RT CT1 PPT L08 Computed Tomography Basics

19/07/2022
Scanning with Parallel Beam Geometry (1st Generation)
Detector: one element (1 Pixel)

Detector and X-Ray tube are moved
Movement:
Translation - Rotation
Detector
After each linear scan
Basics of computed tomography (CT) rotation of a small
Lecture 8 angle
X-ray tube or
Two-dimensional
gamma source
computed tomography
1 2
Supported by Supported by
Principle
RTof CT
computed
Leveltomography
1 Computed Tomography
Scanning in parallel beam geometry CT-Scanner of 2nd Generation
Absorption profile
Schwächungsprofil Fan beam scanner
()
with multiple number
90° of detectors
Detector Scanning
Detektor Abtastweg
lane
135°
45° Volume
Measurement by
combination of
y
Projection
Projektions-
translation and
angle
Object µ(x,y)
Objekt µ(x,y) x
 winkel rotation (slice)

Two-dimensional
computed tomography X-ray
Röntgen-
tube
röhre
3 4
Principle of computed tomography Computed Tomography
Scanning in fan beam geometry with detector line Scanning with Cone Beam Geometry (3rd Generation)
3rd generation
Volume
Volumen
Rotation axis
Drehachse z
Cone beam
Fächerstrahl
Object
Objekt
Source
Quelle
x
X-ray tube Test sample Detector line
y
Three-dimensional
Movement of object for 3D scans computed tomography Detektor
Detector
5 6
Principle of computed tomography Computed Tomography
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Computed Tomography (CT) of 3rd Generation Computed Tomographie (CT) 3rd Generation
CT is the best method

for 3D-testing of CT is the best method
objects. for 3D-testing of
objects.
CT is suitable for
inspection of objects CT is suitable for
in the laboratory. inspection of objects
in the laboratory.
CT needs 100-1000
projections and CT needs 100-1000
requires high projections and
measurement time. requires high
measurement time.
7 8
Computed Tomography Computed Tomography
Test volume divided into voxels, and the corresponding 2D image of at Overlay of information View from position 1
detector (projection).
9 10
Principle of computed tomography Principle of computed tomography
Overlay of information View from position 2 Overlay of information View from position 3
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Overlay of information View from position 4 The steps of the acquisition of a CT scan
1. recording 2D images from different angles (projections)
Röntgenröhre
X-ray tube
Projection
Projektion
Projektion
13 14
Steps of a CT scan 2. reconstruction of the slice images from the 2D projections
1. Acquisition of 2D projections (radiographs) in different angles

X-ray tube
2. Logarithm of projections
3. Reconstruction of 3D volume data from log. 2D projections
1st slice images

2nd slice images
3rd slice images
Slice images
Slice images
4. Stack of 2D slice images as 3D volume
15 16
3. stitching of the layer images (slices) to a 3D volume image Example of generation of projections and reconstruction with aRTist
aRTist - Analytical RT Inspection Simulation Tool (bam.de)

1st Slice http://www.artist.bam.de/
2nd Slice
3rd Slice
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Example of reconstruction with aRTist Example of reconstruction with aRTist

Egg with surprise Egg shell transparent Video of projections of the

rotating egg
19 20
http://www.artist.bam.de/

aRTist - Analytical RT Inspection Simulation Tool (bam.de) aRTist - Analytical RT Inspection Simulation Tool (bam.de)
21 22

aRTist - Analytical RT Inspection Simulation Tool (bam.de) Reconstruction and visualization with VG Studio Max
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Example of reconstruction with aRTist Medical terminology for orthogonal slices

VG StudioMax
Terminology: Terminology:
- Orthogonal slices - Orthogonal slices in medical
- Front view (z) applications
- Side view (x)
- Coronal (x, frontal)
- Top view (y)
- Sagittal (y, longitudinal)
- Transversal (z, horizontal)
The coordinates x, y, z
depend from the sample
preparation and are different
in different reconstructions!
x, y, z is related to the
scanner coordinates.
The Iso-Surface or volume

rendering presentation permits
the visualisation of the 3D
volume.
25 26
Figure by David Richfield and Mikael Häggström, M.D. and cmglee - Human anatomy planes, labeled.jpg,
CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=91212408
Differences between Radiography and CT Differences between Radiography and CT

Radiography Computed Tomography
Signal → Signal →
• Decreases with attenuation coefficient • Increases with attenuation coefficient
• Atomic number • Atomic number
• Material density • Material density
• Decreases with thickness in radiation • Independent on thickness in radiation
direction direction
• High signal for low attenuation High Signal for high attenuation
SNR → SNR →
• Exposure time • Exposure time
• Detector correction (calibration) • Detector correction (calibration)
• Reconstruction parameter 150 keV Feldkamp artefact
150 keV
• Material • Material Negative image Positive image
Unsharpness → Unsharpness →
• Focal spot • Focal spot 150 keV
• Magnification • Magnification Air
Metal CT IsoSurface
• Basic spatial resolution of detector • Basic spatial resolution of detector 450 keV
• Reconstruction parameter 27 28
Principle of computed tomography
Differences between Radiography and CT Artefacts in reconstructions
Only three different grey values can be found in the image, since we see only µ of
- air (dark), The CT expert has to evaluate
- Steel (light grey) the reconstruction results and he
- lead letters (bright). has to evaluate, if the results are
real or “artefacts”!
Here an example of a
reconstructed slice of steel parts
in Aluminium.
The background and grey values

of the Al-part are distorted by
reconstruction artefacts.
29 30
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Artefact free reconstruction result of a casting shell Feldkamp artefact or cone beam artefact
31 32
Insufficient penetration Ring artefact
33 34
Movement artefact Undersampling / sampling artefacts
Reconstruction stripe from too low number of reconstructions.
35 36
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Reconstruction without and with correction of beam hardening Reconstruction with fan collimation
without correction of the beam with correction of the beam hardening

hardening
37 38
Section through a tomography of a component 3D visualisation of a tomography with virtual slice
Virtual cross section

through a 3D ISO-
Surface presentation
Section through the YZ plane Section through the XY plane

- Look at porosity - Look at porosity
39 40
High Energy CT
Compressor
Casting, thickness up to 55
mm
Segmentation of parts air induction CT of a Compressor

with piston rod
Betatron 7,5 MeV, 3 mm
piston
Dose rate = 5 R/min.
SDD = 2230 mm
SOD = 1860 mm
connecting rod Detector PE 1620
CT and Laminography device at BAM 1024x1024 pixel @ 0,4 mm
Integration: 4x1sec = 4 sec/image.
Recon VGStudio Max
flywheel mass
41 42
ball bearing
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Segmentation of parts: Feature extraction

3D analysis of tomograms
Defect analysis
Characterisation of voids, pores, foreign body inclusions, crack paths.
Completeness analysis.
Evaluation of material transitions and composites. (Fibre structure
analysis)
Measurement
Wall thickness measurement.
Target/actual comparison to CAD data.
Creation of the surface (e.g. STL data).
Feature extraction
CT of a Compressor with
piston rod Reverse engineering
Traceability from real component to CAD data.
43 44
Principle of computed tomography

RT CT1 PPT L08 Computed Tomography Basics

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19/07/2022

Scanning with Parallel Beam Geometry (1st Generation)

Detector: one element (1 Pixel)

Scanning in parallel beam geometry CT-Scanner of 2nd Generation

CT is the best method

Computed Tomography Computed Tomography

Steps of a CT scan 2. reconstruction of the slice images from the 2D projections

1. Acquisition of 2D projections (radiographs) in different angles

1st slice images

aRTist - Analytical RT Inspection Simulation Tool (bam.de)

Example of reconstruction with aRTist Example of reconstruction with aRTist

Egg with surprise Egg shell transparent Video of projections of the

Example of reconstruction with aRTist Example of reconstruction with aRTist

Example of reconstruction with aRTist Example of reconstruction with aRTist

Example of reconstruction with aRTist Medical terminology for orthogonal slices

The Iso-Surface or volume

Differences between Radiography and CT Differences between Radiography and CT

Differences between Radiography and CT Artefacts in reconstructions

The background and grey values

Insufficient penetration Ring artefact

Movement artefact Undersampling / sampling artefacts

Reconstruction stripe from too low number of reconstructions.

without correction of the beam with correction of the beam hardening

Section through a tomography of a component 3D visualisation of a tomography with virtual slice

Virtual cross section

Section through the YZ plane Section through the XY plane

Segmentation of parts air induction CT of a Compressor

Segmentation of parts: Feature extraction

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