SCHOOL UNIFORMS: MAINTAIN OR NEGLECT

 BY SENIOR HIGH STUDENTS OF

SAN ANTONIO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

__________________________________________________

 A Thesis Presented to the

Faculty of Senior High School

San Antonio National High School

San Antonio, Milaor, Camarines Sur

__________________________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Senior High School

ACADEMIC TRACK

GENERAL ACADEMIC STRAND

__________________________________________________

PERPETUA, JOHN CARLO

GAVINO, KRISTINE JOY

MAGO, MARY ANN

PATO JR, EDWIN

SIBULO, RYE ALEKSI

TIPONES, ADRIAN JAMES

  

SEPTEMBER 2022
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

According to (Law Insider Dictionary). School Uniform

means student clothing conforming to a school uniform policy
under this part, which may include a dress code, dress of
designated colors, or a reasonable designated uniform of a
particular style. A school uniform policy may not include
very expensive or prescriptive clothing requirements.

There is an important distinction between dress codes

and school uniforms: according to scholars such as (Joseph,
1986), clothing can only be considered a uniform when it
"(a) serves as a group emblem, (b) certifies an
institution's legitimacy by revealing individual's relative
positions and (c) suppresses individuality. Conversely, a
dress code is much less restrictive, and focuses "on
promoting modesty and discouraging anti-social fashion
statements", according to (Marian, 2022). Examples of a
dress code would be not allowing ripped clothing, no logos
or limiting the amount of skin that can be shown.     

According to (McCourt, 2013). The practice of wearing

school uniform has been adopted by many other countries, and
is now common in many parts of the world. Uniforms can be
regarded as promoting social equality among students and an
esprit de corps, but have also been criticized for promoting
a form of uniformity characteristic of militarism. The
decision as to whether to implement school uniform policy or
not is a controversial one and also polarized in societies
and countries. In countries such as the United Kingdom,
South Africa and a number of Asian nations, school children
have to wear approved 0school uniforms that conform to the
uniform policy of their school. In modern Europe, Britain,
Malta and Ireland stand out as the only countries where
school uniform is widely adopted by state schools and
generally supported by national and local governments,
although there is no legislation governing school uniform in
the U.K. There are some independent schools and state
schools that do not have school uniforms: their pupils are
at liberty to dress in a way considered to be appropriate by
the school, themselves and their parents or guardians.
There are some examples of country that pursue the wearing
of school uniforms include:

Afghanistan - According to (Agerholm, 2017) and (Cole, 2017)

the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Afghan schoolgirls was
required to wear white headscarves and black knee-length
dresses over leggings. In 2017, President Ashraf Ghana
blocked a directive by the Ministry of Education obliging
girls aged 12 and over to wear floor-length tunics.

Ukraine - According to (Moskalenko, 2019) President

Volodymyr Zelenskyy repealed a 1996 decree that had obliged
Ukrainian secondary school students to wear compulsory
uniforms.

Spain - According to (Glavin, 2017) the use of school

uniforms is not compulsory in public schools at any specific
point. Their usage is decided upon by school boards, with
parents' thoughts and opinions taken into account. It is
customary to wear uniforms in private schools, where
typically girls wear shirts emblazoned with the school's
emblem and a jersey skirt, while boys wear a white shirt and
tie on top with trousers or shorts on bottom.  

North Korea - According to (Ranscombe, 2018) All North

Korean students in schools are required to wear uniforms.
Makeup is prohibited until graduation from high school.
Dress codes in universities vary with some requiring
uniforms and others requiring formal wear.

Palestine - According to (Shaheen, 2019) in 2019, the Hamas

administration in Gaza imposed a new dress code on
schoolgirls aged fewer than 17. The previous public school
uniform of a skirt and a denim shirt was replaced by black
or navy abayas, plain colored shoes and headscarves.

Philippines – According to (Dalangin-Fernandez, 2008).

School uniforms (Filipino: uniporme or kasuotang
pampáaralán, "school attire"), are commonplace in public
schools and required in private schools. Some private
schools allow civilian clothing on special days, typically
parties, school holidays or last day of school before a
break. There is usually no uniform in universities and
progressive schools, except for official athletic wear in

3
physical education classes, and in specific schools such as
the University of Santo Tomas.

Public school uniforms for primary levels are typically

white, short-sleeved, buttoned-up shirts, with long skirts
for girls and navy blue or khaki, knee-length trousers for
boys. Uniforms for public high schools and private schools
vary widely in pattern and color, but most often reflect the
official school colors. Muslim girls in some higher
institutions are often required to wear a white hijab, and
may be allowed much longer skirts than Christian girls. Some
school uniforms in the Philippines bear resemblance to
Japanese ones.

In SANHS (San Antonio National High School), part of

the DEPED DEVISION OF CAMARINES SUR REGION-V. The principal
of SANHS attempting to keep the school uniform in order for
students to be easily identified, but it is not mandatory.
He allowed us to wear white t-shirts, even if they have
printed. This white t-shirt is a temporary clothing
replacement for the school uniform. He added that if we
don't have a white t-shirt, he suggests wearing colored t-
shirts except for black.

The goal of this study is to educate senior high school

students at San Antonio National High School about the
importance of school uniforms to maintain or neglect.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This research helped to educate the school, especially the

senior high students of SANHS.

It sought to answer the following question:

1. What is the rate of senior high students wearing school

uniforms in the year 2019/2020?

2. What is the total percentage of senior high school

students nowadays?

4
3. The factors that influence the school uniform rate of
senior high school students in terms of:
A. Affordability

B. Convenience

C. Presentable

4. What are the intervention could be proposed to maintain

the school uniform for senior high students at San Antonio
National High School. 

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

     This research is limited only in San Antonio National

High School, wherein the respondent is the senior high
students to determine the School Uniform: Maintain or
Neglect. The researchers would conduct a survey through
printed questionnaire in a sheet of paper. All information
and conclusion drawn from this study were obtained only to
these particular students.

  

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study was conducted to determine School Uniforms:

Maintain or Neglect by senior high students of San Antonio
National High School.

The result of this study will merit the following: 

STUDENTS

According to the researcher. This study would help them

realize the significance of uniformity in school.

PARENTS

According to the researcher. This study would help them

to be directly concern with the education of their children
considering school discipline. 

6
TEACHER

According to the researcher. This study helps them to

think about what would be the other way to encourage the
student to wear uniform.

PEOPLE

According to the researcher. This study helps them to

easy determine whether what school you belong is.

READERS

According to the researcher. The result of this study

will help the readers to know the importance of school
uniform and the background history of this.

FUTURE RESEARCHERS

According to the researcher. The result of this study

can serve as basis for future researcher that they will
conduct.

    

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This study aims to determine the School uniform:

Maintain or Neglect by Senior High Student

• To identify the pro and con of wearing school uniform.

• To know the uniformity of the students.

• To find out the level of awareness of students about

school uniforms.

7
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of related literature

and studies that have some bearing with the present studies.

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

According (Janvic, 2016) MANILA, Philippines the

proposal of incoming president Rodrigo Duterte to remove the
mandatory requirement for public school students to wear
school uniforms is already an existing policy of the
Department of Education (DepEd).

Former president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo instructed

then education secretary Jesli Lapus in 2008 to issue two
department orders that removed the mandatory requirement for
school uniforms in all public elementary and high schools.
“To increase school participation of all school-aged
children, it is important to remove any and all obstacles,
particularly financial, to their enrolment in public
schools,” DepEd Order No. 45, Series 2008 read. “The wearing
of a school uniform shall not be required in public schools…
Students with existing uniforms may continue using these
uniforms, if they so desire, in order to avoid incurring
additional costs for new attire,” it added. The same order
said identification cards shall be provided to students at
no cost to them. In another order, Lapus provided guidance
on what constitutes proper school attire.

“A student’s basic right to go to school, study and

learn is of paramount importance and should be respected and
promoted at all times. A student’s attire should reflect
respect for the school as an institution for learning,” read
DepEd Order No. 46, Series 2008. “A student’s attire should
not become a cause for discrimination particularly for
students belonging to a lower socio-economic status.
Promoting physical hygiene and proper school decorum is part
of the teaching- learning process in schools, thus a
student’s attire and physical appearance should manifest
learning’s from this process,” it added.
 The order suggested that the proper school attire may
be polo or t-shirt and long or short pants for boys and
dress, skirt and blouse or blouse or pants for girls. Any
footwear may be worn by students. Students are discouraged
from wearing expensive (signature or designer brands) or
flashy clothes, tight-fitting pants/blouses/dresses, mini-
skirts, short shorts, blouses with plunging necklines, hip-
hop pants for boys, and sleepwear.

Education Secretary Armin Luistro reiterated the policy

of non-mandatory requirement of school uniforms when he
issued the revised guidelines on the opening of classes in
2012. While there are those who support the idea, Netizens
noted that the lack of school uniforms may be more costly as
parents have to provide for the daily attire of children.
Others raised issues on security noting it would be more
difficult to identify the students if they are wearing plain
clothes.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The major concept of this study is focused on School

Uniform: Maintain or Neglect by Senior high students of San
Antonio National High School.

     Figure 1 showed the conceptual framework of the study.

The paradigm presented the school uniform maintain or
neglect by senior high students in SANHS. The independent
variable was the cause, while the dependent variable was the
effect. In the process contains the survey, data gathering,
data analysis and data interpretation. A conceptual paradigm
shows the relationship of student within uniformity and the
number of percentage of wearing and not wearing uniform.

  

9
SCHOOL UNIFORM: MAINTAIN OR NEGLECT BY SENIOR HIGH STUDENTS
OF SAN ANTONIO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL S/Y 2022-2023

___________________________________________________________

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

SCHOOL UNIFORM:  Maintain or Number of Percentage of

Neglect by Senior High students who Maintain or
Students of SANHS S-Y 2022- Neglect SCHOOL UNIFORM: by
2023. Senior high students of SANHS
S-Y 2022-2023.
 
 

Fig.1 Conceptual Framework

10
 
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

According to (Scott, 2014) is difficult to trace the

origins of the uniform as there is no comprehensive written
history, but rather a variety of known influences. School
uniforms are believed to be a practice which dates to the
16th century in the United Kingdom. It is believed that the
Christ's Hospital School in England in 1552 was the first
school to use a school uniform. Students were given a
uniform that most notably consisted of a long blue coat and
yellow, knee-high socks. An almost identical uniform is
still worn by students attending the school today. The
earliest documented proof of institutionalized use of a
standard academic dress dates back to 1222 when the then
Archbishop of Canterbury ordered the wearing of the cappa
clausa. This monastic and academic practice evolved into
collegiate uniforms in England, particularly in charity
schools where uniform dress was often provided for poor
children. Universities, primary schools and secondary
schools used uniforms as a marker of class and status.
Although school uniforms can often be considered
conservative and old-fashioned, uniforms in recent years
have changed as societal dress codes have changed.

DEFINITION OF TERMS    

For the better clarification and understanding of the

terms related to this study. The following terms are defined
conceptually and operationally.

MAINTAIN - According to (Merriam Webster Dictionary). The

meaning of this is enabling to continue or keep pursuing.

NEGLECT - According to (Merriam Webster Dictionary). The

meaning of this is state or fact of being uncared for or to
fail to give proper attention to the problem.

12
SANHS - San Antonio National High School.

SCHOOL UNIFORM - According to (Merriam Webster Dictionary).

Is a uniform worn by students primarily for a school or
otherwise an educational institution. The meaning of this is
Special clothes worn by pupils at a particular school.

STUDENTS - According to the (Researcher). Persons who attend

in school, college and university.

UNIFORM - According to the (Merriam Webster Dictionary). A

dress of a distinctive design or fashion worn by members of
a particular group and serving as a means of identification.

REFERENCES

Nathan, Joseph (1986). Joseph N. (1986). Uniforms and non

uniforms : communication through clothing. Greenwood

Press.

Wilde, Marian (2022).  Wilde, Marian. "Do Uniforms Make

Schools Better". GreatSchools.net.

McCourt, Laura (2013). "School Uniform Policy in Scotland,

England, Wales and the Republic of Ireland briefing

paper
48/13"(http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/docume
nts/raise/publications/2013/education/4813.pdf) (PDF).
Northern Ireland Assembly. Northern Ireland Assembly
Research and Information Service. Retrieved 9 November
2015.

13
Agerholm, Harriet (2017). "Afghanistan scraps plans for new

ultra-conservative girls' school uniform"

(https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/a
fghansitan-girls-school-uniform-scrap-plan-ultra-
conservative-muslim-islam-gender-womens-rights-
a7641686.html) . The Independent. Retrieved 5 October
2021.

Moskalenko, Yuliya (2019). "Зеленський дозволив учням не

носити шкільну форму"

(https://zn.ua/ukr/POLITICS/zelenskiy-skasuvav-
nosinnya-shkilnoyi-formi-315074_.html) . Dzerkalo
Tyzhnia (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 15 September 2022.

Glavin, Chris (2017). "School Uniforms in Spain | K12

Academics"(https://www.k12academics.com/School
%20Uniforms/school-uniforms-spain) .
www.k12academics.com. Retrieved 10 February 2021.

Telegraph, Ranscombe, Siân (2018). "One photographer's

journey to North Korea to capture the meaning of

beauty"
(https://web.archive.org/web/20200116025253/http://tele
graph.co.uk/beauty/make-up/mihaela-noroc-north-korea-
beauty/) . The Telegraph. Archived from the original on
16 January 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.

Shaheen, Doaa (2019). "Islamic Gear Or Expulsion in Gaza

Schools" (https://raseef22.net/article/1075125-islamic-
gear-or-expulsion-in-gaza-schools) . Raseef22.
Retrieved 13 September 2022.

Mateo, Janvec (2016). "Articles About Uniform

Implementation" (http://www.philstar.com/education-and
home/2016/05/19/1584524/dutertes-no-school-uniform-
proposal-existing-deped-policy.

14
Scott, Jenny (2014). "School uniforms: A history of

rebellion and conformity'."

(https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-29047752) BBC
News. Retrieved 13 January 2020.

15
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter would presented the method and procedure

that would be applied in this study. It was organized under
the following sub-headings include Research design,
Respondent of the study, Data gathering procedures,
Instrumentation and statistical used tool.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design adopted for this study was Survey

Questionnaire that contains of table and number under the
Qualitative and Quantitative research. This design must be
considered by the reason of it enable the researches to
generate data through the standard collection procedure.

RESPONDENT OF THE STUDY

The respondent of the study were the senior high

students of San Antonio National High School S/Y 2022-2023

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The data that we looking for our study would be

collected thru questionnaire that contains of table and some
questions that needs to answer by Senior high students of
SANHS. It must be answer by checking Yes or No on the right
side column of the table and also we need their opinions and
suggestions that listed in the end of question that can be
found on bottom side of paper.

   
INSTRUMENTATION

A well-constructed and self development questionnaire

would be used to get the desire information from the
students.

The questionnaire has two (2) parts; the first part

would determine the thought of the senior high students and
the second part are there opinions and suggestions.

  

17
 THIS IS THE PREPARE SAMPLE QUESTIONARE THAT WE WILL USE IN
SURVEY.

Put check (√) in the blank you want. In one question

one check only. Choose your answer correctly.

  QUESTIONS YES NO UNSURE

1 Should there be a school uniform?      

2 Should school uniform be compulsory      

throughout the school?

3 Do you believe that school uniform is      

affordable for parents?

4 Do you think that school uniform      

promotes identity and belonging?

5 Do you think that school uniform      

minimizes competition over clothing?

6 Do you think we should restrict      

footwear to black shoes?

7 Should we ban jeweler altogether apart      

from ear studs?

8 Should school uniform give us respect      

to our school by wearing it?

9 Do you think school uniform can give      

us freedom to express our expression?

10 Should wearing school uniform can      

affect your academic performance in
school?

 You can freely express your suggestions and opinions here

in provided Space.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

18
____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________ 
 TALLYING THE RESULT OF SURVEY OF SENIOR HIGH STUDENTS OF
SANHS.

GRADE SECTION TOTAL OF YES NO UNSURE

STUDENTS

11 Coleridge        

11 Chaucer        

11 Dickens        

12 Lennon        

12 Mccartney        

THE TOTAL RATE OF SENIOR HIGH STUDENTS WHO SAID?

YES -

NO -

UNSURE -

20
 
STATISTICAL TOOL USED

Percentage and ranking was used by the researcher to

convert the numerical data gathered from the questionnaire.
Only tallying and getting the rate of the method needs to
come up with a conclusion of this study. Tallying data, is
basic summary of the data gathered, that used to explain
further result of the study. Rate is used to determine the
percentage and ranking of the respondents.

22