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    1. Neurons are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, consisting of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. The cell body contains genetic material and organelles to maintain the neuron's structure and drive activities. 2. Dendrites branch from the cell body and form synaptic connections with other neurons. Axons extend from the cell body to regions of synaptic contact and propagate electrical signals. 3. There are three main types of neurons - receptors, interneurons, and effectors/motor neurons - which receive sensory input, transform and relay signals, and send motor demands to muscles, respectively.

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    1. Neurons are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, consisting of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. The cell body contains genetic material and organelles to maintain the neuron's structure and drive activities. 2. Dendrites branch from the cell body and form synaptic connections with other neurons. Axons extend from the cell body to regions of synaptic contact and propagate electrical signals. 3. There are three main types of neurons - receptors, interneurons, and effectors/motor neurons - which receive sensory input, transform and relay signals, and send motor demands to muscles, respectively.

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    2 views2 pages

    Presentation 1

    Uploaded by

    Mark Lobamza
    1. Neurons are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, consisting of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. The cell body contains genetic material and organelles to maintain the neuron's structure and drive activities. 2. Dendrites branch from the cell body and form synaptic connections with other neurons. Axons extend from the cell body to regions of synaptic contact and propagate electrical signals. 3. There are three main types of neurons - receptors, interneurons, and effectors/motor neurons - which receive sensory input, transform and relay signals, and send motor demands to muscles, respectively.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 2

    Neurons

    Thesearethefundamentalunitsofthebrainandnervoussystem.Thereare3typesmainlythereceptor,interneu
    ronandeffector/
    motor.Thecellsresponsibleforreceivingsensoryinputfromtheexternalworldforsendingmotordemandstoou
    rmusclesandfortransformingandrelayingelectricalsignals.Itconsistsofdendrites,cellbody/somaandaxon.

    Cellbody

    Itistheneuronscore.Itcarriesgeneticmaterialitmaintainstheneuronsstructureandprovidesenergytodriveac
    tivities.Ithasanucleusandspecializedorganellesthatareenclosedbythemembranethatprotectsitandallowsi
    ttointeractwithitsimmediatesurrounding.

    Itisresponsibleforthetransformationofglucosetohighenergyinthemitochondriaandproteinsynthesisbyribo
    somes.Hasorganellesthatcarrynumerousfunctions.nucleusnucleolusendoplasmicreticulumGolgiapparatu
    s

    Dendrites

    Theseareacontinuationofthecellbodythatbranchesdifferentlydependingonthefunctionperformedbythece
    ll.Thethintreebranchinggreatlyincreasestheopportunityforsynapticconnectionsbetweentheextensionsoft
    hecellbodyanddendrites.Theyhavedendriticspinesthatformthepostsynapticelementofsynapsesinthebrain
    thedendriticspinesreachouttocontacttheaxons.

    Axon

    Itarisesfromthecellbodyandextendstotheregionofsynapticcontactastheyhaveexcitablemembranewhichis
    capableofgenerating/propagatinganactionpotential.

    Axonhillock–
    itformsthebasisofthetransportationsystemforaxonsinaidingmovementofsubstancesfromcellbodytoendfe
    et

    Endfeet–
    asaxonapproachessynaptictargetsitbranchesintoanumberofsmallerprocesses,eachterminatinginanendfo
    ot.Endfeetcontainmitochondriaandsynapticvesselsthatcontainneurotransmittersubstancesreleasedintot
    hesynapticcleftwhichisthespacebetweenthepresynapticandpostsynapticmembraneofreceivingcells.

    Cellmembrane

    Itseparatestheneuronsfromothercellsfromtheextracellularliquid.Itismadeupofphospholipids.Allmessages
    receivedbyaneuronthatentersandpassesthroughthismembrane.Ithasintegralproteinsthatlinktheinteriora
    ndexterior,andareinvolvedinthetransportandatsynapses.

    Gilacellsoccupycellsbetweenneurons.Therearemacroandmicrogilia.Themacrogiliacanbefurtherdividedint
    oastrocytesandoligodendrocytes.Theastrocytesregulatetheflowofionsinsynapsesandprovidingstructurals
    upportofneuron.Theoligodendrocytesproducemyelin(insulatedcoating).

    Theshwancellencirclestheaxon,wrapsitselfinmyelinandformsmyelinsheath.Myelinationincreasesspeedof
    actionpotential.
    Synapses

    Itisthesiteoftransmissionfrompresynaptictopostsynapticneuron

    1. Axodentic–itisanexcitatorysynapseformedbytheconnectionbetweenanaxonandadendrite.
    2. Axosomatic–itisaninhibitorysynapsethatisdirectlyconnectedtoonecellbodytoanother.
    3. Axoxonicterminalofoneaxontoanotherforregulation.
    4. Electricalsynapse–signalspassdirectlyfromonenervetoanotherthroughgapjunctions.

    Development

    Neuronsinitiallydevelopfromtheembryonicneuraltubethathas3layer.

    1. Ventricularzone
    Surroundsthecentralcarnaloftubetoformependyma.
    2. Intermediatezone
    Formedbythedivisionoftheventricularzonetoformapiallayerstretchingfromtheouterpartofthevent
    ricularzonetoneuraltube.
    Willformgraymatter
    3. Marginalzone
    Extensionofnervecellsfromintermediatezone
    Willmakewhitematterwhenmyelinated

    Neuronsmustdifferentiate.Thelargerneuronsformthemotorsandthesmallerneuronaresensoryreceptorsfo
    rmedfrombirth.

    Gialcellsaidthedifferentiationofneuronsandfacilitategrowthinthedirectionoftargetlocation.Theyalsopartic
    ipateinthereuptakeofexcessneurotransmitterinsynapticcleft.

    Reference

    Caire,Michael,Varacallo&Matthew(2018)Physiology,Synapse

    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329718026_Physiology_Synapse

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