S01 Iso 17636 2

Introduction
- Film replacement by digital radiography requires a different practice

compared to film radiography to guaranty the same image quality.
- EN ISO 17636 replaced European EN 1435 in 2013!
- EN ISO 17636-2 defines the required practice to replace film by Digital
Radiology (DR) for weld inspection.
- New requirements exist for digital detector selection on basis of the
detector unsharpness.
The Conversion from Film to Digital Radiography - The parameters “Signal to noise ratio” (SNR) and “Basic Spatial
Resolution” (SRb) have to be understood and controlled for
and optimization of image quality in DR.
the New Standard EN ISO 17636-2 - Minimum SNRN Values or Grey Values (CR only) substitute
for Radiographic Weld Inspection requirements for the opt. density limits in film radiography.
- New exposure geometries consider flat detectors and cassettes.
uwe@ewert-net.de
by Uwe Ewert
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Radiological ISO 17636: Radiographic Weld Inspection Radiological ISO 17636: Radiographic Weld Inspection
Methods Methods
Film Replacement Techniques in EN ISO 17636-2 Motivation for Film Replacement by

Computed Radiography and DDA‘s
Scanner
Imaging
for Imaging
Plates
Plates
Computed Radiography • Shorter test and interpretation time
• New application areas due to

higher inspection quality and wall Film (D4)
CR: Mobile Orex Scanner
thickness range
Radiography
with
Digital Detector Arrays
• No chemicals and dangerous
(DDA) waste
Flat Panel Hard Copy
Detector Grayscale • Less consumables
Agfa Printer
Flachdetektor (Hamamatsu)
DDA: Amorphous Selenium Flat Panel, Agfa-NDT 3 4
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Methods Methods
Basic Requirements for Radiography

Fuji IX25 in all National and International Standards
SNRnorm~ 265
Basic standard requirements for film and digital radiology in comparison:
DDA Film Digital Detector (CR)
Best (slowest) NDT film

Technology
provides
better image
• Exceed minimum optical Density
• Do not exceed film system class  Exceed minimum SNRN
or calibrated minimum grey value
• Select right FFD → Select right SDD and

quality than
detector type with right SRb
film !

• Prove minimum Image Quality (IQI visibility)
• Wires or, Use same IQIs to prove quality
Images high pass
• Step holes or Use optional duplex wire IQI
filtered for better • Plate holes (USA)
presentation
PerkinElmer 1620 FFD – Film Focus Distance SNR – Signal to noise ratio
SDD – Source Detector Distance IQI – Image Quality Indicator
SNRnorm~ 1500 5 6
5 6
DDA exposureISO 17636: Images
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Radiological Radiographic Weld Inspection Radiological ISO 17636: Radiographic Weld Inspection
Methods after zoom, high paas filter Methods
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EN ISO 17636-2
Radiographic testing of welds with digital detectors.
EN ISO 17636:2013, Revision 2022 Most important parameters that are regulated by this standard:
Radiographic Weld Inspection
I. Minimum value for wire type or step-hole type Image Quality
Indicators (IQI’s) in function of test technique (similar to ASME)
Part 1: II. Maximum image/detector unsharpness requirements (using a duplex
Non-destructive testing of welds -- Radiographic testing -- Part 1: X- and wire gauge)
gamma-ray techniques with film
III. Choice of tube voltage or gamma source in function of object
Part 2: composition, penetrated thickness and detector
Non-destructive testing of welds -- Radiographic testing -- Part 2: X- and
IV. Exposure geometry
gamma-ray techniques with digital detectors
V. Minimum normalized Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNRN) requirements
VI. Metal screens, type & thickness
VII. New compensation principles
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Methods Methods
EN ISO 17636: Image Quality Indicators (IQI) EN ISO 17636-1 and -2, Annex B: Minimum
Requirements for Wire Type or Step-Hole Type IQIs
Wires
EN 462-1 IQI values taken
EN ISO 19232-1 from EN1435
New Exceptions for Gamma

• Same requirements for wire
Step holes type and step hole IQI’s as in
EN 462-1 EN 1435 and ISO 19232-3
EN ISO 19232-1 • New exceptions for
isotopes for double wall
inspections
Step plates (USA) – 10 mm < w  25 mm :
ASME, ASTM 1 wire value less or 1 step-
hole value more for Ir192
– 5 mm < w  12 mm:
Duplex wire for part 2 1 wire value less or 1 step-
EN 462-5 hole value more for Se75
EN ISO 19232-5
EN ISO 19232-3
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Key
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a) wire type
b)
Methodsstep/hole (delete old hexagonal AFNOR step/hole, no longer standard) Methods
c) plaque type
d) duplex type
Selection of X-Ray Tube Voltage and Influence of µeff Compensation Principle (I)
Compensation principle I: Selection of kV vs. Exposure Dose

Image Quality = f (µeff ▪ SNR)
Step wedge with ASTM IQIs
Diagram on selection of
maximum tube voltage
applies for film only (ISO
17636-1)
Selection of maximum tube voltage for

application of digital detectors:
- CR, Class B: reduce kV by 20%
- Well calibrated DDAs: increase kV
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Radiological ISO 17636: Radiographic Weld Inspection
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RadiologicalX-ray ISO 17636: Radiographic Weld Inspection
Methods Methods
Sensitive
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Compensation Principle (I) Requirements for Techniques and Opt. Density
Visibility of IQIs in
dependence on exposure EN ISO 17636-1
dose and tube voltage for
steel with constant hole
size
- Increasing tube voltage Part 1 and 2
reduces the specific
contrast µeff but increases
the exposure dose on the
detector
- The increase of SNR by the
improved quantum statistic
compensates the loss of
contrast
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RadiologicalX-ray ISO 17636: Radiographic Weld Inspection X-Ray-Net
Methods Methods
Sensitive
Equivalent to opt. Density of Part 1: Contrast Sensitivity Limitation

SNRN – Requirements in Part 2
EPS - equivalent penetrameter sensitivity in % of tickness
EPS vs.SNR
Contrast method(EPS)
Sensitivity with 3/4" Fe Value for CR
vs. Grey
4
Sensitivity in %
Above a certain exposure level the

• Minimum values are 3,5
(EPS)
contrast sensitivity changes only marginally

tabulated in function 3
of radiation energy
of Thickness
2,5 Measured EPS, UR 1, DynamIx HR

and object
PT/sqrt(SNR)
thickness. 2
Measured EPS, ST VI, HD-CR 35
EPS
Contrast
• Front lead screen 1,5

Calc. EPS from SNR, ST VI, HD-CR 35
thickness is reduced 1
to 0 mm. Calc. EPS from SNR, UR 1, DynamIx HR
0,5
• Exception for high
energy. 0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 PT ' SRbimage
EPS =
Min. Grey Values Grey Value
Pixel value ttestplate µeff  SNR
(Working range)
▪ PT’ is about 2 for visibility of the 2 T hole of IQIs corr. to ASTM E 1025
▪ EPS by ASTM E 746 with 200 kV, t = 19 mm Fe plate and µeff = 0.05 mm-1
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Methods Methods
Selection of Detector Before Testing Measurement of Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution
Maximum Acceptable Image Unsharpness (or SRb) of Detector
Duplex wire IQI
EN ISO 19232-5
ASTM E 2002
• Determination of the basic

spatial resolution in each
production radiograph is not
required but recommended.
• SNRN controls sufficiently
Duplex Wire IQI, 90 kV,
1m SDD, small focus
the image quality at a given

DDA CR pixel size.
• The detector unsharpness
udetector shall be controlled
by reference exposures
SRb = 12  utotal
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Methods Methods
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Compensation Principle II
Compensation Principle (II)
Interesting for detectors with higher unsharpness
Compensate missing spatial resolution by increased single

wire sensitivity:
Compensation of high detector unsharpness by increased
• A lower spatial resolution i.e. a lower double wire value (D)
SNR
may be compensated by a higher single wire sensitivity i.e.
higher single wire value (W).
This is required if no detector is available with sufficient • Max. two (or three) single/double wire values may be exchanged.
inherent unsharpness!
Not Required: OK: OK OK
OK by agreement
D13 D12 D11 D10 D9
Duplex wire score
W13 W14 W15 W16 W17
Single wire score
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Methods Methods
Test sample BAM 5

Proof of Compensation Principle (II) 8 mm steel
Minimum Distance fmin
Detection of fine flaws with subpixel resolution Class B Class A
highpass
filtered
Wire O
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
EN 462-1
W13 200µm 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 f b
C1 film:
wire ~16 visible
W14 160µm Class A: a = 7,5 = a  1/ 3
100µm contrast resolution
W15 130µm
DDA (magnification = 1):
Class B: a = 15
d t
W16 100µm
W17 80µm W19 = 50µm contrast resolution
W18 63µm
class B W19 50µm 200µm pixel size!
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Methods Methods
Minimum Distance fmin Calculation of b

Calculation of b for Fig. 13b of ISO 17636-2
2α
Class A
b = bedge + 1.2 t + bgap
Class B
b = bedge + 1.1 t + bogap
Condition: M < 1.2

SDD / SOD < 1.2
Class A
b = bedge + 1.2 t + bobject-detector
Class B
b = bedge + 1.1 t + bobject-detector
bgap bedge
25/07/2022 bedge = (1 – cos (a))  rexternal
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Methods Methods
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Minimum Distance fmin Conclusions
• Digital radiography with CR and DDAs is on the way to substitute film radiography, similar to
fmin increase depending on the ratio of b/t digital photography.
3 𝑏 1,9 • Image quality depends on the essential parameters for digital radiography:
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = fac_increase: factor for increase of fmin • This are: (specific) contrast µeff, SNR and basic spatial resolution SRb.
𝑡 1,8
1,7
• SNR and contrast sensitivity improve with exposure time, but above a detector specific
value the contrast sensitivity does not change significantly anymore.
1,6
• The new practice for Computed Radiography (CR) and Digital Radiography with DDA’s is
1,5 proposed in one standard document for weld inspection: EN ISO 17636-2.
Fig. 8b 1,4 • Wire and step hole value requirements are taken from ISO 19232-3 for ISO 17636 part
1,3
1 and 2.
• SNRN or grey value (CR only) are used as equivalent value for film system class
1,2
Fig. 2b selection and opt. density limits.
1,1
• Usage of duplex wire for system qualification and system selection is mandatory.
1
• Usage of flat cassettes and DDAs for curved objects with a new formula for calculation
1 2 3 4 5 6
of SDD is accepted.
Fig. XX: Factor for increase of f min as determined ratio b/t
from Fig. 21 if b/t > 1, as considered in eq. 3 and 4. • New revised unsharpness tables enable correct hardware selection.
• New compensation principles are described in the standard practice.
Fig. XX: Factor for increase of fmin as determined from Fig. 21 if b/t > 1, as considered in eq. 3 and 4. .
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Methods Methods
End
uwe@ewert-net.de
uwe.zscherpel@bam.de
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Methods

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Introduction

- Film replacement by digital radiography requires a different practice

Film Replacement Techniques in EN ISO 17636-2 Motivation for Film Replacement by

Computed Radiography • Shorter test and interpretation time

• New application areas due to

Basic Requirements for Radiography

Best (slowest) NDT film

• Select right FFD → Select right SDD and

New Exceptions for Gamma

Compensation principle I: Selection of kV vs. Exposure Dose

Selection of maximum tube voltage for

Equivalent to opt. Density of Part 1: Contrast Sensitivity Limitation

Above a certain exposure level the

contrast sensitivity changes only marginally

2,5 Measured EPS, UR 1, DynamIx HR

• Front lead screen 1,5

• Determination of the basic

the image quality at a given

Compensate missing spatial resolution by increased single

Test sample BAM 5

Minimum Distance fmin Calculation of b

Condition: M < 1.2

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