4118 (macroconch)

Left: BHI 4118 (macrooonch) 4.2 an high
Right BHI 4 1 1 9 (microoonch) 3.5 an high
Rtghl BHI 4119 (microconch)

aperture. Ribbing is coarse on the pbragmocone and becomes finer and more dense on the body
chamber. There arc light bullae or tubercle along the umbilical margin and on the ventrolateral
shoulder of the last part of the phragmocone and fJISt half of the bod} chamber. The macroconch is
distinguished by its slightly larger size. wider flanks, and a light swelling above the umbilicus on
the early part of the body chamber. Hoploscaphites landesi ha been found throughout the Western
Interior Seaway in the upper part of the Didymoceras cheyennense Zone through the Baculites
c:uneatus Zone.

Hoploscaphites melloi Landman and Waage. 1993

This is a moderately sized shell with fine dense rib on all or most ofthe body chamber. Tts ventral
ribs are also very fine and dense. Ribs tend to curve away from the bod} chamber along the umbilical
margin, bifurcate, and bend back toward the body chamber. then at two-thirds the distance aero the
nank, they bend back toward the phragmocone. Thi pccie i 'eT) compressed and similar to
Hoploscaphites nicolletii from the Fox Hills Formation. There are few or no 'entrolateral tubercles
and none around the umbilical margin. MicroconciD. are commonly one-half to rwo-thirds the i.le
of the macroconch and have more promi­
nent ornamentation and a more e\.oJure um­
bilicus. The pede has been reponed in the
upper part of the Mobridge Member of the
Pierre Shale in north central South Dakota.

Hopioscaphltes meJioi {macroconch)

BHI 4120
4 an high

74 Ammorllll'S and tht> orl�r Ct>phalopod.s ofw Pit>rrr Sl'Ol\ay

 1 _••
FAMI LY SC API IITIDAE

Hoploscaphites nicolletii (Morton. 1 842) var. saltgrassensis (Eiiao;. 1 933)

Eliru. figured and de cribed this variety from phragmocones and other fragments that he
collected from the Pierre Shale in Wallace County. Kan ru., along with another scaphite, Jelet�J...yTes
plenus. Recently identified specimens from the Pierre Shale in Daw on County. Montana, not only
extend their range, but also give us some complete
specimen for de cription. This is a moderately sized
(up to 8 em). compressed, finely ribbed conch. The
phragmacone tends to have prominent, straight primary
rib , with secondary ribs between them. The body
chamber U. lightly more inflated than the phragmocone
with a trong recurved hook and prominent
ventrolateral tubercles for nearly the entire length.
The ribs of the body chamber are fine and become
more dense toward the aperture.

Hoploscaphltes niCOIIeiJI var saltgrassensis

(macroconch)
BHI 4705
8.5 x 7.5 cm
Pholo courtesy ol Dr. Nell Landman

Hoploscaplzites birkelundi Landman and Waage, 1993

The she11 is very compressed with a .trong recuned hook. The ribs are broad and low on
the pbragmocone. becoming narro\\-er and more den e on the body chamber. Ventrolateral
tubercle. start on the body chamber near the phragmocone and usually quit when the body chamber
curve back toward the phragmocone. Some macroconchs and most microconchs have umbilical
bullae. A with all HoploscaphiTe'i. the umbilicu i very involute. This species occurs with
:.kyzes dorfi. but to date bas only been found in the Fox: Hill Formation of Niobrara County,
JeleT:
Wyoming. The pecie hould. however, occur throughout the Upper Pierre Shale above the
BaculiTes clinolobarus Range Zone.

Hopioscaphites birlcefund•
(maaoconcfl)
left YPM 27170
6 x 4.7 em
RJQht YPM 211 n
6.3 x 5.5 cm
Photos counesy of
Dr Nell Lanoman

75
 FAMII.Y SCAI"IIITIDAE . �:
Genus Jeletzkytes Riccardi, 1983
after J. A. Jele11.ky + ites = a stone

Jeletzkytes can occur as mall to large, moderately i nflated conchs. The phragmocone is involute
and the body chamber has a short shaft that extends slightly beyond the phragmocone with a weak
reeurved hook. The ribs are sparse and straight on the phragmocone but tend to bifurcate and bend
slightly on the body chamber. There arc prominent ventrolateral nodes begiru1iog on the phragmo­
cone that fade away near the aperture on the body chamber. Most species also have at least another
row of tubercles around the umbilical margin or extending midway on the tlank. Some species may
also have two to three additional rows of tubercles on the flank starting on the phragmocone and
fading away on the body chamber. The genus Jeletzkytes eems to first appear in the Baculites
obtusus Zone and is present throughout the Maastrichtian. Fox Hills Formation, the last of the
Cretaceous marine sediments in the Western Interior. l l i found in Campanian and Maastrichtian
marine sediments in Europe and North America.

}eletzkytes nodosus (Owen. 1 852)

Jeletzlcytes nodosus
Left. BHI 4121 (macrocondl) 9 em tugh
Ventral view
left: BHI 4121
R1ght BHI 4122 (miCI'oconch) 7 em hiQh Right BHI 4122

Jeletzkytes nodosus is comparatively large for this family (up to I I em). This species is quite
robust with a somewhat long haft on the body chamber and a moderate recurved aperture or hook.
The umbilical walls are well rounded to steep. Ribs are broad. prominent, and fairly straight with
some bifurcation and bending. The most distinguishing characteristic for Jeler:.kytes nod.osus in
microconch and macrocooch forms i its narrow, lightly rounded flank and a broad, rounded venter.
The whorl section is more robust than any other caphitid except for Jeled:ytes crassus and
Rhaeboceras subglobosum from the Pierre Seaway. Jelet:}cyres nodosus i further di tinguished
from other species by a prominent row of tubercle along the ventrolateral houlder and another near
the middle to the dorsal edge ofthe flanks. The venter width and the flank width at midbody chamber
are of nearly equal size. Microconch and macroconchs differ primarily in the size and robustness
of the body chamber. with the microconchs omewhat compre sed or narrower along the venter.
Jelet:kytes nodosus range from the Didymoceras cheyennense through the Baculires ctmeatus
Range Zones. It has been found throughout the Western Interior Seaway and the Upper Campanian
of the Gulf Coast.

76 Ammonites and tM olhu Ct>phtJfopod5 ofIM Ptt'Trt' St'tn.tl)

 FAMILY SCAPIIITIDAE "!,

]eletzkytes brevis (Meek, 1 876)

Jelet-;.kytes brevis can have small to large shells (up to I 0 em) that are somewhat compressed to
well rounded and inflated. The body chamber has a short shaft and a recurved hook that extends
slightly below the phragmocone. Ribs are thicker on the more robust forms and fmer and sharper
on the more compressed varieties. The ribs tend to bifurcate but remain fairly straight and prominent.
The ventrolateral shoulder has a prominent row of tubercles that begins on the phragmocone and can
extend the entire distance of the body chamber. A second row of tubercle lie on the flank above
the rounded umbilical shoulder to one-third of the distance on the flank. The flanks of Jeletzkytes
brevis tend to be only slightly rounded and quite wide compared to the narrow flanks of JeleiZkytes
nodosus. Jeletzkytes brevis also is more compressed than Jeletd<ytes nodmil�S and has a narrower and
a more flattened venter. The nank width is about 1 112 Limes the diameter of the venter at midbody
chamber. Microconchs tend to be about one-half to two-thirds the size of the macroconehs and much
more compressed. The pccie is found from the Didymoceras cheyennense Range Zone through the
Baculites reesidei Range Zone. JeletV.ytes brevis is common from Colorado through Alberta.

Jeletzkytes breVIs (2 111ews)

Left: F47 BHI 4124 (macroconch) 8.5 em high
Right: BHI 4123 (microconch) 6.6 em hrgh

77
 F AM II " SCAt"HITII>AI: ,·�;

}eletzkytes "quadrangularis " (Meek and Hayden. 1 860)

(invalid species)

This variety of Jeletzkytes has a small- to medium-size range, a nearly nattened venter, and
somewhat compressed whorl section. Riccardi ( 1 983) assigned two ofthe paratypes and the holotype
of this species to the microconch of Jelezkytes cf. brevis. However, the holotype appears to be a
microconch ofJeletzkytes criptonodosus and one paratype appears to be a microconch of Jelerzkyres
plenus. The pararype of Jeletzkytes plenus, from the Yellowstone River area, does appear to be a
mieroconch of Jeletzkytes brevis. The um­
bilical walls are narrow and steep, and there
is a row of nodes directly above the wal ls on
the umbilical shoulders. There is another
row of tubercles on the ventrolateral shoul­
der that usually starts where the body cham­
ber begins. Tbis "species" hac; been de­
scribed from microconchs only of other
known species and should not be consid­
ered a distinct species. Je/etzkytes
"quadrangularis " occurs with Jeletzkytes
nodosus and Jeletzkytes brevis in the
Didymoceras clzeyennense Range Zone
through the Baculites cuneatus Range Zone.

Side and Ventral view

Jeletzkytes quadrangularis paratype
USNM 365
(actually Jeletzkyles plenus)
6.8 cm high

Side and Ventral view Ventral and Side view

Jeletzkyles quadrangularis paratype Jeletzkytes quadrangu/aris holotype
USNM 366 USNM 366
(actually Jeletzkytes brevis mK:roconch) (actually Jeletzkytes criptonodosus miCroconch)
5.5 em high 5.5 em high

78 Ammon/res and rhe nrlrer Cephalopods ofrhe Pierre Seaway

 FAMII.Y SCAI"HITIDAE
'<ell�-
Jeletzkytes ''furnivali" Riccardi, 1 983
(doubtful species)

Jeletzkytes "fumivali" has flexuous ribs and a compressed whorl section that is subrounded to
subrectangular. The bolotype of the species appears to be a m.icroconcb, but Riccardi did not assign
a macroconcb to the species. This makes assignment as a distinct species doubtful . The authors feel
thatJeletz/...ytes "fumi vali" is possibly a m.icroconch for an ac; yet undescribed Jeletzkytes macrucunch
from the Baculites reesidei Range Zone. Tt has a short shaft extending just below the phragmocone
and curving strongly back, leaving it slightly more open than Jeletzkytes brevis. The umbilical wall
is curved and shows no swelling, flanks are flat
and parallel, and the venter .is flat on the
phragmocone to rounded on the body chamber.
Rib tend to be Lhick and bifurcate on the
phragmocone and on much of the body cham­
ber, but become finer as they near the aperture.
A ventrolateral row of tubercles runs along the
shoulder from the last part of the phragmocone
to nearly the end of the body chamber where
the tubercles become smaller. There is a row of
nodes or small bullae that begin nearly at
midflank on the phragmocone and move in just
above the dorsum at the aperture. Riccardi
tated thatJeletz/...ytes "furnivali "occurred from
the Baculites compress us through the Baculites
S1de and Ventral VIeW
Jeletzkytes fumivaliHolotype reesidei Range Zones of the Pierre Shale and
GSC 67093
age-equivalent rocks.
8.5 cm high

]eletzkytes crassus (Coryell and Salmon, 1 934)

This species of Jelet:J..ytes is the most robust and well rounded of all the species. It is also quite
large (up to 1 2.5 em). The body chamber has a short shaft that quickly bend� back on the
phragmocone. The venter is very wide and broad, almost as wide as the flank. The species has a steep
umbilical wall and ijghtly rounded flanks. The ribs are bifurcated, prominent, and remain fairly
straight. The ventrolateral shoulder has a row of
small tubercles that arise early on the phragmocone
and end at the aperture. There is also a row of
nodes above the umbilical shoulder beginning
ear1y on the phragmocone but fading out on the
body chamber. The macroconch bas a large
welling near the umbilicus on the early portion of
the shaft. Microconchs are quite wide across the
venter with narrow, slightly rounded flanks. and

Side view
Jeletzkytes crassus
Left: BHI 4125 (maeroconeh) 9.7 em high
Right: BHI 4126 (mieroconeh) 6.3 em high

79
 FAMILY ScAt•HITIUAt: q:

}eletzkytes crassus continued

are ornamented with large, prominent tubercles. They are only one-quarter to one-half the size of
the macroconchs. The maximum width of the venter is so wide, it is even wider than the flank width
at the midbody chamber. Jeletzkytes crassus occurs commonly in the Baculites eliasi and Baculites
baculus Zones and equivalent rock units of the Pierre Shale from Kansas through Alberta and
Saskatchewan.
Jeletzkytes crassus
Side and venter view
left: (macroconch) 10.2 across x 10.5 em high
Right (microconch) 3.5 across x 6.6 em high
Jim and Joyce Grier collection

]eletzkytes plenus ( Meek and Hayden, 1 860)

Jeletzkytes p/enus is a robu t pecies characterized by its steep umbilical wall, weU-rounded
venter and llank.s, and large size (up to 1 1 em). This species bas fairly traigbt. medium to fine ribs
that tend to bifurcate about two-thirds of the way out on the flanks. Tt also has small tubercle on the
ventrolateral shoulder quite early on the phragmocone that continue almost all of the way to the
aperture. There is an inner row of small lateral node or bullae above the umbilical shoulder that begin
early on the phragmocone, but fade away on the body chamber. Occasionally, a third row of small
tubercles is located rnidflank. on the body chamber. The microconch for tbis species is slightly
compressed in whorl section, has flat to subrounded flanks, and is ornamented by small tubercles on

�r
;

-�

� �
'
·

.��
�- . ....
,
.

,I
:· F
r .1.
' )

�
Side view Ventral view
Je/etzkytes plenus Jeletzkytes plenus
Left: BHI 4130 (macroconch) 8.5 em high left: BHI 4130
Right: BHI 4129 (miCroconch) 5.6 em high Right: BHI 4129

!10 Ammonites and the other Cephalopodf of 1he Pierre Sea11.·ay

 FAMII.Y SCAI"IIITIDiU': " ·..,,

]eletzkytes plenus continued

the ventra] shoulder and above the umbilical shoul­

der. Macroconchs are broader across the venter than
.Jele1zkytes criptonodosus. but less robust than
Jeletzkyres crassus. The fiank width is only slightly
wider than that of the venrer. The size ratio for
microconch to macroconch is about one to 1 wo or one
Jeletzkyles plenus is found in the upper part
to three.
of the Pierre Shale. primarily in theBaculites eliasi
and Baculites baculus Range Zones.

Jeletzkytes p/enus
(macroconch)
BHI4128
10 cm across

]eletzkytes criptonodosus Riccardi, 1 983

This species is a medium-sized conch (up to 9 em) similar to Jeletzkyres brevis, but differs by
sparser. more irregular ribbing, more complex suture pattern, and the presence of tubercles on the
innermost whorls of the phragmocone. The umbil ical wall is steep to rounded with weakly curved
to flat flanks and a broadly rounded venter. The lateral ribs are strong, rounded, and tend to pair from
the lateral tubercles above the umbilicus toward the ventrolateral tubercles above the venter. Ribs
tend to be very straight on the phragmocone to slightly curved on the body chamber. The venter to
flank ratio follow that of Jeletzkytes brevis, being about 1 to 1 112 at midbody chamber. Macroconchs

Side VIew Ventral view

Jeletzkytes cnptonodosus Jeletzkytes criplonodosus
Left: BHI 4131 (macroconch) 7.8 em high Left: BHI 4131
Right BHI 4132 (miCroconch) 5.2 em high Right: BHI 4132

81
 FA Mil. v ScAI"HJTJDA E
"·
·· _
_

jeletzkytes criptonodosus continued

arc large and compressed likc Jeletzkytes brevix, whereas the microconchs are small and compressed
with much broader ribbing and larger ventrolateral tubercles, and are one-half LO one-third the size
of the macroconchs . .leletzkytes criptonodosus
occurs primarily in lhe Baculites baculus Zone,
but si rnilar specimens have been found as low as
the Baculites cunearus Zone.

Type Jeletzkytes crlptonodosus holotype

GSC 67104
8.6 cm high

}eletzkytes dorfi Landman and Waage, 1 993

Side v1ew
Jeletzkytes dorfi Ventral view
Left: BHI 4133 (macroconch) 7.5 em high Left: BHI 4133
Right: BHI 4134 (microconch) 5.3 em high Right: BHI 4134

This species is of medium ·ize for the genu ( between 7 and 8.5 em for macroconch size). The
shell is somewhat com pre sed, with a long tapering body chamber and a high apertural angle on the
recurved hook. The umbilical wall is short and teep with slightly rounded flanks and an almost flat
venter. Ribs arc strong and sparse on the phragmocone, becoming closer and finer near lhe aperture.
lt has many closely spaced ventrolateral tubercles. and there is another faint row of tubercles above
the umbilical margin to one-third of lhe distance of the flank. The venter is rounded on the
phragmocone to fiat on the body chamber. The microconch for Jeler::,kytes dorfi is about one-half
the size of the macroconch, with broad, widely spaced ribs, a compressed whorl section, and
prominent tubercles along the ventral shoulder with minor tubercles on the umbilical region.
Jeler::,kytes doifi occurs above the Baculites clinolobatus Zone, in the Jelet;}..ytes dorfi Zone east of
the Black Hills, and in lhe lowermost Fox Hills Formation, just west of the Black Hills in Wyoming.

82 Ammonites and the other Cephalopods of 1h� Pierre Seaway

 -
FAMILY SCAPIUTII>A" .-c

Genus Ponteixites Warren. 1934

Ponrei.x = town in Saskatchewan + ites = a Mone

Ponteixites appear to be the dwarfed Maastrichtian descendant of the Campanian Rhaeboceras.

Ponteixites is quite small and compressed in whorl cross section. lt hac; a slightly rounded, narrow
umbilical wall, somewhat evolute, slightly rounded to flat flanks, and well-rounded yet narrow
venter. The ribs are prominent, sparse, and well-rounded, with an average of two secondary ribs for
every primary rib. The suture pattern is the same as for all scaphitids when the same-size specimens
are compared. This genus is found only in the Maac;trichtian of the Western Interior.

Ponteixites robustus Warren, 1 934

Of the two described species, Ponteixires
robustus is the more robust, both i n whorl section
and in having broader, more prominent ribs on the
flanks and on the venter. The umbilicus is moder­
ately evolute ( loosely coiled). Ponteixites mhustus
tends to have straight to slightly bent primary ribs
and a secondary rib for each primary one begin­
ning about the middle of the flank. The umbilical
walls are shallow, and the flanks are slighlly
rounded. Complete mature Ponteixites robustus
have a maximum diameter of 5.5 em. Ponteixites
robustus occurs i n the Baculites baculus and
Side and ventral view Baculites eliasi Range Zones and is found in
Ponteixites robustus
BHI 3044 Montana, Wyoming, Alberta, and Saskatchewan.
4 em across

Ponteixites gracilis Warren, 1934

Ponteixites gracilis seems to be consistently smaller ( 1 .4 em to 2 em in diameter), more

compressed, and slightly more tightly
c o i l ed ( i nv o l u t e ) than Ponteixite.\'
robustus. The umbilical walls are also
more shallow and the flanks contain a
greater number of both primary and sec­
ondary ribs. The venter is wel l-rounded
and has broad prominent ribs. This spe­
cies may actually be the microconch for
Ponteixites robustus since both occur in
the same Range Zones and localities.

Side and ventral view

Ponteixites gracilis
BHI 628 2.2 em across

83
 FAMILy SCAt"HITII>AE .

Genus Rhaeboceras Meek, I R76

rhaibos = bent + ceras = born

Rhaeboceras is a cap hi tid of medium to large size with involute inner whorls and a more loosely
coiled body chamber. The phragmocones tend to resemble finely ribbed Ptwhydiscus. The whorl
section is rounded to slightly compressed. The umbilical walls arc steep, the flanks arc slightly
rounded, and the venter is very well rounded. Straight to slightly curved. bifurcating ribs are present
on the flanks, and the venter has broad straight ribs. Tubercles may or may not be present above the
umbilical margin and above the venter of the body chamber. The development of tubercles may help
determine the gender (macroconch, microconch) of the ammonites. The genus Rhaeboceras may be
limited to the Western Interior of North America.

Rhaeboceras halli (Meek and Hayden. l 856)

Rhaeboceras halli is a fairly small (up to 1 5 em) and compressed variety of the genus. Its ribs
are fine and closely spaced; some bifurcate about halfway up the flank with several frne secondary
ribs arising in between the straight ones within the middle third of the flank. Tubercles or clavi may
occur above the umbilical margin near the end of the phragmocone and on the body chamber. This
species occurs infrequently in the upper part of the Pierre Shale, but is most common in tbe Baculite.\'
reesidei and Baculites jenseni Range Zones of Montana.

Side and ventral VIew

Rhaeboceras halli
BHI 3044 14 em across

84 Ammonites a11d rite other Cephalopods ofthe Prerre Seawa)

FAMILY ScAYHITIOAE
·._;1;.
Rhaeboceras albertense (Warren. 1930)

Rhaeboceras albertense is a medium-size conch for the genus (up to 18 em), with an ovate to
subrectangular whorl section and steep almost vertical umbilical walls. The whorl section near the
end of the body chamber becomes nearly as wide as it is high. It differs from Rhaeboceras haiti by
its straighter, coarser, and broader ribs, and also by its very prominent secondary ri bs that begin on
the middle third of the flank and extend over the well-rounded venter. As in Rhaeboceras halli,
tubercles or clavi may be present along the umbilical margin of the body chamber. The species occurs
in the Baculires reesidei and Bacu/iresjenseni Range Zones in the Pierre Shale and its equivalents,
primarily in Montana. Alberta, and Sa�katchewan.

Side and ventral view

Rhaeboceras albertense
BHI4136
14 em across

Rhaeboceras subglobosum (Whiteave , 1 885)

This specie is the large t (up to 30 em) and the most robust of the Rhaeboceras. The whorl
section is almost round, the umbilical
wall are very steep, and the tlanks
and venter are very rounded. Broad,
straight, primary, and secondary ribs
decorate the t1anks and venter. There
appear to be no tubercles or clavi. Its
suture pattern is also the most com­
plex of all the Rhaeboceras. The
species occurs primarily in the
Baculires reesidei and Baculire.\
jenseni Range Zones of Montana.
A lberta, and Saskatchewan.

Side and ventral view

Rhaeboceras subglobosum
BHI4137 1 1 em across

85
 tii. Y Sc
FAI' :AYHITIDAt: -·

Rhaeboceras coloradoense Cobban. I 987

This species was assigned as the "noded" variant by Cobban when he wrote the description
of the species. Out of all the species within this genus, this one has the most typical look of a scaphite.
The species has a row of tubercles on the body chamber above the umbilical margin. It also has
flattened flanks and a rather compressed cross ection. The ribs are prorsiradiate, flexuou . high.
rounded, and evenly spaced. There are also secondary ribs in between the primary ribs on the body
chamber. The species has been found in the Pierre Shale in the Baculites jenseni Range Zone in
Colorado. and the Baculites eliasi Range Zone of Dawson County, Montana.

Side and ventral v1ews

Rhaeboceras coloradoense
USNM 413046
4.5 em across Side and ventral views
Rhaeboceras coloradoense
Holotype USNM 413044
8.2 em across

Rhaeboceras burkholderi Cobban, 1987

Rhaeboceras burkholderi is defined by a compressed cross section, flattened flanks, and a

slightly flattened venter that is bordered by buUae. The ribbing i prorsiradiate and slightly flexuous,
with the pri mary and secondary rigs giving rise to the bullate tubercles on the ventrolateral shoulder.
The species is somewhat smaller than the
other pecies, though only slightly smaller
than Rhaeboceras coloradoense. The
specie has been found in both the Pierre
and Bearpaw Shales from the Baculires
reesidei through the Baculites eliasi Range
Zones in Saskatchewan and Montana.

Side and rear view

Rhaeboceras burlcholden holotype
USNM 413047
5.7 em across

X6 Ammunitel and the other CephalopodJ of the P1erre Seaway

FAMILY SCAPIIITIDAE:
:' ,

Rhaeboceras mullananum (Meek and Hayden, 1 862)

As Cobban ( 1 987) notes on Rhaeboceras, the species was collected by Meek and Hayden
about 20 odd miles beneath Fort Benton, Montana, which places it in the Santonian Age, Marias
River Shale. That would make this specimen the earliest Rhaeboceras discovered. The form appears
to be much later than Santonian and should be from the Campanian rocks of Montana. but only one
specimen of this species (the type specimen) has been found to date. The authors believe that it came
from the Bearpaw Shale, o we felt obligated to include it in this publication.

Side and front view

Cast of holotype
Rhaeboceras mul/ananum
USNM t924
7.2 em across

!!7
 •
FAMILY SCAPIIITIOAE

Genus Scaphites Parkinson. 1 8 1 1

skaphe ::: a boal + ires = a slone

This genus is described a being either compressed or robust. The phragmocone coiling is
involute; the body chamber shaft may be either hon or moderately long, but it is not curved over the
phragmocone. The aperture is somewhat constricted and u uaJJy has a long dorsal lappet. Ribs are
generally recti radiate and branch or become
intcrcalatory on the phragmocone. Tubercles
on the umbilical and ventral shoulders are
normally present on the body chamber. This
genus has a worldwide distribution.

Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay, 1 827)

Scaphites htppocrepts I Scaphires hippocrepis is found in the up­

Left: Macroconch
USNM 160280
Above: Microconch
USNM 160271
Scaphites hippocrepts II
Left: Macroconch
USNM 160297
Above: Microconch
USNM 160292
Scaphites hippocrepis Ill
Left: Macroconch
USNM 160331
Above: Microconch
USNM 160308
permost part of the Niobrara and in the lower
part of the Pierre Shale, in the Eagle Sand­
stone, in the Cody Shale, and i n the Telegraph
Creek Formation. Cobban ( 1 969) assigned
the Roman numerals I, II. m to de ignate
three subspecies. They are scaphitids of a
small to below average size ( 1 - 1 112 in.) with
a very loosely coiled body chamber simi lar to
the earlier Turonian Age scaphites from the
Carlile Fonnation. All types have prominent
ventral ribs and sparse lateral ribs. They have
ventrolateral tubercles on the body chamber
and some near the umbilicus. Scaphites hip­
pocrepis 1, from the Niobrara and lowermost
Pierre Shale. has the fewest ribs and tu­
bercles; Scaphites hippocrepis l l ofthe Pierre
Shale has more ribs and ventrolateral tu­
bercles; and Scaphites hippocrepis m, al o
from the Pierre Shale. is even more densely
ribbed, and ha'i umbilical and midflank tu­
bercle and ventrolateral tubercles that ex­
tend onto the pbragmocone.

88 Ammonites and rlre other Cephnlnpods ofthe Pierre St>01my

 '
FAMILY SCAPIIITIOAJ:: ;x

Genus Trachyscaphites Cobban and Scott, 1 964

trachy = rough + skaphe = boat + ites = a stone

This genus has a very ornate conch of small to medium size. A multitude of tubercles, clavi,
bullae, and ribs decorate this shell from early on the phragmocone through the body chamber. The
phragmocone is very tightly coiled (involute), and the body chamber is straight and separates from
the phragmocone before it bends back at the aperture. There are as many as five rows of tubercles
on the flank of the phragmocone and body chamber that decrease in size from the venter toward the
umbilicus. Ribs arc straight, tend to join and go between the tubercles from both sides, and are spaced
very tightly. This genus is similar to the scaphitid, Discoscaphites gulosus, of the Fox Hills
Formation. Trachyscaphites is limited to the Campanian of North America and Europe.

Trachyscaphites pulcherrimus (Roemer, 1 84 1 )

Trachyscaphites pulchenimus resembles the description of the genus very closely. The whorl
section i s compressed to rounded, and the umbilical walls are steep. There are five rows of tubercles
on each flank; two rows of ventrolateral tubercles parallel each
other, typically a row of tubercles above the umbilical margin and
general ly one to two more rows of tubercles between these sets.
The tubercles get larger and even disappear on the body chamber,
and ribs tend to join these tubercles i n straight lines. Trachy­
scaphites pulcherrimus is more slender, slightly more involute,
and has a less-extended body chamber than any other species of
Trachyscuphites. Trachyscaphites pulcherrimus occurs in the
Baculites perple.xus and Baculites gregoryensis Range Zones of
the Pierre Shale in Colorado, Wyoming, and South Dakota.

Trachyscaphites putcherrfmus
BHI2148
3.5 em across

Side and ventral view

Trachyscaphites pulcherrimus
Jim Schoon collection
4.1 em high

89
 Trachyscaphites redbirdensis Cobban and Scoll, 1964
Traclzyscaphites redbirdensis is a large species of up to 1 1 em high by over 5 em thick on the
venter. It has a lung straight shaft on the body cham her and a strongly retracted hook. There are five
rows of nodes on each flank, all almost equally
spaced. All of the nodes are prominent, but the
ventrolateral tubercles are the largest. The
umbilical nodes arc somewhat bullate in form.
There is also a row of nodes on either side of the
center of the venter. Trachyscaphi t es
redbirdensis occur in the Redbird Silty Mem­
ber of Wyoming.

Side and rear view

Trachyscaphites redbirdensis
Holotype USNM 132309
9.6 em across

Trachyscaphites spiniger (SchlUter, 1 872) subspecies porchi (Adkins, 1 929)

This species is a moderately large conch that differs from others of the genus by having four
rows of nodes on each flank. There are also two rows of tubercles between the ventrolateral tubercles
on the venter. The form is stout and robust, with a long separated body chamber and a trongly
retracted aperture. The pecies hac; straight to slightly flexuous ribs that tend to join and separate the
tubercles. The species has been reported from Germany, Ru sia. Sweden. and Belgium.
Trachyscaphires spinigerporehi described and
figured here has been found in Texas, Mon­
tana, Colorado, and Kansas.

Trachyscaphttes sptmgersubspecies porchi

Left: Internal mold USNM 132320 4.4 em across
Cen1er: Rear view USNM 132319 4.7 em high
Right: Internal mold USNM 132324 4.5 em across

Trachyscaphites praespiniger Cobban and Scon, 1 964

Trachyscaphires praespiniger differs from the other pecies of Trachyscaphites by having

only three and rarely four rows of nodes on each flank. Generally only the rnidlateral row persists
to the aperture on the body chamber. The specie i moderate to large in ize, ranging between 8.5
·

..._.,...- and 1 3 em high. It is moderately robust on the ventral

� ide. The body chamber does not separate from the
whorls as much as on Trachyscaphites redbirdensis or
Trachyscaphires spinigerporehi. The species has been
reported from South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Colo­
rado. and Utah.

Trachyscaphites praespimger
Left: Hototype USNM 132333 7.6 em high
R1ght: USNM 132335 7.2 htgh

90 Ammonites and the' other Cephalopods ofthl' Pierrl' Seaway

 ..."... ''-'!
FAMILY SPHENODISCIDAE HYATT, 1}900 1

This family consists of small to large species that tend to have very involute or closed umbilici.
The shell is compressed, lenticular, and planispiral, with a sharp or narrowly rounded venter. Some
genera possess weak lateral and ventrolateral tubercles, and faint ribs or swellings. Spheoodiscidae
have been found on every continent except Antarctica, from the Upper Campanian through the
Maa<;trichtian.

Genus Sphenodiscus Meek, 1 876

spheno = a wedge + discus = a disk
The genus Sphenodiscus has been described as a smooth planispiral. lenticular-shaped shell with
a closed or involute umbilicus. The flanks are wide and very broadly convex, and the venter is narTow
and acute. Some species show low. broad, widely spaced ribs (or undulations) an<.l occasional
tubercles in early forms. The suture pattern is fairly simple, with about eleven or twelve rather short,
deeply eli vided lobes. The genus attains a size of 50 em in the Timber Lake Member of the Fox I-lills
Formation, but rare I y gets larger than 15 em in the Pierre Shale. Macroconchs are considerably larger
than the microconchs, which tend to have prominent ribbing or undulations. The genus has heen
recorded from western Europe. the Middle East, lndia, Madagascar, Mexko, Vene;.uela, and the
U nited States. A Gulf Coast species, called Sphenodiscus pleurisepta (Conrad, 1 H57), is occasion­
ally found in the Baculires clinolobatus and possibly the Jeletzkytes dorft Range Zones of the Pierre
Shale.

Sphenodiscus pleurisepta
BHI 4148
1 3 cm across
 '
FAMILY St>ttENOOISCIJ)I\1.; �

Genus Coahuilites Bose, 1927

Coahuila - A state of Mexico

The shell of Coahuilites is disc-shaped with an involute umbilicus. rounded to irregular

flanks. <md two distinct rows of tubercle . One row of tubercles is located on the midOank and the
other is on the ventral shoulder. The venter i characterized by a sharp keel early that changes to
almost rooOike, and then becomes nearly flat in mature individuals. The genus has been found from
northern Mexico to Redbird. Wyoming.

Coahuilites sheltoni Bose. 1 927

This species of Coahuilires is the mo t abundantly found within the genus. The suture pattern
seems to be the most distnguishing feature between this and the other described species of
Coahuilites. Because it is the only specie that has been found within the Western Interior. we will
not explain those differences. The species portrayal follow clo ely the explanation of the genus.
Coahuilites sheltoni has been found in northern Mexico (Coahuila), Texas, Colorado ('!). and within
theHaculites clinobatus Range Zone of Wyoming.

Coahurliles she/toni
USMN 32152
Left: Side view 14.9 em high x 17.1 em across
Right Ventral vtew
Photo courtesy of Dr. Nell Landman

92 Ammonite.� and tire other CephalopodJ of the Pierre Si'UWUJ

B
elemnites were closely related to the modern-day squid, but had an elaborate internal shell
including a phragmocone that resembles that of straight, externally shelled nautiloids of the
Paleozoic Epoch. These animals were probably rapid swi mmers that looked and behaved much like

A Life Reconstruction of a Belemnite

[dashed line indicates hard internal shell - see illustration below]
Illustrations by D.S. No'rton

extant squids. Their bodies were shaped like a
torpedo with two lateral fins that could steer the
belemnite as it swam. Like the squid, it would
propel itself through the water by taking water
into its mantle cavity and force it out through an
organ called a funneL All representatives in this
order had ten equal or subequal arms with
bookJets. The belemnites' hard, internal shell
consisted of a guard or rostrum, a phragmocone,
a siphuncle, and a proostracum. The rostrum
and proostracum were composed of concentri­
cally layered calcite that radiates from the ven­
tral surface. The rostrum encompassed the
phragmocone and the proostracum provided a
bard dorsal protection for the internal organs of
the body. The phragmocone bad a siphuncle
whose purpose was to fill the chambers with gas
or fluids to achieve neutral buoyancy in the
water in the same manner as in ammonites and
nautiH. The order appeared in the Triassic, but
flourished throughout the seas of the world dur­
ing the Mesozoic Epoch, and died out in the
Eocene.
fAl'tiLY BELEMNITELLIDAE PAVLOW, 1913
The shell consists of a pen-shaped calcitic
rostrum or guard that covers the gas and fluid
chambers of the phragmocone. The family
closely follows the description of the order,
characterized by a large phragmocone and a
rapidly tapering rostrum. Members of the Fam­
ily Belemnitellidae have worldwide distribution
in rocks of the Cretaceous and Cenomanian
through the Maastrichtian.

proostracum

guard or rostrum

A Specialized Belemnite Cross Section with Unsectioned Proostracum

93
 F'AMII. y BI:LIOMI'IITELLII>At-: -:_::;,:;_,
Genus Belemnitella d'Orbigny. 1 840
belemnon = a dan + telos or tela = end

The genus follows the description of the order and the family very closely. However, there is a
lengthwise slit on the ventral side of the rostrum and a flattened ridge on the dorsal side. The
phragmocone is distinguished by a minute bulb or protoconch at the apex or tip. The genus occurs
sparingly throughout the Upper Cretaceous of the Atlantic Coast, Gulf Coac;t, and the Western
fnterior Basin.

Belemnitella bulbosa Meek and Hayden, 1 856

The rostmm is slender, subcylindrical, and slightly expanded at the anterior end. It has a
moderately distinct dorsaJ ridge and a phragmocone. The phragmocone is as long or slightly longer
than the rostrum, but is rarely completely preserved. Its final chambers are greater in diameter than
the rostrum. The phragmocone tapers at an angle of20" with an oval cross section. The septal walls
curve slightly forward on the dorsal side. The species i found occasionally in the Upper Pierre Shale
and more abundantly in the Fox Hills Formation.

Belemnitella bulbosa
BHI4142
9.4 em long phragmacone

94 Ammunile� and the orhu Cephalopods ofthl' Pierre Seaway

T he Order Nautiloidea is distinguished by
a curved to coiled external aragonitic
Today's Nautilus prefer cool or moderate
water temperatures between l 5°C and 22°C.
shell containing a phragmocone and a body Water temperatures of greater than 27°C can ki II
chamber. The phragmocone is segmented into the nautilus (Saunders and Landman, 1 9R7).
many chamber by nearly traight septa and Extant Nautilus also have a very low metabolic
sutures. The nautiloids had a thicker shell than rate and may go for weeks without eating while
that of their relatives, the ammonites, which may remaining capable of very rapid swimming.
have enabled them to withstand crushing at deep These same characteristics probably held true
oceanic depths and pressures. The chambers are for the nautiloids of the Cretaceous since today· s
all connected as in Ammonoidea and Belem­ Nautilus appears to be closely related to the
nitidea by a tube called a siphuncle that provided Eutrephoceras of North America. This order
gas or fluids to the chambers. Nautiloids are and has had worldwide distribution and has been
were relatives of the squid and octopi, and re­ found in rocks from the mid-Devonian Period
sided in a hard sbeU that provided protection for through to the present. The continuing presence
their sofl part a well as buoyancy for their body of this order allows the paleontologist to study
mass. a living fossil.
Extant Nautilus inhabit
oceanic coastal areas to a
depth of approximately 300
m. At night, they move up to
a depth of approximately I 00
m to feed, breed, and lay eggs.
Cretaccou Age nautiloids ap­
pear to have inhabited water
of 100 m or less during most
of their l ifespan. Differences
between extant and Creta­
ceous Age nautiloid appear
also in their egg-laying ca­
pacity. Present-day Nautilus
lay about 1 0 eggs a year
whereas their ance tral cous­
ins laid smaller eggs, prob­
ably in greater quantity, esti­
mated at between I 0 and 50
eggs per year (personal com­
munication, Landman 1 994).

A Living (extant) Nautilus

Illustration by D.S. Norton

95
 FAMILY NA.UTILIDAE DE BLAI NVILLE, ; ""::!:
]! 825
,

The Family Nautilidae is briefly described as having a generally smooth shell, which is involute
to slightly evolute. The whorl section is slightly compressed. The siphuncle is located in the center
(along the median line of symmetry), but may vary ventrally or dorsally within the chambers. The
suture is straight to sinuou . NautiJidae are found from the Upper Triassic to the Recent and on every
continent.

Genus Eutrephoceras Hyatt, 1 894

eutrephas = nourishing + ceras = born
The shell of Eutrephoceras is smooth and generally subglobose or nearly rounded. The whorl
section is kidney shaped and broadly rounded on the flanks and venter. The aperture is slightly
curved. The shell is involute and the suture pattern is slightly sinuous. The placement of the
siphuncle is the primary characteristic for identifying species within the Pierre Seaway. This genus
is present from the Upper Jurassic through the M iocene in North America and Colombia, South
America.

Eutrephoceras alcesence Ree ide, 1 927

Eutrephoceras alcesence has a broadly rounded, stout shell, globose in juvenile stages to
subglobose in the adult stage. The whorl section is nephritic (kidney haped) and the placement of
the siphuncle is central to dorsocentral . The surface of the shell has distinct longitudinal lines on the
venter and coarse growth lines on the remainder of the shell. This species attained a l arge size,
reaching a diameter of 24 em. The ratio of height to width in the cross section ranges from 6 to 7.
Eutrephoceras alcesence is present in the Eagle Sandstone of Montana, the Telegraph Creek
Formation, and the Upper Cody Shale of the Big Horn Basin in Montana and Wyoming, the Steele
Shale of east central Utah and New Mexico, and the basal Mesaverde Formation in the upper Rio
Grande region of New Mexico. Another species, Eutrephoceras rhomi Reeside, 1927, ha<; been
reported very sparingly from the Eagle Sandstone ofMontana, but the authors believe this is probabl y
synonymous with Eutrephoceras alcesense, and that the differences are only dimorphic.

Eutrephoceras dekayi ( Morton, 1 834)

Eutrephoceras dekayi has a broadly rounded, subglobo. e shell that i s involute. The shell expands
rapidly, more than doubling in size with each complete whorl. The height to width ratio of this species
hao; been calculated at 3 to 4. The septa are reniform or k.idneyshaped and the siphuncle is located
one-third to one-fourth the distance from the dorsum or the inner wall. The shell
surface of adult and medium-sized specimens is smooth with faint growth
lines and s light longitudinal furrows or costae. The species is recorded from
the Atlantic Coast, the Gu If Coast states, and the Pierre Shale and marine
equivalents of the Western Interior from the Scaphites hippocrepis
through the Baculires compressus Range Zone .

Side view
Eutrephoceras dekayl
BHI4152
3.5cm high
Venter view
BHI4151
6.5 em across

96 Ammrmires and rilt other Cephalopods of rile Pierre Seaway

 FAMILY NAUTILIDAE ""f�

Eutrephoceras "elegans" var. nebrascensis (Meek and Hayden, 1 862)

The description for Eutrephoceras "elegans" var. nebrascensis is a subglobose shell, broadly
rounded on the flanks and venter. The umbilicus is closed in young and medium-sized specimens,
and the shell is involute at larger sizes. The whorl increases rapidly in size with about the same
dimensions in width and height. The height to width ratio is 3.5 to 3 . The suture has a slight curve
bending forward ncar the umbilicus, slightly backward on the sides, and slightly forward on the
venter or periphery. The surface of the shell is smooth with distinct lines of growth and slight
longitudinal costae. The placement of the siphuncle is about one-third the distance from the outside
periphery. Eutrephoceras "elegans " var. nebrascensis has been noted from the Didymoceras
cheyennense through Baculites eliasi Range Zones and appears to be prolific within the Baculites
compressus and Baculites
cuneatus Range Zones of the
Western Interior of North
America. The authors be­
lieve that the variety
nebrascensis should be el-
l evated to species status. The
species elegans is an English
Cenomanian stage Nautilus
of a different subfamily and

Left: Side view Eutrephoceras •elegans• var. nebrascensis genus that does not occur i n
BHI 4154 6.5 em high t h e Upper Cretaceous of
Right: Venter view BHI 4153 4 em across North America.

Eutrephoceras dekayi var. montanaensis (Meek, 1 876)

Eutrephoceras dekayi var. montanaensis has a subglobose, smooth shell. Whorl width does not
generally increase as fast, allowing the height to be slightly greater than in the earlier forms. Tn this
species, the height to width ratio is 4 to 3.5. Meek ( 1 876) believed that this variety should be a
separate species and the authors agree
with this diagnosis. The p lacement of
the siphuncle near the center of the cham­
bers is the most distinguishing feature of
this nautiloid. Eutrephoceras dekayi
var. montanaensis is most abundant
within the Baculites baculus Zone, but
also appears slightly earlier and may
range into the early Fox Hills Formation.

Eutrephoceras dekayi var. Eutrephoceras dekayi var.

montanaensis montanaensis
BHI4156 BHI 4155
5.6 em high 11 em high

97
 FAMILY NAUTILIDAE ·-�
,

Eutrephoceras alcesence Eutrephoceras dekayi

Eutrephoceras "e/egans" var. nebrascensis Eutrephoceras dekayi var.

montanaensis

Siphuncle Placement
in the
Pierre Shale Nautiloids

Illustrations by D.S. Norton

98 Ammonites and the other Cephalupotb of the Pierre Seaway
0 rder Teuthldea, the squidlike coleoids, is characterized by a reduced, inner shell that lacks
a phragmocone. Young individuals of these recent and fossil coleoids have vestiges of
phragmocone-like septa that lack a siphuncle. This proostracum forms the principal part of the
commonly calcified horny exoskeleton or gladius of the coleoid that has a spoon like or rounded
shape at its anterior end. The preserved gladlus consisted of a hard, inner shell on the dorsum or top
of the squid that served as a protective plate for the soft internal organs. The Teuthidea have wings
or fins that vary in size and shape and are found protruding from the dorsal parts of the proostracum.
Fossil and extant teuthlds have four arm pairs and a pair of tentacles, although the fossil teuthids
and some recent forms sometimes lack hooks and have suckers, or suckers and feelers, on their
tentacles. Today's squid, which inhabit coastal waters, are the d i rect descendants of earlier
coleoids. Order Teuthidea has been found from the J urassic Age to the present.

FAMILY KELAENIDAE N;�, , ·

-·
�
(see Jeletzky, 1 966)

The Family Kelaenidae has a simple characteristic shape described thus: "the end of the pen is
narrow and forms a guard and the posterior end is enlru·ged to form a gladius that spreads out lateraJJy
into the conus·• (Jeletzky, 1 966). The Family Kelaenidae occurs worldwide from the Middle Jurassic
through the Upper Cretaceous.

Genus Tusoteuthis Logan, 1 898

ruso = ? + reurhis = squid
According to Kru·J Waage (personal conm1Unlcation, 1 994), the genus follows the description of
the family, but differ · greatly from the original Kelaeno ( Jurassic). Tusoteuthis is found within the
Baculites ohtusus through the Baculites perplexus Range Zones of the Western Interior. Three
specimens of a new species, and possibly a new genus. that have been reported from the Wasta, South
Dakota area, originate from the Baculites compressus through the Baculites reesidei Zones of the
PietTe Shale.

Tusoteuthis sp.
BHI4138
21 e m long

99
 FAMII.Y KEI.AENIOAE �.

Tusoteuthis tonga Logan, 1 898

(see also Nicholls and lsaak. 1 987)

The gladius of Tusoteuthis longa is shaped like a spear point dirccLed Loward the posterior end
of the animal. The shell is composed of fibrous radiating calcite in the conus, rhachis, and gladius.
The rhachis converges in the shape of a pen with the point extending about halfway onto the gladiu .
The conus is represented by a V-shaped anterior end and a broad rounded swelling over the posterior
end of the glad ius. The rhaehis served as a guard over the mantle to provide support. The gladius
acted as protection and support for the soft organs in the squid. The po tcrior end of Lhe gladius also
formed a base for the steering fins. The species has been found in the Sharon Springs Member, the
Gammon Ferruginous Member of the Pierre Shale in Wyoming, Nebraska. and South Dakota, the
Pembina Member of the Pierre Shale i n southern Manitoba, and the Smokey Hill Chalk of Kansas.

proostracum

gladius
conus

0 • • .. • �. • • . -, .,•� .... �

Top View of Preserved Inner Shell

Tusoteuthis sp.
Drawn from BHI 4138
Illustrations by D.S. Norton

1 00 Ammonites and the other Cephalopotb ofthe Pierre Seaway

 _
-�
FAMILY TRACHYTEUTHIDAE NAEF, 1 9 2:1
Trachyteuthids have a broad, sturdy, cuttlefish-like internal gladius that is strongly calcified and
exhibits a knobby, dorsal texture. The gladius side and middle plates are curved and slightly offset,
forming asymptotes; the coni (veins) are about one-half of the gladius length. The family has a
worldwide distribution in the Jurassic and Cretaceous.

A Life Reconstruction of Actinosepia canadensis

[hard internal gladius shown]
See illustration below
Illustration by D.S. Norton

Genus Actinosepia Whitcaves, 1 897

aktinos = a ray + sepia = cuttlefish

Actinosepia canadensis Whiteaves, 1 897

Actinosepia has a broad, oval, arched gladius that is concave on the venter. The gladius expands
forward like a fan from a rounded conus and reaches its maximum width at about one-third the length
from the anterior end where it then remains nearly straight. Five longitudinal ribs radiate from the
apex with the middle rib being the longest and the two outside rib being the shortest. The ribs project
beyond the body of the gladius, giving the appearance of a duck's foot. The ventral side of the gladius
is smooth and the dorsal view is ornamented with fme to coarse tubercles. Actinosepia canadensis
is found in the Upper Campanian and Maastrichtian of Canada and i n the United States from Alaska
to Texas. The species has a length about 2 1 12 times the maximum width, or 1 8 to 30 em in adult
specimen .

Gladius:
Side view

Gladius:
Top view

Actinosepia canadensis
Waage, 1 965
Illustration courtesy of Dr. Karl Waage

10 1
Didymoceras stevensoni
Drawing by John A. Stacy
 MACROFAUNA OF THE PIERRE SEAWA
PHYLUM ANNELIDA cf. Websteria sp.
Serpula cretacea Micrabacia americana
Serpula marknwni Micrabacia ? sp.
Serpula sp. Tmchocyathus sp.
Omasaria sp.
Diploconcha sp. PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
Cla�s Echinoidea
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA Order Cassiduloida
Class Crustacea Hardouinia raylori
Order Decapoda Order Spatangoida
Callianassa cheyennensis Hemiaster humphreysanus
Dakoticancer overanus Hemiaster beecheri
Diorariopus heartailensis Order Cidaroida
Diorariopus dawsonensis Eurysa/enia minima
Dromiopsis kimberlyae
Ekalakia l.amberti PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
Eom1midopsis cobbani Class Cephalopoda
Glaesnerella sp. Order Ammonoidea
Homo/apsis dawsonenss
i Anak/inoceras rejlexum
Homolopsis punctata Anaklinoceras gordiale
Honwlop.1·is mendryki Anaklinoceras sp.
Hoploparia bearpawensis Axonoceras compressum
Hoploparia dawsonensis Baculites aquilaensis
Hoploparia mickelsoni Baculites haresi
Linuparus pustulosus Baculites sp. smooth (Cobban)
Necrocarcinus pierrensis Baculites sp. weak flank ribs (Cobban)
Necmt·arcinus davisi Baculites obtusus
Necrocarcinus labeschei Baculites mdeami
Notopocorystes (Eucorystes) eichhomi Baculires asperiformis
Palaeonephrops browni Baculites smooth species (Cobban)
Plagiophcha/mus sp. Baculites gilberli
Protocallianassa russel/i Baculites perplexus
Raninel/a oaheensis Baculires gregoryensis
Rugafarius fredrichi Baculiles reduncus
Sodakus tatankayotankaensis Baculites scotti
Tetracarcinus subquadraws Baculires sp. (new species)
Xanrhosia elegans Baculites pseudovatus
Xanthosia elegans occidenralis Bacu/ires crickmayi
Zygastmcarcinus griesi Baculites rugosus
Zygastrocarcinus cardsmithi Baculites corrugatus
Zygastrocarcinus mendryki Baculites compressus
Baculites compressus var. robinsoni
PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA Baculites sp.
Class Inarticulata Baculites cuneatus
Order Lingulida Baculites reesidei
Lingula subspatulara Baculites undatus
Baculites jenseni
PHYLUM BRYOZOA Baculites eliasi
Pyriporoid bryozoan Baculires baculu.f
Mernbraniporoid bryozoan Baculites grandis
Baculites clinolobatus
PHYLUM COELENTERATA Cirroceras conradi
Class Anthozoa Coahuilites she/toni
Order Scleractinia
103
 Didymoceras cochleatum Pseudobuculites natosoni
Didymoceras mortoni Rhaeboceras subglobosum
Didymoceras tortum Rhaeboceras coloradoense
Didymoceras binodosum Rhaeboceras mullananum
Didymoceras cf. archiacianum Rhaeboceras burkholderi
Didymoceras nebrascense Rhaeboceras halli
Didymoceras stevensoni Rhaeboceras albertense
Didymoceras cheyennense Scaphites hippocrepis I
Didymoceras sp. Scaphites hippocrepis II
Glypwxoceras ruheyi Scaphites hippocrepis m
Exiteloceras jenneyi Solenoceras crassum
Haresiceras natronense So/enoceras texanum
Haresiceras placentiforme Solenoceras mortoni
Hoplitoplacemiceras cf. H. c:oe.\feldiense var. schliiteri Solenoceras n. spp.
Hoplitoplacemiceras marroti Solenoceras reesidei
Hop/oscaphites gilli Sphenodiscus pleurisepta
Hoploscaphites landesi Submortoniceras tequesquitense
Hoploscaphites nicolletii var. saltgrassensis Trachyscaphites pulcherrimus
Hoploscaphite.1· melloi Trachyscaphites redbirdensis
Hoploscaphites birkelundi Trachyscaphites spiniger porchi
1eletzkytes rwdosus Trachyscaphites praespiniger
Je/etzkytes brevis Order Belemnitidea
Jeletzkytes quadrangularis Belemnitella bulbosa
1eletzkytes cf. nodosus Order Nautiloidea
Je/etzkytes Jurniva/i Eutrephoceras aleesense
Jeletzkytes pienus Eutrephoceras thomi
1eletzkytes crassus Eutrephoceras dekayi
Jeletzkytes criptonodosus Eutrephoceras "elegans " var. nebrascensis
1eletV...yres dorji Eutrephoceras dekayi var. montanaensis
Menabites (Delaware/Ia) danei Order Teuthidea
Menabites (Delawarella) vanuxemi Actinosepia canadensis
Menuites oralensis Tusoteuthis tonga
Menuites port/ocki complexus Class Gastropoda
Nostoceras aff. N. humile Acirsa (Hemiacirsa) n. sp.
Nostoceras aff. N. co/ubriformis Acmaea occidentalis
Nos/IJceras monotuberculatum Aceton cf. throckmortoni
Oxybeloceras sp. Akera ? sp.
Oxybeloceras crassum Amuletum minor
Oxybeloceras meekanum Amauropsis ? sp.
Pachydiscus cf. oldhami Anchura nebrascensis ?
Pachydiscus arkansanus Anchura haydeni
Puchydiscus catarinae Anchura sublevis
Pachydiscus cf. hombyense Anchura ? porva
Parapuzosia bradyi Anisomyon borealis
Purasolenoceras pulcher Anisomyon centrale
Placenticeras sancarlosense Anisomyon pa.tellifonnis
Placemiceras guadalupae Anisomyon subovatus
Placenticeras planum Anisomyon alveolus
Placenticeras pingue Anisomyon sexsu/catus
Placenriceras imercalare Anomia sp.
Plucenticeras meeki Anomalofusus ? sp.
Placenticeras costatum Astandes densarus
Pomeixites gracilis Aporrhais biangulata
Ponteixites robustus

I 04 Ammonites and the other Cephalopods ofthe Pie"e Seaway

Alira ? nebrascensis
fJel/ifusus ? n. sp.
Belliscala ? n. sp.
Bullopsis aff. B. crelacea
Bullopsis n. sp.
Capulus spangleri
Cerilhioderma n. sp.
Cerichiopsis (Cerithiella) n. sp.
Closteriscus lenuilineatus
Cryplorhylis cheyermensis
Cryptorhytis flexicostata
Cylichna cf. secalina
Cylichna cf. incisa
Cylichna sp.
Drepanochilus evansi
Drepanochilus scotti
Drepanochilus nebrascensis
Drepanochilus obesus
Drepanochilus sp.
Ellipsoscapha occidentalis
Ellipsoscapha subcylindrica
Ellipsoscapha aff. E. occidentalis
Ellipsoscapha aff £. subcylindrica
Ellipsoscapha n. sp.
Eoacteon n. sp.
Euspira obliquata
Fasciolaria ? gracilenta
Graphidula culbercsoni
Graphidula cf. alieni
Graphidula cf. obscura
Gyrodes cf. spillmani
Gyrodes subcarinatus
Lomirosa n . sp.
Lunaria sp.
Lunaria subcrassa
Margarita nebrascensis
Margaritella flexisrriata
Medionapus ? sp.
Mesorhytis gracilenta
Natica (Lunaria) concinna
Nonacteonina sp.
Nonacteonina attenuata
Oligoprycha concinna
Oligoprycha sp.
Paladmete n. sp.
Polinices concinna
Polinices recrilabrum
Polinices sp.
Potamides n. sp.
Promathilda (Clathrobaculus) n. sp.
Pseudomaura paludinaeformis
Pseudobuccinum nebrascense
Pyrifusus ? sp.
Pyropsis ? sp.
Pyropsis ? n. sp.
Pyrifusus (Neptunel/a) newherryi
Pyrifusus (Neptunella) inrercexws
Rernera cf. stephensoni
Rhombopsis ? sp.
Rhombopsis newberryi
Rhombopsis suhturritus
Rhombopsis ? intertexcus
Scobinodolus sp.
Serrifusus dakotensis
Spironema ? sp.
Tornarellaea cretacea
Trachytriton vinculum
Turris (Surcula) minor
Turritella ? sp.
Vanikoropsis nebrascensis
Vanikoropsis haydeni
Vanikoropsis tuomeyarra
Volutoderma ? clayworthyi
Xenophora sp.
Class Pelecypoda
Agerostrea mesencerica
Anarina doddsi
Anatina sp.
Anomia flemingi
Anomia raetiformis
Anomia argentaria
Anomia subtrigonalis
Anomia cf. argentaria
Anomia tellinaides
Anomia sp.
Anomia n. sp.
Aphrodina ? sp.
Astarte gregoria
Astarte sp.
Clisocolus moreauensis
Corbula crassimarginata
Crassatella subquadrata
Crassatella sp.
Crassostrea glabra
Crenella cf. elegantula
Crenella aff. C. microstriata
Crenella sp.
Cuspidaria grovensis
Cuspidaria variabilis
Cuspidaria ventricosa
Cuspidaria moreauensis
Cuspidaria sp.
Cyclorisma ? sp.
Cymbophora warrenana
Cyrnhophora canonensis
Cymbophora holrnesi
Cymbophora gracilis
Cymbophora sp.
105
 Cymbophora. n. sp. Modiolus meeki
Dosiniopsis deweyi Modiolus cf. wrighti
Ethmocardium welleri Nemodon sulcatinus
E
xogyra costata Nemodon adkinsi
Exogyra sp. Nemodon eufaulensis
Gervillia sp. Nemodon sp.
Goniomya americana Nucula cancel/uta
Goniomya sp. Nucula planimurginata
Goniochasma stimpsoni Nucula fUJcatochana
ldonearca shumardi Nucula subplana
Inoceramus pertenuis Nucula cf. subplana
Inoceramus oblongus Nucula (Pectinucula) n. sp.
Inoceramus sublaevis Nuculana bisulcata
Inoceramus agdjakendensis Nuculana evansi
Inoceramus subcompressus Nuculana corbetensis
Inoceramus aff. /. proximus Nuculana corsicana
Inoceramus az.erbaidjanen..vis Nuculana sp.
Inoceramus convexus Nymphalucina subundata
Inoceramus barabini Nymphalucina occidentalis
Inoceramus aff. I. turgidus Nymphalucina sp.
Inoceramus sublaevis Nymphalucina n. sp.
Inoceramus sagensis Openochasma cuneatum
Inoceramus tausiensis Ostrea russelli
Inoceramus cf. I. shikotanensis Ostrea cf. 0. russelli
Inoceramus tenuilineatus Ostrea sp.
Inoceramus proximus Ostrea plumosa
Inoceramus canadensis Ostrea cf. O. fa/cata
Inoceramus vanuxemi Ostrea inomata
Inoceramus aff. /. penenuis Oxytoma haydeni
Inoceramus mcshaniensis Oxytoma nebrascana
Inoceramusfumivali Pachymya ? aurandi
Inoceramus palliseri Panope berthoudi
Inoceramus subcircularis Panope sp.
Inoceramus cf. I. proximus Pecten (Chlamys) nebrascensis
Inoceramus mcleami Pecten (Syncyclonena ?) simplicius
Inoceramus cf. I. nebrascensis Pecten (Amusium ?) cf. danei
Inoceramus (Endocostea) sulcatus Pecten (Co.mptonectes) sp.
Inoceramus cf. I. balticus Periploma ? sp.
Inoceramus typicus Perrisonota protexta
Inoceramus incurvus Phelopteria linguaefonnis
Inoceramus cf. balchi Phelopteria sublevis
Inoceramus fibrosus Pholadomya hodgei
Leda pittensis Pholadomya sp.
Leda hindi Pinna lakesii
Legumen ellipticum Pinna sp.
Legumen sp. Protocardia rara
Lima pelagica Protocardia subquadrata
Limatula aff. L acutilineata Protocardia sp.
Limopsis sp. Pseudoptera ? sp.
Limopsis parvula Pteria petrosa
Lucina occidentalis Pteria cf. parkensis
Lucina subundata Pteria linguaefonnis
Modiolus aff. M. wenonah Pteria (Oxytoma) nebrascana
Modiolus uddeni Pteria sp.

1 06 Ammonites and the other Cephalopods of the Pierre Seaway

 Solemya o. sp.
Spyridoceramusfibrosus
Syncyclonema halli
Syncyclonema o. sp.
Tancredia sp.
Tellina munda
Tellinimera scitula
Tenea sp.
cf. Tenuiptera sp.
Thetiopsis circularis
Thracia n. sp.
Thyasira rostrata rostrata
Thyasira rostrata cracens
Thyasira quadrula quadrula
Thyasira quadrula arrecta
Thyasira triangulata
Thyasira beauchampi beauchampi
Thyasira beauchampi rex
Thyasira advena advena
Thyasira becca becca
Thyasira becca cobbani
Thyasira cantha
Thyasira n. sp.
Veniella aff. V. conradi
Veniella sp.
Veniella humils
i Styxosaurus browni
Yoldia scitula
Yoldia evansi
Class Scapbopoda
Cadulus obnutus
Dentalium gracile
Denlalium pauperculum
Dentalium sp.
PHYLUM CHORDATA
Class Chondrichthyes
Order Lamoifonnes
Cretolamna appendiculata
Odontaspis sp.
Squalicorax cf. S. kmlpi
Order Hybodontiformes
Ptychodus sp.
Order Chimaeriformes
Jchthypriapis gliJdiiLs
Class Osteichthyes
Order Pachyconnifonnes
Protosphyrcuna gladius
Protosphyrcuna gigas
Order lchthyodectiformes
Gillicus arcuatus
lchthyodectes ctenodon
Xiphactinus aw:lax
icbthyodectid undet.
Saurocephalus /anciformis
Saurodon /eanus
"Prosaurodon " pygmaeus
Bananogmius evolutus
Order Elopiforroes
Palaeoclupea dakotaensis
Eloposis sp.
Apsopelix minimus
Apsopelix berycinus
Pachyrhizodus caninus
Pachyrhizodus minimus
Order Aulopifonnes
Cimolichthys nepahalica
Endwdus petrosus
Encho®s gladiolus
Stratodus apicalis
Class Reptilia
Order Chelonia
Toxochelys latiremis
Archelon isc:hyros
Archelon marshi
Protostega sp.
Order Plesiosauria
Dolicharhynchops osbomi
Polycotylus latipinn.us
Ela.fmasaurus platyurus
Hydralmosaurus serpentinus
Alzadasaurus pembertoni
Order Squamata
Platecarpus cf. P. somenensis
Platecarpus icteric:us
Platecarpus sp.
Plioplatecarpus primaevus
Plioplatecarpus sp.
Prognalhodon crassartus
Prognathodon overtoni
Mosasau.rus missouriensis
Mosasau.rus conodon
C/idostes propython
Globidms dalc.otenss
i
Tylosaurus proriger
Hainosaurus sp.
Order Pterosauria
Pteranodon sp.
Order Saurischia
omitbomimid gen. undet.
Order Omithiscbia
hadrosaurid gen.. undet.
ceralOpSi.an gen. undet.
Class Aves
Order Hesperornithiformes
Hesperomis rega/is
hespel01oithifonn undet.
Order Jcbthyornithiformes
/drtlryomis sp.
107
 Ttm GroLOGY AJ'IID P ALromoLOGY OF THE PIERRE Sr;AWAY

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1 17
 Cobban, W. A., Hook, S. D., and Kennedy, W. J., 1989. "Upper Cretaceous rocks and ammoni te faunas of
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Zittel, K. A., 1895. "Grundziigc der palaeontologie (palaeo1.0ologie)." R. Oldenbourg, 971 p.

Axonoceras compressum
drawing by John R. Stacy
 OF THE PIERRE SEAWAY Wim AurnoR REFERENcES*
page
Phylum Mollu ca Cuvier, 1 797
Class Cephalopoda Cuvier, 1 797 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Order Ammonoidea Ziuel, 1884. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Family BacuJitidae Gill, 1 87 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Genus Baculites Lamarck, 1 799 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Baculites aquilaensis Reeside, 1927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Baculites haresi Reeside, 1927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Baculites sp. (smooth) (unnamed) Gill and Cobban, 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 41
Baculites sp. (weak flank ribs) (unnamed) Gill and Cobban, 1973 . . . . . . . . . 21, 41
Baculites obtusus Meek, 1876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 4 1
Bacu/ites mclearni Landes, 1 940 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 4 1
Baculites asperiformis Meek, 1876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 41
Baculites sp. (smooth species) (unnamed) Gill and Cobban, 1 966a . . . . . . . . 23, 41
Baculites perplexus (early form) Cobban, 1 962b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 4 1
Baculites gilberti Cobban, 1 962b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 4 1
Baculites perplexus (late form) Cobban, 1 962b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Baculites gregoryensis Cobban, 1 9 5 1 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 40
Baculires reduncus Cobban, 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 40
Bacu.lites scotti Cobban, 1 958a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 40
Baculires sp. (new species) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 40
Baculires pseu.dovatus Elias, 1933 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 40
Baculites crickmayi Williams, 1930 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 40
Baculites rugosus Cobban, 1 962a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 39
Baculites corrugatus Elias, 1933 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 39
Baculites compressus Say, 1 820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 39
Baculites compressus var. robinsoni Cobban, 1962a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 39
Baculites undams Stephenson, 1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 , 39
Baculires sp. (undescribed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Baculites cuneatus Cobban, 1 962a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 39

Baculites reesidei Elias, 1933 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 39
Baculites jenseni Cobban, 1 962a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 39
Baculites eliasi Cobban, 1958a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 39
Baculites bacu/us Meek and Hayden, 1 86 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34. 38
Baculites grandis Hall and Meek. 1855 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 38
Baculites meeki Elias, 1 933 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Baculites clinolobatus Elias, 1933 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 38

Genus Pseudobaculites Cobban, 1 952b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Pseudobaculites natosini (Robinson, 1945) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Family Collignoniceratidae Wright and Wright, 1 95 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Genus Menabites Collignon, 1 948. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Menabites (Delawarella) danei (Young, 1 963) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Menabites (Delawarella) vanuxemi (Morton, 1830) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Genus Submortoniceras Spath. 1926. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Submortoniceras tequesquitense Young, 1 963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
• Parentheses enclosing the author's name Indicate that his original descriptiOn placed the species 111 a genus
not currently accepted for that species.

140 Amnwniles and 1he CJiher CephaiCJpods ofthe Pierre Sea-..·U)·

 page
Family Desmoceratidae Zittel, 1 895 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Genus Parapuzosia Nowak, 1 9 l3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Parapuzosia bradyi Miller and Youngquist, 1 946 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Family Diplomoceratidae Spath, 1926 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Genus Exiteloceras Hyatt, 1894 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Exiteloceras jenneyi (Whitfield, 1877) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Genus Glyptoxoceras Spath, 1925 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Glyptoxoceras rubeyi ( Reeside, 1927) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Genus Parasolenoceras Collignon, 1 969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Parasolenoceras pulcher Cobban and Kennedy, 1 99 1 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Genus Solenoceras Conrad, 1 860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Solenoceras crassurn (Whitfield, 1 877) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Solenoceras sp. (undescribed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Solenoceras texanum (Shumard, 1 86 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Solenoceras reesidei Stephenson, 1 94 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Family Nostoceratidae Hyatt, 1 894 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 .

Genus Anaklinoceras Stephenson, 1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Anaklinoceras gordiale Cobban, Kennedy, and Scott, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Anaklinoceras reflexum Stephenson. 1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 .

Genus Axonoceras Stephenson, 1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 .

Axonoceras compressurn Stephenson, 1 94 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 .

Genus Cirroceras Conrad, 1868 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1

Cirroceras conradi (Matton, 1 84 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1
Genus Didymoceras Hyatt, 1 894 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1
Didymoceras cochleatum (Meek and Hayden, 1858) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 .

Didymoceras morcon.i (Meek and Hayden. 1 857) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 .

Didymoceras tortum (Meek and Hayden, 1 858) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 .

Didymoceras binodosum ( Kennedy and Cobban, 1 993b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 .

Didymoceras cf. archiacian.um (d'Orbigny, 1 842) . . . . . . .. . 53 . . . . . . . . . . .

Didymoceras nebrascense (Meek and Hayden, 1 856) . . . . . . . . . 54 . . . . . . . . . .

Didymoceras stevensoni (Whitfield, 1 877) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 .

Didymoceras cheyennen.se (Meek and Hayden, 1 856) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Didymoceras sp. (undescribed) .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Genus Nostoceras Hyatt, 1 894 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 .

Nostoceras monotuberculatum Kennedy and Cobban, 1993b . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 .

Nostoceras aff. N. colubriformes Stephenson, 1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nostoceras aff. N. humile Stephenson, 1 94 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Genus Oxybeloceras Hyatt, 1 900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Oxybeloceras sp. (undescribed) .. . ... . . .. . . .
. . . . . . 58
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oxybeloceras meekanum (Whitfield, 1 877) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 .

Family Pacbydiscidae Spath, 1922 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Genus Menuites Spath, 1922 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

141
 page
Menuites portlocki (Sharp, 1 855) complexus (Holland and Meek, 1 856) . . . . 59
Menuites oralensis Cobban and Kennedy, 1993a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Genus Pachydiscus Zittel, 1 884 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Pachydiscus cf. oldhami ( Sharp, 1 855) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Pachydiscus arkansanus (Stephenson, 194 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Pachydiscus cf. hombyense Jones, 1 963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Pachydiscus catarinae Anderson and Hanna, 1 935 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Famil y Placenticeratidae Hyatt, 1 903 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Genus Hoplitoplacenticeras, Spath, 1922 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Hoplitoplacenticeras cf. H. coesfeldiense (SchlUter, 1 872)
var. schliiteri Mikhailov, 1 9 5 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Hoplitoplacenticeras marroti (Coquand, 1 859) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Genus Placenticeras Meek, 1 870 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Placenticeras sancarlosense Hyatt, 1 903 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Placenticeras guadalupae (Roemer, 1 849) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Placenticeras planum Hyatt, 1 903 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Pfacenriceras pingue Kennedy, Cobban, and Landman. 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Placenticeras meeki (Bohm, 1 898) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Placenticeras intercafare (Meek and Hayden. 1 860) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Pfacenticeras costatum Hyatt, 1 903 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Family Scaphitidae Meek, 1876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1

Genus Haresiceras Reeside, 1 927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Haresiceras fischeri Reeside, 1 927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Haresiceras natronense Reeside, 1927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Haresiceras pfacentifonne Reeside, 1927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Genus Hop/oscaphites Nowak, 1 9 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Hopfoscaphites gifli (Cobban and Jeletzky, 1965) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Hoploscaphites sp. (undescribed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hoploscaphites landesi Riccardi, 1 983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Hoploscaphites me/Loi Landman and Waage, 1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Hoploscaphites nicolletii var. saltgrassensis (EHa , 1933) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Hoploscaphites birkelundi Landman and Waage 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Genus Jeletzkytes Riccardi, 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Jeletzkytes sp. (undescribed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jeletzkytes nodosus (Owen, 1 852) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Jeletzkytes cf. nodosus (Owen, 1 852) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jeletzkytes brevis (Meek, 1876) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Jeletzkytes quadrangularis (Meek and Hayden, 1 860) [invalid] . . . . . . . . . . 78
Jeletzkytesfumivali Riccardi, 1983 [doubtful] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Jeletzf,:ytes crassus (Coryell and Salmon, 1 934) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79, 80
Jeletzkytes plenus (Meek and Hayden, 1 860) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80, 8 1
Jefetzkytes criptonodosus Riccardi, 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1 , 82 .

Je/etzkytes dorfl Landman and Waage, 1 993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Genus Ponteixites Warren. 1 934 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ponteixites gracilis Warren. 1934 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

142 Ammonites and rhe orher Cephalopods ofrhe Pierre Seaway

 page
Pontei.xites robustus Warren, 1934 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Genus Rhaehoceras Meek, 1 876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Rhaeboceras halli (Meek and Hayden, 1 856) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Rhaeboceras albertense (Warren, 1 930) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Rhaeboceras subglobosum (Whiteaves, 1 885) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Rhaeboceras coloradoense Cobban, 1 987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Rhaeboceras burkholderi Cobban, 1 987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Rhaeboceras mullananum (Meek and Hayden, 1 862) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Genus Scaphites Parkinson, 1 8 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Scaphites hippocrepis 1 (DeKay, 1827) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Scaphites hippocrepis !I (DeKay, 1 827). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Scaphites hippocrepis III (DeKay, 1 827) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Genus Trachyscaphites Cobban and Scott, 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Trachyscaphites spiniger (Schluter, 1 872) ssp. porchi (Adkins, 1 929) . . . . . . 90
Trachyscaphites praespiniger Cobban and Scou, 1 964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Trachyscaphites redbirdensis Cobban and Scott, 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Trachyscaphites pulcherrimus (Roemer, 1 84 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Famil y Sphenodiscidae Hyatt, 1 900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1

Genus Coahuilites Bose, 1927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Coahuilites she/toni Bose, 1927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Genus Sphenodiscus Meek, 1 872. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1
Sphenodiscus pleurisepta (Conrad, 1 857 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Order Be1emnitidea Zittel. 1 895 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .......... 93

Family Be1emniteillidae Pav1ow, 1 9 1 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .......... 93
Genus Belemnitella d'Orbigny, 1842. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... .. ..... 94
Belemnitella bulbosa Meek and Hayden, 1 856. . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ...... . 94

Order Nautilidea Agassiz, 1 847. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Family Nauti lidae de Blainville, 1 825. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Genus Eutrephoceras Hyatt, 1 894. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Eutrephoceras alcensense Reeside, 1927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 98
Eutrephoceras dekayi Morton, 1 834 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 98
Eutrephoceras "elegans" var. nebrascensis (Meek and Hayden, 1 862) . . . . . 97, 98
Eutrephoceras dekayi var. montanaensis (Meek, 1876) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 98

Order Teuthidea Naef, 1 9 1 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -

Family Ke1aenidae Naef, 1921 (see also Jeletzky, 1 966) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Genus Tusoteuthis Logan, 1 898 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Tusoteulhis longa Logan, 1 898 (see also Nicholls and Tsaak, 1987) . . . . . . . . 100
Tusoteuthis sp. (undescribed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 00
. . . . . . . . . . .

Family Trachyteulhidac Naef, 1 92 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 1

Genus Actinosepia Whiteaves, 1 897 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 I
Actinosepia canadensis Whiteaves, 1 897 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 0 I .

143
 THE KNOWN RANGE OF THE AMMONITE SPECTES
UPPER CRJ:."IACEOUS Period
CAMPANIAN MAASfRJCIrT1J\N "'
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144 Amnwnites and the other Cephalopods of the Pierre Sea'KaJ!

 THE KNOWN RANGE OF THE AMMONITE SPECIES
UPPER CRE
TACEOUS Period

CAMPANIAN MAASfRJOfllAN "'

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145
llLulnuwn. b1 N. IJJmm, 199f'i. f"nmpul,.r Cmph1c:r bl' M Z,nki'r
 '
Cit
ABOUT THE: AUTHORs
-�

Neal L. Larson is a South Dakota native and has been interested in ammonites since chi ldhood.
His passion has been collecting, preparing, and studying Campanian and Maastrichtian Age
ammonites from the Western Interior of North America as well as ammonites from all over the
world. Neal served as a content specialist for Glen co Publishing in preparation of a ninth- and tenth­
grade level text titled, Biology, The Dynamics of Life. Presently, he is working on several different
publications, both independently and with Dr. N. H. Landman, Dr. W. A. Cobban, Dr. W. J .
Kennedy, and Steve Jorgensen. For twenty-plus years, Neal has been vice president o f the Black
Hills Institute of Geological Research, Tnc., as well as a fossil collector and preparator with the
Institute. As president of the Black Hills Museum of Natural History, he has spearheaded the efforts
to purchase land for the museum site and establish an annual Natural History Days Festival in Hill
City, South Dakota. He received a B . S. in Geology from S. D . S. M . & T. in 1977.

Steven D. Jorgensen grew up near Yankton, and now resides in Omaha, Nebraska. He has
collected and studied ammonites for more than 25 years. Steve's primary interest is Upper
Cretaceous ammonites, from the Turonian and Campanian Ages of the Western Interior of North
America. He is also an Engineer-in-Trai ning (EIT), a Professional Geologi t (#1 30) in the State of
Wyoming, and a Certified Professional Geologist (#9596) by the American Institute of Professional
Geologists. H i s current research includes comparing the Carlile Shale ofthe Black Hills to the Carli le
Shale in eastern South Dakota, with particular attention to the shark and ammonite taxa similarities
and differences. Jorgensen received a B . S. in Geological Engineering from S. D. S. M . & T. in 1 977.

Robert A. Farrar, a native of the Cleveland, Ohio, area, developed his interest in fossils injunior
high. Robert moved to South Dakota in 1973 to major in Geology at the South Dakota School of
Mines & Technology, meeting Neal and Peter Larson, and Steve Jorgensen while all were college
students. He has served as secretary/treasurer for the Black Hills Institute of Geolobrical Research,
Tnc., since its incorporation in 1978. His previous publication credits include coauthorship with Peter
L. Larson of What Is a Fossil? and Fossil Vertebrates ofthe White River Badlands. Robert's current
research involves the study of Upper Cretaceous, Cenomanian Age, marine fishes of Lebanon and
Pegmatite phosphate mineralogy.

Peter L. Larson has shared with his brother, Neal, a lifelong love for, and fascination with.
ammonites. Together, they have amassed one of the finest collection of prepared and unprepared
ammonite specimens in the world. Peter is the chief author of the institute's What Is It? series of
educational posters and pamphlets including What Is an Ammonite? He is also the primary author
of the institute's publications titled Fossil Vertebrates of the White River Badlands and The Pierre
Shale and Its Macrofauna, a precursor of this publication. Peter is well known for his research paper.,
and popular articles on Tyrannosaurus rex and hi current research projects include a book-in­
progress on that tyrant king of the Cretaceous. President and founder of B lack Hills In titute of
Geological Research, Tnc., he is also vice president of the Black Hills Museum of Natural HistOT)
in Hill City, South Dakota. Pete received a B . S. in Geology from S. D. S . M . & T. in 1 974. and
completed most of his Ma ters requirements.

14!! Ammonites and the other Cephalopods ofthe Pierre Seaway