Chapter 1 - Theories of Stress and Strain - 2

EME3046
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER 1
Theories of Stress and Strain
by Low Kean Ong 2009/2010 Session, Trimester 3 Faculty Of Engineering And Technology
CHAPTER 1
Theories of Stress and Strain 1.4 Transformation of stress, Principal stresses and other properties. Transformation of stress. Principal stresses. Octahedral stress. Plane stress. Mohrs circle in two dimensions. Mohrs circle in three dimensions.
EME3046 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Transformation of stress
When referring to stress components, it is often necessary or convenient to change the coordinate system. Example: - to determine stresses in fiber-reinforced composite. - to analyze the integrity of a weld on a thin-walled pressure vessel.
Let (x, y, z) and (X, Y, Z) denote two rectangular coordinate systems with a common origin. The angles xX, xY, xZ, are measured from the (x, y, z) axes to the (X, Y, Z) axes.
The cosines of the angles between the coordinates are listed as follows:
For example, l1 = cos xX, l2 = cos xY,

EME3046 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS 5
The direction cosines must satisfy the following relations:
The stress components XX, XY, XZ, are defined with reference to the (X, Y, Z) axes in the same manner as xx, xy, xz, for (x, y, z). Recall, the normal stress PN on the plane P is the projection of the vector P in the direction of that is:
Thus, XX is the normal stress component on a plane perpendicular to axis X, XY, XZ are shear stress components on the same plane. And so the normal stresses are:
The shear component XY is the component of the stress vector in the Y direction on a plane perpendicular to the X axis. Thus, it is formulated by the scalar product of vector X with a unit vector parallel to the Y axis,
Similarly,
(cont)
Shear stress in the (X, Y, Z) axes:
(cont)
Shear stress in the (X, Y, Z) axes:
12
Note: Equations in slide 8 and 12 determine the stress components relative to axes (X, Y, Z) in terms of the stress components relative to axes (x, y, z). That is, they determine how the stress components transform under a rotation of rectangular axes.
13
Principal stresses
In engineering practice, it is important to determine: - The orientation of the planes that cause the normal stress to be a maximum and minimum. - The orientation of the planes that cause the shear stress to be a maximum. For any general state of stress at any point in a body, there exist three mutually perpendicular plane on which the shearing stresses vanish. These planes are known as the principal planes and the corresponding stresses are called the principal stresses.
Principal stresses
The stress vector on principal planes is given by where N is the unit normal to a principal plane.
(cont)
Principal stresses
Equating the components on both sides of the equations:
Or in matrix form:
(cont)
Principal stresses
Since the equation are linear homogeneous equations in (l, m, n) and the trivial solution l = m = n = 0 is impossible because,
Thus, from the theory of linear algebraic equations, it is consistent only and only if the determinant of the coefficients of (l, m, n) vanishes identically. So, for nontrivial solutions:
(cont)
Principal stresses
Expanding the determinant to obtain:
where
are invariants of stress. (cont)
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Principal stresses
The invariants of stress can be calculated by:
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Principal stresses
The three roots of the equation,
are the principal stresses. The stress invariants can be expressed in term of principal stresses:
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Principal stresses
Example:
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Principal stresses
Solution:
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Principal stresses
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Principal stresses
Solve the equation for principal stresses.
since
The principal stresses are

Principal stresses
The principal directions is found by solving the equation simultaneously:
and
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Principal stresses
Principal direction for = 1 = 4
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Principal stresses
Solve the four equations simultaneously:
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Principal stresses
Thus, the principal direction corresponding to 1 is:
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Principal stresses
The principal direction corresponding to = 2 = 1 is:
The principal direction corresponding to = 3 = -2 is:
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Principal stresses (Recap - EME1066)

Note: Different notation used for shear stress, xy = xy For an element rotated about the z axis:
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31

Orientation and expression for principal stresses.
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Orientation and expression for maximum shearing stresses.
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37

The orientation between the principal stresses and maximum shearing plane.
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Octahedral stresses
A plane that is equally inclined to all three principal axes (X, Y, Z) is called an octahedral plane. There are eight such planes exist. The normal and shear stress components associated with these planes are called the: - octahedral normal stress, oct. - octahedral shear stress, oct.
Octahedral stresses
Let the unit normal vector to the octahedral plane in (X, Y, Z) axes be:
Then,
Thus, on octahedral planes, or
40
Octahedral stresses
Recall: In (x, y, z) axes, the stress vector at point P on an arbitrary plane is:
where
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Octahedral stresses
Thus, in principal axes (X, Y, Z), the stress vector at a point P on an arbitrary plane is:
where
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Octahedral stresses
Along principal axes (X, Y, Z),
Therefore, the stress vector in X, Y and Z planes are:
Hence, the stress vector at P is:
The magnitude of the stress vector p is:
43
Octahedral stresses
The octahedral normal stress is:
44
Octahedral stresses
The octahedral shear stress is:
45
Octahedral stresses
Since ( ) are invariants under the rotation of axes, oct and oct may be expressed with respect to (x, y, z) axes. Normal stress
Shear stress
46
Plane stress
Certain approximations may be applied to simplify three-dimensional stress array. Consider a thin plane with thickness, h. Since the plate is not loaded on surfaces,
If the plate is thin (h is small), it can be assumed throughout the plate thickness that,
This state of stress is known as plane stress.

Plane stress
Stress components for plane stress:
The remaining stress are assumed to be independent of z:
48
Plane stress
With this approximation, it is called the stress tensor for plane stress:
49
Plane stress
Consider a transformation from the (x, y, z) axes to the (X, Y, Z) axes for the condition that the z axis and the Z axis remain coincident.
50
Plane stress
For such state of plane stress in the (x, y) plane, the direction cosines between the corresponding axes are:
51
Plane stress
Therefore, the normal and shear stress components reduce to:
52
Plane stress
Manipulating using trigonometric double angle formulas, the equations can be expressed as:
53
Mohrs circle in two dimensions

The stress equations in Slide 53 circle. Stress components XX and XY act on the incline face BE that is located at positive (counterclockwise) angle from face BC on which stress components xx and xy act. can be using represent Mohrs graphically
54

Normal stress:
55

Shear stress:
56

Eq. (1) + Eq. (2):
This is an equation for a circle with center: (average stress)
radius:
57

Mohrs circle: Principal stress occur when = 1 and 1 + /2, measured counterclockwise.
58

Magnitudes and direction of the principal stresses:
59
Mohrs circle in two dimensions (Recap - EME1066)

Note: Different notation used for shear stress, xy = xy
60
61

Note: When the shearing stress on a given surface tend to rotate the element: - clockwise: point on Mohrs circle is above axis. - counterclockwise: point on Mohrs circle is below axis.
Read: Page 13-15 lecture notes.

Mohrs circle in three dimensions

The maximum normal stress is equal to the maximum of the three principal stresses 1, 2 and 3. Arrange the principal stresses in descending order:
Construct stresses.
the Mohrs circle using any two of the principal
63

Stress in principal axes. Consider a plane P whose unit normal vector with respect to the principal axes is:
The stress vector on plane P is:
64

Normal stress.
65

Shear stress.
66

Solving Eqs. (1), (2) and (3) for l2, m2, n2 0 yields:
67

Arranging the principal stresses such that
68

The inequalities may be rewritten in the form:
69

Or
where
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Example 1
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Example 1
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Example 1
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Example 1
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Example 1
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Example 1
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Example 1
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Example 1
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Example 1
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Example 2
82
Example 2
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Example 2
84
Example 2
85
Example 2
86
Example 2
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Example 2
88
To be continued (1.5) .
89
REFERENCES
F. P. Beer, E. R. Johnston Jr. and J. T. DeWolf, "Mechanics of Materials", 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2006. A. P. Boresi and R. J. Schmidt, Advanced Mechanics of Materials, 6th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003. R. C. Hibbeler, "Mechanics of Materials", 6th ed., Prentice Hall, 2005. H. T. Toh, Mechanics of Materials lecture notes, MMU, 2008.
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Supplement question 1
91
Solution 1
92
Supplement question 2
93
Solution 2
94

Chapter 1 - Theories of Stress and Strain - 2

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EME3046

Theories of Stress and Strain

EME3046 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

EME3046 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

EME3046 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

For example, l1 = cos xX, l2 = cos xY,

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are invariants of stress. (cont)

EME3046 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

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The principal stresses are

EME3046 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

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Thus, the principal direction corresponding to 1 is:

EME3046 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

The principal direction corresponding to = 3 = -2 is:

EME3046 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Principal stresses (Recap - EME1066)

EME3046 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Principal stresses (Recap - EME1066)

EME3046 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Principal stresses (Recap - EME1066)

EME3046 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Principal stresses (Recap - EME1066)

EME3046 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Principal stresses (Recap - EME1066)

EME3046 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Principal stresses (Recap - EME1066)

EME3046 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Principal stresses (Recap - EME1066)

EME3046 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Principal stresses (Recap - EME1066)

EME3046 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Principal stresses (Recap - EME1066)

EME3046 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Thus, on octahedral planes, or

EME3046 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

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Therefore, the stress vector in X, Y and Z planes are:

Hence, the stress vector at P is:

The magnitude of the stress vector p is:

EME3046 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

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This state of stress is known as plane stress.

The remaining stress are assumed to be independent of z:

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EME3046 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS