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Lecture 7
Lecture 7
Lecture 7
7
Gran Sasso Science Institue (INFN), Viale F. Crispi 7, I-67100, L’ Aquila, Italy.
8
Tomsk State Pedagogical University, ul. Kievskaya, 60, 634061 Tomsk, Russia.
We discuss the application of the Hojman’s Symmetry Approach for the determination of conserva-
tion laws in Cosmology, which has been recently applied by various authors in different cosmological
models. We show that Hojman’s method for regular Hamiltonian systems, where the Hamiltonian
function is one of the involved equations of the system, is equivalent to the application of Noether’s
Theorem for generalized transformations. That means that for minimally-coupled scalar field cos-
mology or other modified theories which are conformally related with scalar-field cosmology, like
f (R) gravity, the application of Hojman’s method provide us with the same results with that of
Noether’s theorem. Moreover we study the special Ansatz. φ (t) = φ (a (t)), which has been intro-
duced for a minimally-coupled scalar field, and we study the Lie and Noether point symmetries for
the reduced equation. We show that under this Ansatz, the unknown function of the model cannot
be constrained by the requirement of the existence of a conservation law and that the Hojman con-
servation quantity which arises for the reduced equation is nothing more than the functional form of
Noetherian conservation laws for the free particle. On the other hand, for f (T ) teleparallel gravity,
it is not the existence of Hojman’s conservation laws which provide us with the special function form
of f (T ) functions, but the requirement that the reduced second-order differential equation admits a
Jacobi Last multiplier, while the new conservation law is nothing else that the Hamiltonian function
of the reduced equation.
and from the variational principle for the Action integral, and for the FRW spacetime, (1), the field equations com-
(2), we have the set of differential equations, prise the set of differential equations,
3
"r #
2Λ φ̈ + ȧφ̇ + V (φ),φ = 0. (12)
a (t) = a0 exp t (6) a
3
Similarly equation (10) can be viewed as the Hamilto-
which is the de Sitter solution. In terms of dynamics, nian constraint2 of equations (11) and (12). In order that
the system (4, 5) is that of a one-dimensional hyperbolic we can study the (Liouville) integrability of the Hamil-
oscillator for which equation (4) can be interpreted as tonian system (10)-(12), we have to study the existence
the Hamiltonian constraint on the oscillator. There are of conservation laws. As the system has dimension two,
two ways to observe this. The first way is to apply the being the configuration space Q ≡ {a, φ}, and (10) can
2
“coordinate transformation” a (t) = r (t) 3 . When we use be seen as a conservation law, we have to determine the
this transformation, the system, (4, 5), reduces to the exact form of the potential V (φ) in which the system
simplest form, admits additional conservation laws. We remark that Li-
ouville integrability means that the field equations can be
1 ω2 2 3 reduced to quadratures from which we can seek for deter-
− ṙ2 + r = 0 , r̈ − ω 2 r = 0 with ω 2 = Λ. (7)
2 2 2 mining the solution of the scalar factor, a (t), in a closed
form. The most common method to determine conser-
The second way is to study the point symmetries. We vation laws for Hamiltonian systems is the well-known
consider the Noether point symmetries of the Lagrangian Noether Symmetry Approach. This has lead many re-
of the field equations. The Lagrangian which follows from searchers to the study of the Noether symmetries for dy-
(2) is namical system (10)-(12) (see for example [8–11] and ref-
erence therein).
L (a, ȧ) = 3aȧ2 + 2Λa3 (8)
Recently, in [12], it has been proposed that the un-
and we can easily see that this admits five Noether known potential of the scalar field be constrained by the
point symmetries. Moreover, because L (a, ȧ) admits existence of Hojman conserved quantities. The results
the Noether algebra of maximal dimension, this indi- have been applied also to the cosmological scenario with
cates that L (a, ȧ) can describe two systems: the one- a nonminimally coupled scalar-field model [13], in f (R)-
dimensional free particle and the one-dimensional linear gravity in the metric formalism [14] and in f (T )-gravity
equation1 [7]. However, as the potential in L (a, ȧ) is not [15]. In what follows we follow the notation by [12, 13].
constant, we can say that the dynamical system is the Hojman proved that, if a system of second-order dif-
one-dimensional linear system and, specifically, that of ferential equations,
the hyperbolic oscillator, when Λ is a positive constant.
q̈ i = F i t, q k , q̇ k ,
Consider now as a candidate for dark energy a (13)
quintessence scalar field with action
is invariant under the transformation,
4√
1
Z
;µ ;ν
Sφ = dx −g − gµν φ φ + V (φ) . (9) q ′i = q i + X i t, q k , q̇ k ,
(14)
2
then the quantity Q t, q i , q̇ i with form
Consequently, for a model with a scalar field, the Ac-
tion integral of the field equations is
∂X i dX i
∂
Z
√ Q= + i (15)
S = dx4 −gR + Sφ , ∂q i ∂ q̇ dt
for is the solution for the scale factor a (t) = exp[x (t)] for
an arbitrary function, f (x). Moreover the potential is
∂F i
= 0, (16) constrained by equation (21).
∂ q̇ i The function Lf (y, ẏ) = 12 ẏ 2 , is one of the possible
or Lagrangians of the free particle. It is straightforward to
see that Lf admits five Noetherian point symmetries, the
1 ∂ γX i
dX i
∂ vector fields
Q= + (17)
γ ∂q i ∂ q̇ i dt
Z1 = ∂t , Z2 = ∂y , Z3 = t∂y (23)
for
∂F i d
i
= − ln γ, (18) Z4 = 2t∂t + y∂y , Z5 = t2 ∂t + ty∂y (24)
∂ q̇ dt
is a conservation law of (13), i.e. dQ for which the corresponding Noetherian conservation
dt = 0, where γ =
k
laws are
γ q [16]. We remark that the differential equation
(13) is invariant under the action of (14) and this means 1 2 ′
and, since the latter is autonomous, admits as Noethe- system (11), (12). Moreover, at the same time the Hamil-
rian conservation law the Hamiltonian function. In the tonian function H = 0, i.e. equation (11), should be also
case where F0 = 0, (in the notation of [15], c = 0), La- invariant, which means that the following condition
grangian (40) is that of the free particle and also the
momentum is another time-independent Noetherian con- X [1] (H) = λH, (42)
servation law. That is the conservations laws in [15] are
not conservation laws which follows from the Hojman’s has to hold, where X [1] is the first prolongation of X
formula but from Noetherian symmetries in the same way and λ is an arbitrary function. However, equation (42)
we discussed above. is nothing else than the Noether condition in Hamilto-
However condition (18) for equation (37) is equivalent nian formalism for generalized symmetries (see [27]). In
with the existence of a Jacobi Last multiplier for equa- the case of point and contact transformations, this is a
tion (37). The existence of a Jacobi Last multiplier for well known result [28, 29]. Therefore the determination
one-dimensional second order differential equations of the of Hojman conservation quantities in cosmological mod-
form of (13) is equivalent to the existence of a Lagrangian els, which arise from a Lagrange function, it is equivalent
[25, 26], and, in the simplest case that the dynamical sys- with the application of Noether’s Theorem. That holds
tem is autonomous, Hojman conservation laws are equiv- for all the physical systems where the Hamiltonian func-
alent to the Noetherian conservation laws. Finally, the tion is one of the equations involved.
functional forms of f (T ), which follow from the solution When the field equations are a singular dynamical sys-
of the system tem, as in the case of f (T ) gravity, the functional forms
of f (T ), in which the field equations admit a closed-form
F (ẋ) = −F1 ẋ2 − F0 , (41)
solution, follows from the existence of a Jacobi Last mul-
are not arising from the existent of a Hojman conserva- tiplier, and the conservation laws are again Noetherian.
tion law, but from the existence of a Jacobi Last multi- Acknowledgments
plier for the reduced equation (37) and the conservation
laws are Noetherian conservation laws, the well known AP acknowledges financial support of FONDECYT
conservation laws of the Hamiltonian or of the momen- grant no. 3160121 and thanks Prof. PGL Leach, Sivie
tum for the “oscillator” or the free particle. Govinder and the Department of Mathematics of the Uni-
In conclusion, for regular dynamical systems, such as versity of Cyprus for the hospitality provided while part
scalar-field cosmology, we consider the derivation of Ho- of this work carried out. SC acknowledges the support of
jman conservation laws for the field equations (11, 12) INFN (iniziative specifiche QGSKY and TEONGRAV)
without the Ansatz. φ (t) = φ (a (t)). Hence we have to and thanks the TSPU for being awarded as Honorary
determine the group of invariant transformations of the Professor.
[27] W. Sarlet and F. Cantrijn, SIAM Rev. 23 (1981) 467 [29] P.G.L. Leach and G.P. Flessas, J. Non. Math. Phys. 15
[28] T. Pillay and P.G.L. Leach, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 29 (2008) 9
(1996) 6999