Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ahmed 2015
Ahmed 2015
Ahmed 2015
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Weighted Bloch Spaces of Clifford-Valued
Functions with Some Applications
A. El-Sayed Ahmed1 ∗ † , S. A. Ahmed2 ‡ , and A. H. Qamlo3
1
Sohag University Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics, 82524 Sohag, Egypt
2
Assiut University, Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics, P.O. Box: 13174, 21955, Assiut, Egypt
3
Mathematics Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University,
P.O. Box 1348, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
In this paper, we define quaternion -Bloch spaces and Qp spaces of quaternion-valued func-
tions, then we characterize Qp spaces by -Bloch spaces. Moreover, we give the definition of
quaternion -sequences which allow one to describe non- Bloch functions in quaternionic
sense.
Keywords: Quaternionic Analysis, Qp Spaces, Quaternion -Bloch Functions.
Now, we are going define various classes of functions in The definition of -Bloch space gives the ability
the unit disc. to close the gap between the Dirichlet space and the
Let = z z < 1 be the complex unit disk. Recall Bloch space. If = 0, then we will get the well known
that the well known Bloch space (see Refs. [1, 2]) is -Bloch space. If = 1 and = 0, then we will get the
defined as follows: Bloch space. Also, the little -Bloch space 0 , is
a subspace of consisting of all f ∈ such that
= f f analytic in and sup1 − z2 f z <
1 − z2 +
f z = 0
z∈
lim− lim−
a→1 z→1 1 −
a z2
For more details on Bloch spaces of analytic functions, we
refer to Refs. [27, 28, 30, 32, 35] and others. The expression f defines a seminorm while the nat-
Recently in Ref. [12], the author defined -Bloch ural norm is given by
space of analytic functions as follows: f = f 0 + f
J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 2015, Vol. 12, No. 10 1546-1955/2015/12/3715/007 doi:10.1166/jctn.2015.4266 3715
Weighted Bloch Spaces of Clifford-Valued Functions with Some Applications Ahmed et al.
where 0 < p < and the weight function gz a = Furthermore, we set
log 1 − āz/a − z is defined as the composition of the
1 − x2 3/2 +
f = sup D̄f x
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Möbius transformation
a and the fundamental solution of sup
a∈B1 0 x∈B1 0 1 −
a x
2 3/2
the two-dimensional real Laplacian. The weight function
gz a is actually Green’s function in with pole at a ∈ If = 0 then we will get the quaternion-valued -Bloch
For more studies on Qp spaces, we refer to Refs. [9,29,34]. space (see Ref. [13]). When = 1 and = 0 then we will
In what follows we will work in IH, the skew field of get the Bloch space (see Ref. [23]). The little quaternion-
quaternion. This means we can write each element w ∈ IH valued -Bloch space 0 is a subspace of
in the form consisting of all f ∈ such that
w = w0 + w1 i + w2 j + w3 k w0 w1 w2 w3 ∈ IR 1 − x2 3/2 +
lim− lim− D̄f x = 0
where 1 i j k are the basis elements of IH. For these ele- a→1 x→1 1 −
ax2 3/2
ments we have the multiplication rules In 3 , we obtain characterizations for -Bloch space
i2 = j 2 = k2 = −1 ij = −ji = k by Qp space of quaternion-valued functions. Also, we
give some basic properties for the extended -Bloch
jk = −kj = i ki = −ik = j classes and their relationships with some other quaternion
classes. The obtained results improve, extend and general-
The conjugate element w̄ is given by w̄ = w0 − w1 i −
ize some results due to Gürlebeck et al.23
w2 j − w3 k and we have the property
Remark 1.1. It should be remarked that the definition
w w̄ = w̄w = w2 = w02 + w12 + w22 + w32 of quaternion-valued -Bloch space gives the ability
to close the gap between the quaternion-valued Dirichlet
Moreover, we can identify each vector x = x0 x1 x2 ∈ IR3 space and the quaternion-valued Bloch space.
with a quaternion x of the form The right IH-module of all quaternion-valued functions f
defined on the unit ball, which are quaternion-valued and
x = x0 + x1 i + x2 j
satisfy the condition
Also, in what follows we will work in B1 0 ⊂
3 Delivered by Ingenta
IR , the unit ball in the real three-dimensional space. to: Chinese University of Hong D̄f x2 dBx <
Kong
IP: 91.200.80.25 On: Fri, 17 Jun 2016 20:01:21 B1 0
B1 0 is a bounded, simply connected domainAmerican
Copyright: with a Scientific Publishers
C boundary S1 0. is called spatial (or three-dimensional) Dirichlet space
Moreover, we will consider functions f defined on (see Ref. [23]). Using the adjoint generalized Cauchy-
B1 0 with values in IH. We now define the generalized Riemann operator D̄ instead of the derivative f z, the
Cauchy-Riemann operator by quaternionic Möbius transformation
a x = a − x1 −
āx−1 , and the modified fundamental solution gx =
f
f
f 1/41/x − 1 of the real Laplacian as in Ref. [23]
Df = +i +j
x0
x1
x2 generalized Qp -spaces are defined by
and it’s conjugate operator by
Qp = f ∈ ker D
f
f
f
D̄f = −i −j
x0
x1
x2 2 p
sup
D̄f x g
a x dBx < (3)
For these operators we have that DD̄ = D̄D = 3 , where a∈B1 0 B
3 is the Laplacian for functions defined over domains
where B1 0 stands for the unit ball in IR3 also, some times
in IR3 . Functions belonging to ker D are called hyperholo-
we use the expression gx a instead of g
a x. Here,
morhic (quaternion) or regular functions. For more infor-
the generalizations of the Green function and of the higher
mation on quaternion analysis, we refer to Refs. [6,25,26].
−1 dimensional Möbius transformation seem to be naturally.
For a < 1 we will denote by
a x = a −x1 − āx
For more information about the study of Qp spaces of
the Möbius transform, which maps the unit ball onto itself.
quaternion-valued functions, we refer to Refs. [8, 19, 20,
Definition 1.2 (Ref. [15]). Let ∈ 0 For any
23 and 24].
quaternion-valued function f B1 0 → IH the -
Recently, Bq spaces of quaternion-valued functions were
Bloch space is defined as follows:
defined in Ref. [20] as follows:
= f ∈ kerD
Bq = f ∈ ker D sup D̄f xq 1 − x2 3/2q−3
a∈B1 0 B1 0
1−x2 3/2 +
sup sup D̄f x < (2) 2 3
a∈B1 0 x∈B1 0 1−
a x
2 × 1 −
ax dBx < (4)
where 0 < q < and the exponent 3 is related to the real For various classes of quaternion-valued functions, we
space dimension. refer to Refs. [3, 11, 14, 20–22, 31] and others.
In Ref. [22] the authors studied Bq spaces of quaternion-
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Two quantities Af and Bf both depending on an ana-
valued functions by employing the weight function 1 − lytic function f on are said to be equivalent, written
a x2 2 in lieu of 1 −
ax2 3 . as Af ≈ Bf , if there exists a finite positive constant C not
We will need the following results in the sequel. depending on f such that for every analytic function f on
we have, 1/CBf ≤ Af ≤ CBf If the quantities Af and
Theorem 1.1 (Ref. [23]). Let f be quaternion-valued
Bf , are equivalent, then in particular we have Af < if
function in B1 0. Then, for 1 ≤ p < 299,
and only if Bf < .
For proofs, we will need the following relations:
f ∈ Qp ⇐⇒ sup D̄f x2 1−
a x2 p dBx <
a∈B1 0 B1 0
1 − a2 1 − x2
1 −
ax2 = (5)
Lemma 1.1 (Ref. [24]). Let 0 < q ≤ 2 a < 1, r ≤ 1. 1 − āx2
Then 1 k
dy ≤ q and
B1 0 1 − āry
2q
1 − ar 1 − x ≤ 1 − āx ≤ 1 + x and also
(6)
where k is a constant not depending on a. 1 − a ≤ 1 − āx ≤ 1 + a
Lemma 1.2 (Ref. [24]). If 0 < q ≤ 2 a < 1 and
0 < r ≤ 1, then 2. ( )-BLOCH SPACES AND
QUATERNION SPACES
1
dx ≤ In this section we will give a characterization of the quater-
B1 0 1 − ārx 1 − arq
2q
nion -Bloch spaces by the Qp and Qp g spaces
where is a constant not depending on a and x is the of quaternion valued-functions. Our results in this section
boundary of the unit ball B1 0. extend and generalize some results in Refs. [15, 23].
With the generalized Cauchy-Riemann operator D, its Proposition 2.1. Let f be a quaternion-valued func-
Delivered
adjoint D̄. The quaternion Möbius by Ingenta
transformation
ato: =
z ChinesetionUniversity
in B1 0 ofand
Hong f ∈ Suppose further that
let Kong
−1
a − z1 − āz which maps the IP:unit
91.200.80.25 On: Fri, 17 Jun 2016 20:01:21 ≤ p < and 0 ≤ < then
ball onto itself. 4/3 < < , 2 < 3/2
Furthermore, let Copyright: American we have that
Scientific Publishers
1 1 D̄f x2 1−
ax2 p−3/2 dBx ≤ 2 f J p
gx a = − 1 B1 0
4
a x2
where
1 2 k is a positive constant and J p =
be the modified fundamental solution of the Laplacian on
r /1 − r3−p dr.
3 composed with our Möbius transform
a x Espe- 0
1 −
ax2 = (9)
(8) 1 − āx 2 1 + R2
1 − āx2
Then, we deduce
Then, we deduce that p−3/2
D̄f x2 1−
a x2 dBx
D̄f x2 1−
a x2 p−3/2 dBx U a R
B1 0 2
2 3−3/2−3/2 1−R2 p−3/2 1−a2 3 1− x̄a
2 p−3/2−3/2 1−a ≥ D̄f
a x dBx
≤ 2 f BR 1− āx
1−x dBx 1+R 2 3
B1 0 1− āx6−3−3
p−3/2−3/2 3−3/2−3/2 1−R2 p−3/2 1−a2 3 4R3
1−x2 1−a2 ≥ D̄f a2
≤ 2 f 3−3/2−3/2 3−3/2−3/2 dBx 1+R2 3
B1 0 1−x 1−a
k1−R2 p−3/2 1−a2 3+ 4R3
p−3 ≥ D̄f a2
≤ k2 f 1−x2 dBx 1+R2 3
B1 0
1 r2 2 Thus,
= k2 f dr sin
1 d
2 d
1
1−r3−p 1+r3−p
1 − a23+ D̄f a2
0 0 0
1 r2
≤ k2 f dr = k2 f J p 31 + R2
0 1−r3−p ≤
4 k R3 1 − R2 p−3/2
where k is a positive constant. Therefore, our proposition p−3/2
is proved. × D̄f x2 1 −
ax2 dBx
B1 0
Corollary 2.1. From Proposition 2.1, we get for 4/3 < Corollary 2.2. If ≥ 0 such that + ≥ 1 then
< 2 < 3/2 ≤ p < and 0 ≤ < we have
that Qp ⊂
⊂ Delivered
Qp by Ingenta to: Chinese University of Hong Kong
IP: 91.200.80.25 On: Fri, 17 Jun 2016the20:01:21
Combining Corollary 2.1 and Corollary 2.2, we have
Proposition 2.2. Let f be an hyperholomorphic Copyright: American
function Scientific Publishers
the following theorem:
in B1 0, a < 1, and ≥ 0 with + ≥ 1 Then we
have Theorem 2.1. Let f be an a quaternion-valued function
on the unit ball B1 0 and > 0 such that + ≥ 1
1 − a23+ D̄f a2 4/3 < < 2 < 3/2 ≤ p < and 0 ≤ < then
2 the following statements are equivalent
31 + R 2 p−3/2
≤ D̄f x 2
1 −
a x dB x 1. f ∈
4R3 B1 0
2. f ∈ Qp
where 0 < R < 1
Remark 2.1. The importance of Theorem 2.1 is to
Proof. Let U a R = x
a x = a − x/1 − āx < R be give us a characterization for the quaternion -Blosh
a pseudohypertrophic ball with center a and radius R. spaces by the help of integral norms of the quaternion Qp
Then spaces.
p−3/2
D̄f x2 1−
a x2 dBx
B1 0 3. MODIFIED GREEN’S FUNCTION AND
p−3/2 Qp, g-SPACES
≥ D̄f x2 1−
a x2 dBx Proposition 3.1. Let f be a quaternion-valued function
U a R
on the unit ball B1 0 and 0 ≤ p − 3/2 ≤ 3/2, 0 ≤ ,
≥ 1−R2 p−3/2 D̄f x2 dBx < , + ≥ 1 then we have
U a R
1−a2 3 1 − a23+
= 1−R2 p−3/2 D̄f
a x2 dBx D̄f a2
BR 1− āx6 1 −
aa2 3
p−3/2
1− x̄a 2
1
= 1−R 2 p−3/2
1−a 2 3
D̄f
a x ≤ p R D̄f x2 −1 dBx
BR 1− āx
3 B1 0 a x2
1 where the constant p R is positive and it does not
× dB
1− āx2 x depend on a and f but it depends on p and R.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
p−3/2 p−3/2 Qp g ⊂
1 1
− 1 ≤ − 1
R2
a x2 Next, we give the following result:
Then
p−3/2 Proposition 3.2. Let f a quaternion function in the unit
1
D̄f x2 − 1 dBx ball B1 0 such that f ∈ Then for 0 ≤ < ,
B1 0
a x2 2 < p < 3/2 + 1, and 1/3 < < we have
p−3/2
1 p−3/2
≥ D̄f x2 − 1 dBx D̄f x2 gx a dBx ≤ 2 f J p
U a R
a x2
B1 0
p−3/2
1
≥ − 1 D̄f x2 dBx where
R2 U a R
1 r2
Since we have J p =
1 − r3−p r 2−2p−3
dr
0
D̄f x2 dBx
U aR
Proof. The proof is much akin to the proof of Proposition
2 1 − a
2 3
2.1 with simple modifications, so it will be omitted.
= D̄f
a x dBx
BR 1 − āx6
1 − āx 2 Corollary 3.2. Under the conditions of Proposition 3.2,
1
= 1 − a
2 3 D̄f x dBx we have that
BR 1 − āx
3 1 − āx2 ⊂ Qp g
Then, we obtain
Combining Corollary 3.1 and Corollary 3.2, we have the
D̄f x2 dBx following result:
U a R
Delivered by Ingenta
2 to: Chinese University of Hong Kong
1 − a2 3 1 − āxIP: 91.200.80.25
dB
Theorem
On: Fri, 17 Jun 2016 3.1.20:01:21
Let f be a quaternion-valued function in
≥ D̄f
x
Copyright: American Scientific 1 0. Further, we suppose that 0 ≤ < ,
Publishers
1 + R2 BR 1 − āx3
a x the unit ball B
2 < p < 3/2 + 1, 1/3 < < , with + ≥ 1
which implies that and p − 3/2 ≥ 0. Then the following conditions are
equivalent:
D̄f x2 ≥ p RD̄f a2
U a R 1. f ∈ .
where p R is a constant depending on p and R. 2. f ∈ Qp g.
Therefore,
p−3/2
1 4. AN APPLICATION
D̄f x2 − 1 dBx
B1 0
a x2 An extreme point of a convex set A in a real vector space
≥ p R1 − a D̄f a
2 3 2 is a point in A which does not lie in any open line segment
joining two points of A (see Ref. [5]).
≥ p R1 − a23+ D̄f a2 We also point out here that Qp g have geomet-
since
a a = 0, then ric applications. The problem addressed here deals with
p−3/2 extreme points on Qp g spaces.
1 Given a norm · X on a Banach space X In studying
D̄f x 2
−1 dBx
B1 0
a x2 X · X One problem of considerable interest is that of
1 − a23+ characterizing the geometry of the closed unit ball
≥ p R D̄f a2
1 −
aa 3
BX · X = f ∈ X f X ≤ 1
which implies that
p−3/2
1 An interesting question can be stated as follows:
p R D̄f x 2
− 1 dB How one can find the extreme points of balls of
B1 0
a x2 x
Lemma 4.1. Let Xi i ∈ N0 = 0 1 2 be three Banach Applying Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem, we
spaces with the norms · X0 · X1 and · X2 , respec- deduce
tively. Let N 0 × 0 × 0 → be a function
RESEARCH ARTICLE
if and only if the following condition hold: Proof. By Lemma 4.1, the necessity is trivial. Now, we
1. x0 is an extreme point of the closed ball of radius proof the sufficiently condition. Since
x0 X0 of X0 lim Ip f g a = 0
2. x1 is an extreme point of the closed ball of radius a→1
4. Z. Beiki and A. Shahidinejad, Rev. Theor. Sci. 2, 334 (2014). in Analysis and Geometry, edited by T. Qian et al., Birkhäuser
5. E. J. Borowski and J. M. Borwein, Extreme point, Dictionary of Verlarg Publisher, Basel/Switzerland (2004), pp. 113–129.
Mathematics, Collins Dictionary, Harper Collins (1989). 22. K. Gürlebeck and A. El-Sayed Ahmed, On Bq spaces of hyper-
RESEARCH ARTICLE
6. F. Brackx, R. Delanghe, and F. Sommen, Clifford analysis, Pitman holomorphic functions and the Bloch space in IR3 , Finite or Infinite
Research Notes in Math., Boston, London, Melbourne (1982). Complex Analysis and Its Applications, Adv. Complex Analysis and
7. J. A. Cima and W. R. Wogen, Mich. Math. J. 25, 213 (1978). applications, eidted by L. H. Son et al., Kluwer Academic Publisher,
8. J. Cnops and R. Delange, Applicable Analysis 73, 45 (2000). Boston, MA (2004), pp. 269–286.
9. S. Feng, Analysis München 21, 41 (2001). 23. K. Gürlebeck, U. Kähler, M. Shapiro, and L. M. Tovar, Journal of
10. A. Eghdami and M. Monajjemi, Quantum Matter 2, 324 (2013). Complex Variables 39, 115 (1999).
11. A. El-Sayed Ahmed, On some classes and spaces of holomorphic 24. K. Gürlebeck and H. R. Malonek, Bull. Austral. Math. Soc. 64, 33
and hyperholomorphic functions, Ph.D Dissertationes, Bauhaus Uin- (2001).
versity at Weimar-Germany (2003), 1–127. 25. K. Gürlebeck and W. Sprößig, Quaternionic and Clifford calculus for
12. A. El-Sayed Ahmed, J. Comput. Anal. Appl. 11, 252 (2009). Engineers and Physicists, John Wiley &. Sons, Chichester (1997).
13. A. El-Sayed Ahmed, Numer. Funct. Anal. Optim. 29, 1064 (2008). 26. K. Gürlebeck, K. Habetha, and W. Sprößig, Holomorphic Functions
14. A. El-Sayed Ahmed, Math. Comput. Modelling 55, 1428 (2012). in the Plane and n-Dimensional Space, Birkhäuser Verlarg Publisher,
15. A. El-Sayed Ahmed and A. Ahmadi, On Weighted Bloch Spaces Basel/Switzerland (2008), Vol. xiii.
of Quaternion-Valued Functions, ICNAAM 2011 AIP Publishing 27. S. Li and H. Wulan, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 343, 58 (2008).
(2011), pp. 272–275. 28. Y. Liang and Z. Zhou, Banach J. Math. Anal. 8, 118 (2014).
16. A. El-Sayed Ahmed and A. Ahmadi, J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 29. C. Ouyang, W. Yang, and R. Zhao, Pacific J. Math. 182, 69
17. A. El-Sayed Ahmed and A. Kamal, J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. (1998).
12, 1586 (2015). 30. G. Ren and C. Tu, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 133, 719 (2004).
18. A. El-Sayed Ahmed and S. Omran, Banach J. Math. Anal. 6, 180 31. L. F. Reséndis and L. M. Tovar, Besov-type characterizations for
(2012). Quaternionic Bloch functions, Finite or Infinite Complex Analy-
19. A. El-Sayed Ahmed, K. Gürlebeck, L. F. Reséndis, and L. M. Tovar, sis and Its Applications, Adv. Complex Analysis and Applications,
Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations 51, 119 (2006). edited by L. H. Son et al., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA
20. H. G. Begehr, et al., (ed.), Progress in analysis, Proceedings of the (2004), pp. 207–220.
3rd International Congress of the International Society for Anal- 32. X. J. Song and Z. Zhou, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 401, 447 (2013).
ysis, Its Applications and Computation (ISAAC), Berlin, Germany, 33. M. Sharifi, Quantum Matter 3, 238 (2014).
August (2001), World Scientific, River Edge, NJ (2003), Vols. I, II, 34. J. Xiao, Geometric Qp functions, Frontiers in Mathematics,
pp. 253–262. Birkhäuser Verlarg Publisher, Basel/Switzerland (2006), Vol. x.
21. K. Gürlebeck and A. El-Sayed Ahmed, On series expansions of 35. Z. H. Zhou and L. Zhang, Complex Var. Elliptic Equ. 58, 1125
hyperholomorphic Bq functions, Trends in Mathematics: Advances (2013).
Delivered by Ingenta to: Chinese University of Hong Kong
IP: 91.200.80.25 On: Fri, 17 Jun 2016 20:01:21
Copyright: AmericanReceived:
Scientific13
Publishers
November 2014. Accepted: 2 December 2014.