Biology XI-Entrance

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 1
THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT

OF LIFE – CELL
POINTS TO REMEMBER
 Cell:- It is the basic structural and  Prokaryotic cells:- These are primitive
functional unit of life. and incomplete cells, lack of nuclear
 Compound Microscope:- Magnification membrane, consists of a single
power range from 300-1500 times. chromosome.
 RBCs (Erythrocytes):- These are red in e.g. bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue
colour due to presence of haemoglobin, green algae).
rounded in shape, biconcave or disc-like  Eukaryotic cells:- Advanced complete
and enucleated, formed from Red bone cells, nuclear membrane present,
marrow in adult and in foetus from liver. contains more than one chromosome.
 WBCs (Leucocytes):- These are white  Robert Hooke:- Discovered the cell in
in colour and amoeboid in shape, there 1665.
are five types:  Leeuwenhoek:- Discovered the bacteria
(i) Eosinophils in 1674 and sperm in 1678.
(ii) Basophils
 Robert Brown:- Discovered the
(iii)Neutrophils
Nucleus in 1831, give the name Nucleus.
(iv) Lymphocytes
(v) Monocytes  J. E. Purkinje:- Gave the term
 Blood platelets (thrombocytes):- These protoplasm in 1839.
are smallest in blood cells, star/disc  Smallest cell:- PPLO/ Mycoplasm, size
shaped and helps in Blood clotting. about (0.1m).
 Heart has special type of muscle cells  Largest cell:- Ostrich egg (18 cm.).
called cardiac muscle.  Cell theory:- M. J. Schleiden and
 Stomach has mucus cells to secrete the Theodor Schwann first proposed the cell
mucus for lubricating the food. theory in 1839.
 Zymogen cells to secrete a proenzyme of  All organisms are composed of one or
protein digestive enzyme. more cells.
 Protoplasm:- It is differentiated into  All cells arise only by division from
Nucleus and Cytoplasm. preexisting cells.
 Gene:- A unit of hereditary information,  Protoplasm is a living substance.
transfer the heredity traits one generation  Cell wall:- It is the outer covering of
to next generation.
plant cell (dead cells).
 Plasma membrane:- It is outer covering
 Plasmodesmata:- Cell wall bears
of animal cell, living, thin membrane
extremely minute pores through which
formed of lipid and protein.
the protoplasm of one cell is connected

to the other in the form of thread, called  Diffusing molecules may be solid, liquid
plasmodemata. or gases and semipermeable membrane
 R. Virchow:- Cells arises from is not require in diffusion.
preexisting cell (1855).
 In Prokaryotic cells, Golgi body,  Endocytosis:- Ingestion of material by
chloroplast, ER, Mitochondria, cell through plasma membrane called,
Endocytosis.
lysosomes are absent.
 Cell wall is made up of a fibrous
 Hereditary material (DNA) is circular in polysaccharide called cellulose.
Prokaryotic cells.  Ribosomes:- Help in Protein synthesis
 Tonoplast:- Outer covering of vacuoles. in cytoplasm.
 Most widely accepted model of plasma  Nucleolus:- It is also called “factory of
membrane structure is “Fluid Mosaic ribosomes”.
Model” introduced by S. J. Singer and G.  Smooth ER:- Involved in detoxification.
Nicolson (1972).  Rough ER:- It is concerned with
 Osmosis:- It is the passage of water / transport of protein.
liquid from higher contraction through  Lysosomes:- Act as intracellular
digestive system so called digestive bags
selective permeable membrane to lower
or suicide bags in cells.
concentration, called osmosis.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. The term cell was given by:- (c) Nucleus (d) Chromosome
(a) Robert Brown (b) Robert Hooke 7. The membrane of plant cell vacuole is
(c) Flemming (d) Leeuwenhoek called:-
2. The cell wall in plant is made up of :- (a) Plasmodesmata
(a) Lipid (b) Protein (b) Cell wall
(c) Cellulose (d) All of these (c) Plasmalemma
(d) Tonoplast
3. The largest cell in the human body is:-
8. Cell theory was proposed by:
(a) Liver cell (b) Pancreas
(a) Watson and Crick
(c) Kidney (d) Nerve cell
(b) Darwin
4. The term protoplasm was given by:-
(c) G. J. Mendel
(a) Purkinje (b) Benda
(d) Scheleiden and Sachwann
(c) Brown (d) None of these
9. Formation of RBC is called:-
5. Organism lacking nucleus and nuclear
(a) Erythropoesis (b) Leucopoesis
membrane are:-
(c) Polycythemia (d) Leucocytosis
(a) Prokaryote (b) Eukaryote
10. The largest WBC is:-
(c) Protist (d) None of these
(a) Lymphocytes (b) Basophil
6. Endoplasmic reticulum network is
(c) Monocytes (d) Neutrophil
present in the:-
(a) Cytoplasm (b) Nucleolus
11. Plant cell differs from animal cell in the (a) ADP (b) NADP
absence of :- (c) ATP (d) None of these
(a) ER (b) Centrioles 22. Plant root hairs absorbs water through :-
(c) Ribosomes (d) Mitochondria (a) Endocytosis
12. Plasmolysis occurs due to:- (b) Osmosis
(a) Endomosis (b) Absorption (c) Active transport
(c) Exosmosis (d) None of these (d) Passive transport
13. Nucleolus is the site of:- 23. The smallest cell is:-
(a) Protein sysnthesis (a) Liver (b) PPLO
(b) t-RNA formation (c) E.coli (d) All of these
(c) m-RNA formation
(d) r-RNA formation 24. Ribosomes are concerned with the
14. Endoplasmic Reticulum are absent in:- synthesis of:-
(a) Embryonic cell(b) Bacteria (a) Fat (b) Starch
(c) Ova (d) All of these (c) Protein (d) Glucose
25. Who is the father of ‘Biology’:-
15. Ribosomes are the centre for:-
(a) Lamarck (b) Robert Hooke
(a) Chemosynthesis (c) Theophrastus (d) Aristotle
(b) Protein synthesis 26. DNA is found in:-
(c) Photosynthesis (a) Mitochondria only
(d) None of these (b) Nucleus only
16. Animal cell is bounded by:- (c) Chloroplast only
(a) Cell wall (d) All of the above
(b) Pericardium 27. Who is the father of microbiology:-
(c) Plasma membrane (a) William Turner
(d) Periostium (b) Darwin
17. Centriole is related with:- (c) Louis Pasteur
(a) Spindle formation (d) G. J. Mendel
(b) Reproduction 28. Plasma membrane is composed of:-
(c) DNA synthesis (a) Protein + lipid
(d) Protein synthesis (b) Protein + carbohydrate
18. Human RBC does not contain:- (c) Lipid
(a) Nucleus (b) Golgi body (d) Cellulose + lignin
(c) Mitochondria (d) All of these 29. Which of the is found in flowers and
19. Granum in chloroplast is the site of:- fruits:-
(a) Dark reaction (a) Leucoplast
(b) Light reaction (b) Chloroplast
(c) Glycogenesis (c) Chromoplast
(d) Glycolysis (d) None of the above
20. Chromosome can be counted best in 30. In man, the number of cells is estimated
the:- to be about:-
(a) Metaphase (b) Telophase (a) 106 (b) 103
(c) Anaphase (d) Prophase (c) 109 (d) 1014
21. The solar energy is converted to
chemical energy and store as:-
31. The cell organelles which is specialized (b) Nuclear membrane
for carrying some oxidative enzymes for (c) Chromosomes
removal of toxic substances:- (d) Plasma membrane
(a) Peroxisomes (b) Mitochondria 33. The barrier between the protoplasm and
(c) Lysosomes (d) Plastids the extra cellular environment of an
32. The hereditary units (Genes) are located animal cell is:-
on:- (a) Cell wall (b) Nuclear membrane
(a) Nucleolus (c) Tonoplast (d) Plasma membrane
ANSWER KEY
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (a)
6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (b)
16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (d)
26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (d)
31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (d)

TISSUES
TIPS TO REMEMBER
 Tissue:- Group of cells similar in origin, (ii) Connective tissue – For supporting,
structure and function, is called Tissue. binding, protecting and circulating.
 In multicellular organism all vital (iii)Muscular tissue – For contraction
activity are performed by different and movement.
tissues. (iv) Nervous tissue – For conduction of
 The plant body and animal body is made impulses and control.
up of different kind of tissues.  Goblet cells:- Unicellular, mucus
 Meristematic tissue (Meristem):- It is secreting cells.
present only at the growing regions like  Axon:- Conducting fibre extending from
shoot tip, root tip and cambium. a neuron, transmit impulses away from
 Cambium:- Thin ring of meristem cells the cell body.
surrounding of woody plant responsible  RBC (Erythrocytes):- Contain
for growth in width. respiratory pigment called haemoglobin,
 Collenchyma:- Plant supportive tissue . formed from red bone marrow.
 Areolar tissue:- It is loose connective  WBC (Leucocytes):- Aid in resisting
tissue. infections.
 Parenchyma tissue:- It is present in  Dendrites:- Branched fibre of neuron,
stem, root, leaves and flowers. receives nerve impulses.
 Epithelium:- It is covering tissue,  Impulse:- The passage of electrical
protective covering and forms a activity along the axon of nerve cell.
continuous layer on entire body surface.  Synapse:- Junction or union of axon of
 Epidermis:- Outermost layer of an neuron with dendrite through which
organism. transferred the nerve impulses.
 Mesophyll:- Chloroplast containing  Lymphocytes:- Small WBC that
parenchymatous cells of leaves below produces antibodies.
upper epidermis.  Mammalian RBC are without nucleus,
 Phloem:- Living food (nutrient) Golgi body, ER, Mitochondria,
conducting tissue. Ribosomes and centrosomes.
 Xylem:- Water and mineral conducting  Total RBC in man is 5-5.5 million per
tissue. cubic millimeter which in women
 Histology:- The study of tissue is called 4.5-4.8 million per cubic milli meter.
 Cells of Nervous tissue are called neuron
histology. The term tissue was
or nerve.
introduced by French Surgeon Bichat.  Brain, spinal cord and nerves are
 Animal tissues are classified into four composed of Nervous system.
types:-
 Muscular tissue are following types:-
(i) Epithelial tissue – For protection,
secretion and absorption.
(i) Unstriated Muscled (Smooth or  Bone:- It is made up of osteocytes and
involuntary) matrix in composed of tough, inflexible
(ii) Striated Muscles (Skeletal or material called ossein. Bone is covered
Voluntary) by a tough sheath called periosteum.
(iii) Cardiac Muscles  Cartilage:- It is made up of
chondriocytes and matrix is composed of
 Involuntary Muscles:- Found in the
flexible material called chondrin. It is
wall of alimentary canal, urinary
covered by a firm sheath called
bladder, blood vessels etc.
perichondrium.
 Voluntary Muscles or Skeletal
Muscles:- These are attached to the  Tendon:- Connects muscles to bone.
bones and help in movement so these are  Ligaments:- Connects bone to bone.
called skeletal muscles.  Blood:- It is a type of fluid connective
 Cardiac Muscle:- Exclusively present in
tissue, slightly alkaline in nature
the heart, contract quickly, newer stop
and never get fatigue, involuntary (PH=7.3-7.5). It forms about 7% of the
muscles. body weight.
 Connective tissue:- They form about  Acetylcholine:- A chemical agent,
30% of body weight. It is formed of
cells, matrix and fibres. responsible for transmission of a nerve
 Matrix:- Non-living intercellular impulse across a synapse.
substance, homogenous, amorphous and  Antibody:- Gamma globulin molecule
gelatinous or may appear semisolid.
produced by organism to counteract
 Fibres:- Three types:
(i) Collegen (ii) Elaston antigen in blood.
(iii) Reticular
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Phloem in plants perform the function 5. Fluid part of Blood after removal of
of: corpuscles is called:
(a) Conduction of Water (a) Serum (b) Lymph
(b) Conduction of Minerals (c) Plasma (d) None of these
(c) Conduction of food 6. Neuron covered with a thin membrane
(d) Providing support called:
2. Minerals and water are conducted by (a) Plasmalemma (b) Neurilemma
dead cells, these are: (c) Myeline sheath (d) All of these
(a) Xylem (b) Vessels 7. Which of the following tissue is
(c) Tracheids (d) All of them
responsible for the receiving and
3. Osteocytes are:
(a) Muscle cells (b) Cartilage cell transmitting stimuli:
(c) Bone cell (d) Nerve cell (a) Muscular tissue (b) Connective tissue
4. Group of cell similar in form, function (c) Nervous tissue (d) Blood
and origin is called: 8. White fibres of connective tissue are
(a) Organ (b) Tissue made up of:
(c) Body (d) None of these (a) Collegen (b) Elastin

(c) Myosin (d) Reticular fibre 19. The storage tissue in plant is:
9. Which are not true cell in the blood: (a) Collenchyma (b) Chlorenchyma
(a) Monocytes (b) Platelets (c) Solerenchyma (d) Parencyma
(c) Basophils (d) Neutrophils 20. Leaf parenchyma with chlorophyll is
10. The life span of platelets is: called:
(a) 1-4 day (b) 20 day (a) Mesophyll (b) Guard cell
(c) 8-10 days (d) 20-120 day (c) Epidermis (d) Collenchyma
11. The junction between two neurons where 21. Intercellular space is abundant in:
transmission of impulses takes place is (a) Parenchyma (b) Sclerenchyma
called: (c) Collencyma (d) None of these
(a) Synapsis (b) Cyton 22. The most common type of ground
(c) Axon (d) All of these tissue is:
12. Which of the following acts as a (a) Epidermis (b) Collenchyma
chemical transmitter: (c) Sclerencyma (d) Parenchyma
(a) Haemoglobin (b) Acetylecoline 23. Ligament connects:
(c) Blood plasma (d) Allof these (a) Bone to bone
13. The life of WBC is: (b) Muscle to muscle
(a) 10-12 days (b) 120 days (c) Muscle to bone
(c) 1-4 days (d) 90 days (d) Cartilage to muscle
14. Mammalian blood contain enucleated 24. Which of the following helps in blood
RBCs except: clotting:
(a) Man (b) Cattle (a) RBC (b) WBC
(c) Monkey (d) Camel (c) Plasma (d) Platelets
15. The red colour of blood is due to the 25. Matrix of bone consists of:
preserve of : (a) Salt of phosphate
(a) Ions of chlorides (b) Salt of calcium
(b) Protein globulins (c) Salt of carbonate
(c) Protein haemoglobin (d) All of these
(d) Protein albumins 26. RBC formation occurs in:
16. In human being blood forms how much (a) Red Bone marrow
percentage of body weight: (b) Yellow bone marrow
(a) 5% (b) 7% (c) Kidney
(c) 15% (d) 70% (d) None of these
17. Processes from osteoblasts are found in: 27. Which protein is present in bone matrix:
(a) Lamella (b) Canaliculi (a) Chondria (b) Ossein
(c) Dendrites (d) Haversian canal (c) Periostium (d) Perichondrium
18. Ligaments and tendons are formed of: 28. Collenchyma mainly forms:
(a) Muscular tissue (b) Cartilage (a) Hypodermis (b) Epidermis
(c) Connective tissue (c) Phloem (d) Inner cortex
(d) All of these

29. Which of the following tissue is 30. Which retains ability to redifferentiate to
composed of mainly dead cells: secondary meristem:
(a) Phloem (b) Xylem (a) Collenchyma (b) Sclerenchyma
(c) Epidermis (d) Endodermis (c) Parenchyma (d) All of these
ANSWER KEY
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c)
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (c)
16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (d)
26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (c)

DIVERSITY IN LIVING
ORGANISMS
TIPS TO REMEMBER
 All living organisms are divided into five  Flame Cells:- Bulb like excretory
Kingdoms:- structure of invertebrates.
(i) Monera (Prokaryotes)  Haemocoel:- Large blood space in body
(ii) Protista (iii) Fungi cavity.
 Malpighian Tubules:- Long tubular
(iv) Plantae (v) Animalia
excretory organs of terrestrial
 Monera:- Further divided into arthropods.
Archeobacteria and Eubacteria.  Sedentary:- Attached to the substratum.
 Binomial Nomenclature:- The naming  Regeneration:- Regrowth of lost or
injured body part/tissue of organism.
of organism with two names, a genus  Mesoglea:- Gelatinous matrix located
name and other species name. between epidermis and gestrodermis of
 Hermaphrodite:- Individual possess coelenterates.
 Osculum:- Small opening in sponges.
both female and male reproductive
 Viviparous:- Animal whose gives birth
organs. to young.
 Germ Layer:- These are 3 types:  Oviparous:- Egg laying animals.
(i) Ectoderm  Species:- Group of similar individuals,
capable of interbreeding with each other.
(ii) Mesoderm
 Parapodia:- Fleshy appendages, paired
(iii)Endoderm in polychaete worms (Annelids).
Embryonic layer formed in early  Trachea:- Air conducting tube like
development of multicellular animals. structure in terrestrial vertebrates.
 Annelids:- Body is segmented, soft,
 Diplobastic:- Animal body made of two triploblastic, elongated worm.
germ layers Ectoderm and Endoderm.  Nephridia:- Excretary organ in
 Triploblastic:- Animal body made up of Annelids.
 Metanephridia:- Excretary organ in
3 germ layers ectoderm, mesoderm and
Mollusca.
endoderm.  Echidodermates:- Water vascular
 Green Gland:- Excretory organs of system is present and excretory organ
Crustaceans. absent. Pentamerous symmetry in adult
stage. Body covered by spiny hard
 Coelom:- Body cavity of triplobastic calcareous plates.
animals lying within the mesoderm.  Ostia:- Pore or holes leading to canal
system in sponges.

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. A branch of biology which deals with (c) Pterydophytes
identification, nomenclature and (d) All of these
classification of organism is called:- 11. Class Cyclostomata include:-
(a) Anatomy (b) Ecology (a) Plants having circular stomata
(c) Taxonomy (d) Geography (b) Jawless vertebrates
2. Filariasis disease is caused by:- (c) Ectoparasite
(a) Taenia solium (b) Ascaris (d) Both (b) & (c)
(c) Fasciola (d) Waucheria 12. Tube feet is the locomotory organ of:-
3. Locomotion by seatae occurs in:- (a) Crop fish (b) Star fish
(a) Annelida (b) Porifera (c) Silver fish (d) Jelly fish
(c) Protozoa (d) None of these 13. According to binomial nomenclature,
4. Which is a green alga:- scientific name consists of two words:-
(a) Chlamydomonas (a) Species and family
(b) Chara (b) Genus and species
(c) Chlorella (c) Order and family
(d) All of these (d) Genus and family
5. Which is fungal disease:- 14. Which of the following is a true fish:-
(a) Sleeping sickness (b) Ring worm (a) Starfish (b) Silver fish
(c) Elephantiasis (d) Malaria (c) Lung fish (d) Jelly fish
6. Which is not a true fish:- 15. Algae belongs to:-
(a) Dog fish (b) Cat fish (a) Bryophytes (b) Thallophytes
(c) Jelly fish (d) Rat fish (c) Pterydophytes (d) Gymnosperms
7. Urochordates are characterized by:- 16. Exclusive marine phylum is:-
(a) Notochord occurring in tail in larval (a) Echinodermata (b) Protozoa
form only. (c) Platyhelminthes (d) Porifera
(b) Notochord extending in entire length 17. Respiration in Arthropods occurs
through:-
and persistant.
(a) Booklungs (b) Gills
(c) Notochord replaced by vertebral (c) Trachea (d) All of above
column. 18. Which of the following form of largest
(d) Notochord is absent. class of animal on earth:-
8. Who is known as “father of Taxonomy” :- (a) Mammals (b) Reptiles
(a) Darwin (b) Linnaeus (c) Insecta (d) None of these
(c) Mendel (d) Odum 19. Largest Phylum is:-
9. Binomial nomenclature was introduced (a) Porifera (b) Protozoa
by:- (c) Mollusca (d) Arthropoda
(a) Robertson (b) Johnson 20. The excretory organ of Annelids is:-
(a) Nephridia (b) Kidney
(c) Linnaeus (d) None of these
(c) Statocyst (d) Trachea
10. Cryptogames include:- 21. Aschelminthes includes:-
(a) Bryophytes (a) Tape worm (b) Round worm
(b) Thallophytes (c) Earth worm (d) All of above
22. In Platyhelminthes, the excretory organs (c) True fruit
are:- (d) Winged seeds
(a) Nephridia (b) Kidney 29. Match the following:-
(c) Flame cells (d) Green gland Class Heart
23. Canal system is present in :- A Amphibia 1. 4 Chambered
(a) Protozoa (b) Porifera B Pisces 2. 3 Chambered
(c) Mollusca (d) Annelida C Aves 3. 2 Chambered
24. Closed type blood vascular system is D Reptiles 4. 3 Chambered
found in:- (a) A3, B3, C1, D4
(a) Annelida (b) Insecta (b) A1, B3, C1, D4
(c) Pila (d) None (c) A4, B1, C3, D2
25. Herdmania and Salpa belongs to:- (d) A3, B2, C1, D4
(a) Cephalochordates 30. Tallest Angiosperm is:-
(b) Chordates (a) Seqoia (b) Eucalyptus
(c) Hemichordates (c) Wolfia (d) None of above
(d) Urochordates 31. Plant body is thread like structure in
26. Algae are characterized by:- fungus, called:-
(a) Aquatic habit (a) Rhizoids (b) Flat Thallus
(b) Unicellular sex organ (c) Mycelium (d) All of above
(c) Thalloid 32. The cynobacteria involve in N2 fixation
(d) All of above is:-
27. Number of cotyledons present in rice:- (a) Anabena (b) Nostoc
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) Chlamydomonas (d) (a) & (b)
(c) 3 (d) 0 33. A group freely interbreeding organism
28. Gymnosperms are characterized by:- constitutes a:-
(a) Non motile male gamete (a) Family (b) Species
(b) Naked seeds (c) Class (d) Genus
ANSWER KEY
N
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b)
6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (b)
16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (d)
26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (b)
p
1. Control
WHY DO WE FALL ILL
TIPS TO REMEMBER
 Antibiotics:- Chemical substance  Antigens:- Substance that can produce
produced by microorganisms and immune response.
synthetically to destroy bacteria and  Lymphocytes:- These are White Blood
other microorganisms. Cells, are two types:
 Disease:- Any disturbance in structure (i) T-lymphocytes
and function of the body, called disease. (ii) -lymphocytes
 Bacterial Diseases:- Typhoid, Tetanus,  T-Lymphocytes:- Becomes activated in
Cholera, Diptheria, Plague, Leprosy, thymus gland. These are following four
T.B. etc. types:
 Viral Diseases:- AIDS, Rabies, Polio, (i) T-cells or killer cells
Cold, Chicken pox, Influenza, Dengue. (ii) Helper T-cells
etc. (iii) Memory T-cells
 Fungal Diseases:- Food poisoning, Ring (iv) Suppressor T-cells
worm.  Edward Jexner :- (1749-1823)
 Protozoal Diseases:- Malaria, discovered the Vaccine.
Pyorrhoea, Diarrhoea, Kala Azar,  Vaccine:- It is an antigen causes the
Dysentry etc. development of active immunity.
 Types of Diseases:- Following types of  BCG Vaccine (Bacille Calmette-
diseases are: Guerin):- Used against T.B.
(i) Acute diseases  Sabin Vaccine:- Used against Polio.
(ii) Chronic diseases  Flu Vaccine:- Contains mixture of
(iii)Congenital diseases antigens from various strains of
(iv) Acquired diseases influenza virus.
(v) Infectious diseases  Malaria:- Malaria name was proposed
(vi) Non infectious diseases by Macculoch.
 Infection Agents:- Some of them are  C.L.A. Laveran (1880):- Discovered the
virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, insects Malaria Parasite (Plasmodium) (Present
etc. in Blood of patient) received the Nobel
 Interferon (IFN):- Body secrete an Prize in 1907.
antiviral protein called interferon.  Sir Ronald Ross (1887):- Confirmed,
 Metabolic Disorders:- Defects in the malaria is caused by malaria parasite and
metabolic activities called metabolic mosquito is vector.
disorders.  Marasmus Disease:- Deficiency of
 Deficiency Diseases:- Lack of certain protein and carbohydrates.
essential substance in diet such as  Kwashiorkor:- Protein deficiency
Protein, Carbohydrate, Mineral, disease.
Vitamins etc.  Paralysis:- Loss of power of voluntary
 Infectious Diseases:- Communicates movement of the body/body organ.
from infected person to healthy person  Edema:- Also called dropsy, excessive
called infectious diseases. accumulation of fluid in cells, tissue
 Congenital Diseases:- Those disease space or body cavity.
which are present since birth.

 TAB Vaccine:- Killed typhoid bacilli wild and domestic animals, such as
and Salmonella paratyphi. cattles, sheep, goat, horse etc.
 Anaemia Disease:- Decrease the
haemoglobin concentration and RBC.  Antibiotics:-
 Chemotherapy:- Treatment of (i) Penicillin (ii) Streptomycin
infectious diseases with chemical, (iii)Tetracycline (iv) Chloromycetin
destroy the microbes. (v) Cephalo saporin (vi) Gentamysin
 Vector:- Organism, carries germs from  Robert Koch:- Discovered the T.B. in
infected person to healthy person. 1882. He awarded Nobel Prize for this
 Nauzea:- Vomiting tendency. discovery in 1905.
 Inflammation:- Response to injury  Tuberculin:- Bacterium releases a toxic
characterized by redness, swelling, pain substance called Tuberculin.
and heat.  OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine):- It is latest
 Necrosis:- Death of cell/ group of cell as polio vaccine given orally to children.
a result injury, disease or other  HIV:- Human Immuno Deficiency
pathologic state. Virus:- It is retroviron (RNA virus).
 Anthrax:- Acute infectious disease  AIDS Drugs:- Zidovudine and
caused by a bacterium Bacillus dideoxyinosine drugs are used in
anthraces. Anthrax disease occurs in treatment of AIDS.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. BCG Vaccine is used to cure:- (a) Sexual intercourse
(a) Pneumonia (b) T.B. (b) Blood transfusion
(c) Polio (d) Dysentary (c) Through placental transfusion
2. First DPT dose to be given when the (d) All of the above
baby is:- 7. AIDS is caused due to:-
(a) Six week old (b) 14 week old (a) Reduction in number of helper
(c) Nine month old (d) 2-5 years old T-cells
3. Jaundice, a physiological disease of liver (b) Reduction in number of killer T-cells
is commonly due to:- (c) Autoimmunity
(a) Bacteria (b) Virus (d) Non production of IFN (interferons)
(c) Protozoan (d) Helminthes 8. An insect which transmits a disease is
4. Which of the following mineral is called:-
present in maximum amount in our (a) Intermediate host (b) Vector
body:- (c) Prey (d) Parasite
(a) Calcium (b) Phosphorus 9. Congenital diseases are those which are:-
(c) Sodium (d) Iron (a) Deficiency disease
(b) Present since birth
5. Which is a communicable disease:- (c) Spread from person to person
(a) Hypertension (b) Goitre (d) Occur during life time
(c) Malaria (d) Diabetes 10. “Pasteur Treatment” is used to prevent:-
(a) Deptheria (b) T.B.
6. AIDS is mainly spread through:- (c) Rabies (d) Dropsy
11. The branch of science which deals with (c) Food (d) Allof above
study of cause of disease is:- 21. Elephantiasis disease is caused by:-
(a) Pathology (a) Bacteria (b) Worm
(b) Cytology
(c) Virus (d) Protozoan
(c) Embryology
22. Vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain and
(d) Physiology headache are symptoms of:-
12. The branch of science which deals with (a) Food poisoning (b) Leprosy
study of working of body is called:- (c) Jaundice (d) T.B.
(a) Pathology 23. Jaundice is a disease of:-
(b) Psychology (a) Pancreas (b) Liver
(c) Physiology (c) Intestine (d) Kidney
(d) Anatomy 24. Which of the following is a bacterial
13. The scientist who got Noble Prize in disease:-
1902 for working out life cycle of (a) Polio (b) Filaria
malaria parasite is:- (c) Tetanus (d) Malaria
(a) Watson & Crick(b) Sir Ronald Ross 25. Which of the following disease is caused
(c) L. Pasteur (d) Linnaeus by filarial worm:-
14. Hereditary disease is:- (a) Elephantiasis (b) Poliomyelites
(a) Sickle cell anaemia (c) Haemophilia (d) Dysentary
(b) Haemophilia 26. Tuberculosis affects the:-
(c) Colour blindness (a) Lung
(d) All of above (b) Liver
15. The science in which we study the mode (c) Lymph
of transmission of a disease is:- (d) Both (a) & (c)
(a) Epidemiology (b) Parasitology 27. Immuno deficiency Syndrome could
(c) Nematology (d) Immunology develop due to :-
16. Typhoid disease is caused by:- (a) Weak immune system
(a) Mycobacterium (b) Defective thymus
(b) Salmonella typhia (c) AIDS Virus
(c) Giardia (d) Defective liver
(d) Shigella 28. The disease occur due to eating of
17. Which one of the disease is not polished rice is :-
infectious:- (a) Beri beri
(a) Leprosy (b) Measles (b) Rickets
(c) Leukemia (d) Typhoid (c) Night blindness
18. Haemophilia is also called:- (d) Goitre
(a) Acquired disease (b) Royal’s disease 29. Rats helps in transmitting the disease :-
(c) Bleeder’s disease (d) Both (b) & (c) (a) Diptheria (b) Plague
19. Weakness, delayed healing of injuries, (c) Kala azar (d) Tetanus
increased susceptibility to infections are 30. Aflatoxin produced by a food poisoning
symptoms of:- microbes which damage the liver it is:-
(a) Goitre (b) Dwarfism (a) Botulism
(c) Diabetes (d) Noneof above (b) Salmonella
20. Pathogens enters inside the body (c) Mycobacterium
through:- (d) Aspergillus
(a) Air (b) Water
31. What is true about alcoholism:- (a) Pneumonia & pneumonocosis
(a) It increases reaction time of the body (b) Malaria & measles
(b) It increases the gastric disorder (c) Cancer & ricket
(c) Decreases neuromuscular control (d) Tetanus & T.B.
(d) All of the above 34. A person takes carrot, raddish without
32. ATP Vaccine are given to prevent the:- washing, the disease to be developed is:-
(a) Tetanus (b) Measles (a) T.B. (b) Ascariasis
(c) T.B. (d) Polio (c) Taeniasis (d) All of above
33. Lung disease is indicated by:-
ANSWER KEY
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c)
6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (a)
16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (d)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (a)
26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (d)
31. (d) 32. (d) 33. (a) 34. (b)

NATURAL RESOURCES
TIPS TO REMEMBER
 Abiotic environment:- It means non poisonous substance by the action of
living environment which includes soil, certain bacteria on them.
water bodies, sun light and air, humidity, E.g. cow dung, paper, wheat, leaves,
temperature etc. called abiotic cattle dung, dead plants etc.
environment.  Non-Biodegradable wastes:- It can not
 Biotic environment:- It includes living be broken down to less toxic substance
part of environment i.e. all living by bacterial action.
organisms (Bacteria, fungi, animals, E.g. Aluminium, DDT, Plastic,
plants and Human beings etc. polythene, plastic bags, rubber, glass
 Flora:- The term flora is used for plants bottle etc.
population. Air Pollution:
 Fauna:- The term fauna is used for S. Air %age Effects
No. Pollutants
animal population
1. CO, CO2 50% Respiratory
Composition of Gases in Air: problems and
S.No. Components %age of Green House
Volume Effects
1. Nitrogen (N2) 78.09% 2. SO2 16% Damage lungs,
produces acid
2. Oxygen (O2) 20.93% rain and causes
3. Argon (A) 0.93% corrosion
4. Carbondioxide 0.034% 3. Dust - Allergic reaction
(CO2) 4. Smoke - Respiratory
problems
5. Miscellaneous 0.02%
5. NO2 14% Lung congestion,
 Ecosystem:- It include biotic community produces smog
and abiotic environment, whole earth as 6. Volatile 15% -
a large Ecosystem. organic
 Food Chain:- Food transfer process compounds
7. Suspended 5% -
from the source in plants through a series
particulate
of organism, called food chain. matter
 Population:- A group of individual of  Pollution:- Undesirable change in
same species, living in the same habitat, physical, chemical or biological
called population. characteristics of air, water and soil
 Community:- Consisting of all living  Autotrophs:- Make their own food from
things in a particular habitat, means inorganic substances such as CO2, H2O,
different population of species that live inorganic N2.
in the habitat.  Trophic level:- Stage in a nutritive
 Biodegradable wastes:- It can be series including producers or various
broken down to non toxic, non- levels of consumers.

 CFCs:- CFC have resulted hole in ozone  Kanha National Park:- It was
(O3) layer. established in 1955 in Madhya Pradesh.
 Silviculture:- Process of new growing  Bharatpur Bird Sanctury (Koeldeo,
plant and replacing the old plants is Ghana):- It is located in Bharatpur
called silviculture. (Rajasthan).
 N2-fixation:- Conversion of atmospheric
 Chipko Movement:- It was started in
N2 into nitrites to nitrate, called N2-
1972 from a small village of Himalayas.
fixation.
 Ecology:- Branch of biology, deals with  Soil Erosion:- The removal of fertile
the study of relation between biotic cover of the soil is called soil erosion.
components and environment.  Depletion of Ozone Layer:-
 DDT:- Dichloro Diphenyl Chlorofluro Carbons (CFCs) react with
TriChloroethane. O3 layer and cause its depletion.
 Planktons:- Microorganisms present in Diseases due to Chemical Agents:-
water. S.No. Agent Diseases
 Green House Effect:- To create warmer 1. Gases Gas poisoning
condition due to raise in temperature in 2. Coal dust Anthracosis
3. Asbestos Asbestosis, lung
an enclosed area. cancer
 Biological magnification:- Entering the 4. Iron Siderosis
chemical compounds in the food chain, 5. Sugarcane fibre Begassosis
called biological magnification. 6. Cotton dust Byssinosis
7. Tobacco Tobacossis
8. Grain dust Farmer’s lung
SANCTURIES AND NATIONAL 9. Silica Silicosis
PARKS IN INDIA Pesticides Causes Diseases:-
 Kazirang Wild Life Sanctuary:- It in S.No. Pesticides Diseases
established in 1926 in district Sibasagar 1. DDT Stress, tension,
malformations and
(Assam). even cancer.
 Hazaribagh National Park:- It is 2. Aldrin, Dieldrin Affect brain, heart,
liver and kidney
established in 1954 in Bihar. 3. Organic Affects the Nervous
 Corbett National Park:- It is one of the phosphate System
4. Dioxin Congenital
most famous wild life sanctuary. It was malformation
established in1935 in Garhwal (U.P.).
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. The book published by IUCN (d) All of above
(International Union for Conservation of 2. The term flora is used for:-
Nature and Natural Resources) is:- (a) Animal species (b) Plant species
(a) Green data Book (c) Bacterial species (d) None of above
(b) Red data Book 3. The term fauna is used for:-
(c) Yellow data Book (a) Animal Species
(b) Plant Species (c) Des Voeux (d) None of above
(c) Bacterial Speicies 13. The maximum biological magnification
(d) None of above of DDT through food web is seen in:-
4. Which of the following is biggest (a) Algae (b) Man
conventional source of energy:- (c) Bacteria (d) Higher plants
(a) Hydel power 14. Spraying of DDT on crop produces
(b) Solar energy pollution of:-
(c) Wind energy (a) Air (b) Air and soil
(d) Nuclear energy (c) Air & water (d) Air, soil and water
5. Biomass is:- 15. Most severe environmental hazard to
(a) Non-renewable man kind is due to:-
(b) Renewable source of energy (a) Air pollution
(c) Non-conventional energy resources (b) Water pollution
(d) Both (b) & (c) (c) Noise pollution
6. The layer above the ozone layer which (d) Radioactive pollution
reflects radio waves is called:- 16. The atmospheric U-V radiations are
(a) Gaseous layer (b) Ozone layer absorbed in the zone, called:-
(c) Ionic layer (d) None of above (a) Trosphere (b) Mesosphere
7. The ozone of atmosphere in which (c) Stratosphere (d) Thermosphere
organisms can survive is extends up to 17. Bhopal Gas disaster occurred in the
10-12 km, called:- year:-
(a) Troposphere (b) Ionosphere (a) 1984 (b) 1986
(c) Stratosphere (d) Exosphere (c) 1994 (d) 1985
8. Which major aerosol pollutant is present 18. Air pollution is not caused by:-
in jet, air craft emission:- (a) Diesel Engine
(a) SO2 (b) Fluro-Carbon (b) Thermal Power Plant
(c) CO (d) NO2 (c) Hydroelectric power station
9. DDT is a:- (d) Pollen grains
(a) Biodegradable pollutant 19. Mercury pollution causes a disease
(b) Green House Gas called:-
(c) Non-degradable pollutnat (a) Asbestosis (b) Minamata
(d) None of above (c) Hepatitis (d) Asthma
10. Gas liberated in Bhopal gas tragedy 20. Plants and animals living an area form:-
was:- (a) Population (b) Community
(a) Methyl Isocynate (c) Ecosystem (d) Species
(b) Phenyl Isocynate 21. In an ecological pyramids green plants
(c) Nitrous oxide form:-
(d) Acetylene (a) First trophic level
11. The “Environment Protection Act” was (b) Second trophic level
promulgated in India in:- (c) Third trophic level
(a) 1977 (b) 1974 (d) Complete food chain
(c) 1986 (d) 1981 22. In nitrogen (N2 Cycle), which bacteria
12. The term “Smog” was coined by:- are responsible for nitrification:-
(a) Tansley (b) Odune (a) Clostridium
(b) Rhizobium (a) Fungi (b) Algae
(c) Nitrosomonas (c) Plants (d) Bacteria
(d) Nitrosomonas & Nitrobactor
23. In a natural ecosystem, decomposers 31. The Red Data Book contains a list of:-
are:- (a) Endangered plant and animals
(a) Parasitic algae (b) Endangered plant
(b) Bacteria & fungi
(c) Extinct plant
(c) Micororganism
(d) All of above (d) Endangered animals
24. Which of the following is the trophic 32. The life supporting gases such as CO2, O2
level of humans in an ecosystem:- and N2 are chiefly concentrated in the :-
(a) Omnivorous (b) Carnivorous (a) Exosphere (b) Stratosphere
(c) Herbivorous (d) Decomposers (c) Troposphere (d) Thermosphere
25. Ozone layer is of great important for us 33. The temperature of earth in gradually
because it protects from:- increasing mainly because of:-
(a) Infrared radiation (a) Hole in O3 layer allow more heat
(b) U-V radiation from sun to reach earth.
(c) CO2 (b) Extra CO2 in the atmosphere that
(d) None of above human activitites generate does not
26. The main source of pollution is:- allow heat to escape.
(a) Deforestation (c) Industry is generating more heat.
(b) Motor Vehicles (d) Sun is generating more infrared
(c) Industrial wastes radiation.
(d) All of above 34. When forests are replenished, the water
27. Which of the following gases contribute table moves :-
to green house effect:- (a) Up
(a) CH4, CO (b) CO2 (b) Down
(c) CO, CO2 (d) CO2 and H2O (c) Unchanged
28. Which is not biodegradabale :- (d) Depends upon atmosphere
(a) Paper (b) Cloth 35. Sunken stomata are present in:-
(c) Dead plant (d) Polythene (a) Hydrophytes (b) Xerophytes
29. Radioactive waves are:- (c) Halophytes (d) None of above
(a) Non-biodegradable 36. The largest biological system is:-
(b) Produced in nuclear reactor (a) Biosphere (b) Ecosystem
(c) Very harmful for living (c) Biome (d) All of these
(d) All of the above 37. The cycling and circulation of C, N, O
30. Which of the following is a natural and H2O in Ecosystem called:-
cleaning agent in water body:- (a) Chemical cycle
(b) Biocycle
(c) Biochemical cycle (a) Decomposition (b) Denitrification
(d) Biogeochemical cycle (c) Nitrification (d) None of above
38. The process through which N2 in
released back to the atmosphere, called:-
ANSWER KEY
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d)
6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (d)
16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (b)
26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (d) 30. (b)
31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (b)
36. (a) 37. (d) 38. (b)

IMPROVEMENTS IN FOOD
RESOURCES
TIPS TO REMEMBER
 Green Revolution:- Bumper production  Manure:- Natural fertilizers, obtained

of food grains is called Green by decomposition of animal waste such
Revolution. as dung of cattles and plant residues.
 Blue Revolution:- Increased fish  Fertilizers:- It is human made chemical
production, is called Blue Revolution. substance. It is an inorganic salts and
 White Revolution:- Increased milk organic compounds e.g. NPK fertilizers,
production is called White revolution. urea.
 Yellow Revolution:- Increased oil  Biofertilizers:- Enrich the soil with
production is called Yellow Revolution. nutrients are called biofertilizers, used in
 Golden Revolution:- Increased pulse pulses, legumes, oil seeds and rice.
production is called Golden Revolution.  Mycorrhiza:- It is symbiotic association
 Silver Revolution:- Increased egg of certain fungi with roots of higher
producton is called Silver Revolution. plants.
 Crop season:- There are two distinct  Mixed Cropping:- Practice of growing
seasons:- of two or more crops simultaneously on
(i) Kharif season crops:- from June to the same piece of land, called mixed
October. cropping.
(ii) Rabi season crops:- From Nov. to  Crop combination in mixed cropping:-
April Wheat + Chick pea
 Plant Nutrients:- There are 16 in Maize + Urad bean
number Ground nut + Sun flower
S.No. Nutrients S.No. Nutrients Wheat + mustard
1. Carbon 2. Oxygen  Crop Rotation:- Practice of growing of
3. Hydrogen 4. Nitrogen different crops on a piece of land in a
5. Phosphorus 6. Potassium
preplanned, called crop rotation.
7. Calcium 8. Magnesium
9. Sulphur 10. Iron  Norflok Rotation:- Growing of four
11. Manganese 12. Boron types of crops in a given field over a
13. Zinc 14. Copper period of four years these crops are
15. Molybdenum 16. Chlorine wheat (cereal), bean (legume), Barley
 Macronutrients:- Which are utilized in and sugarbeet.
large quantities called macronutrients or (Control measures of the insects pests of
major nutrients e.g. N2, P, K, Ca, S etc. major crops )
 Micronutrients:- These are used in Name Name of Control measure
of Crop insects or pests
small quantities e.g. Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cl Rice - Gundhy Bug - Spray monocrotophos
etc. - Leaf Hopper - Spray monocrotophos

Wheat - Gujhia - Adrin dust the soil before  Fumigants:- Chemical compounds
- Weevil sowing
- Shoot fly - Soil application of phorate which vaporize and kills the insects
at sowing without affecting the grains.
Sugarcane - Top borer - Apply phorate granules at
the base of shoot before E.g. EDB (Ethylene-di-bromide),
planting Aluminium phosphide.
- Shoot borer - Apply lindane in water in
furrows on set  Manures :- These are following
- Pyrilla - Spray endosulfan
(i) Farm Yard Manure (FYM):- Well-
Mustard - Aphids - Spray metasystox solution
in water decomposed FYM contains about
- Paintd Bug - Dusting with melathon 0.5% N2, 0.2% P2O5, and 0.5% K2O.
Groundnut White Grub - Apply thimate granules
before sowing (ii) Compost:- It contains about 0.5% N2,
 Weeds:- The undesirable plants which 0.15% P2O5 and 0.5% K2O (Farm
grow along with main crop are called Compost)
weeds, chemical substance used to (iii) Green manuring:- Practice of
destroy weeds are called weedicides. turning or ploughing of green plants
 Weedicides: into soil for the purpose of improve
1) 2,4 D (2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) physical structure (soil fertility).
2) Butachlor  Crop Diseases:- These are three types
3) MCPA (2-methyl, 4-Chloral-phenoxy (i) Seed Born Disease = transferred
acetic acid) through seed
 Pests:- The organisms which damage the (ii) Soil Born Disease = transferred
crop plant, called pests e.g. Insects, through soil.
rodents, birds etc. (iii)Air Born Disease = transferred
 Pesticides:- Toxic chemical compound though air.
used for destroying pests like rats, Crop Rotation:-
insects, fungi, virus, bacteria and mites Type Rotation
One Year 1. Maize-Mustard
etc, called pesticides.
Rotation 2. Rice-Wheat
E.g. Malathion, BHC, Warfarin, Zinc Two Year 1. Maize-Mustard-Sugarcane-Methi
Phosphate, Aluminium phosphide, EDB Rotation 2. Maize-Potato-Sugarcane-Peas
(Ethylene di bromide), DDT and Three 1. Rice-Wheat-Mung-Mustard-
Pyrethrum. Year Sugarcane-Berseem
Rotation 2. Cotton-Oat-Sugarcane-Peas-
 Food Preservation:- Process in which
Maize-Wheat
perishable food material are given a
Some Prominent Mixed Cropping:-
chemical or physical treatment to
1. Soyabean + Pigeon Pea
prevent their spoilage. 2. Pigeon Pea + Mung Bean
 Deep Freezing:- Inactivating enzymes 3. Maize + Urad Bean
and inhibiting bacteria growth in food 4. Wheat + Mustard
material by maintaining at very low 5. Barley + Chick Pea
temperature, called deep freezing. 6. Wheat + Chick Pea
 Infestation:- Attack by insects, worms, 7. Groundnut + Sunflower
and microorganisms on food material is 8. Cotton + Mung Bean
called infestation.  Animal Husbandry:- That deals with
the feeding, caring and breeding of

domestic animals called Animal (i) Aseel (ii) Basra
Husbandary.  Exotic Breeds of Hens:-
 Indigenous Buffaloes:- These are (i) Rhode Island Red
following (ii) White leghorn
(i) Murrah (ii) Mehsana (iii) Black Monarca
(iii) Surti  Indigenous Breeds of Goat:-
 Indigenous Cows:- These are following (i) Kathiawari and Jamunapari
(i) Red sindhi (ii) Sahiwal (ii) Tammunapari hill breed
(iii) Gir (iii)Bangal and Assam hill breed
(iv) Himalian hill breeds
 Exotic Breeds of Cow:-  Operation Flood:- It means increase in
(i) Jersey (ii) Holstein milk production .
(iii) Brown Swiss  Improve varieties of some important
 Improved Breed of Cow in India:- crops.
(i) Karan Swiss Cereals - Rice - IR-36, Pusa Basmati, Kasturi,
(ii) Karan Fries Vikas, PNR-591-18
- Wheat - HD-2687, HD-2285, C-306,
(iii) Frieswal PBW-154, HW-157
Animal Diseases: - Maize - Ganga-5, HIM-128, Shakti,
Navjot, Vikram
S.No. Diseases Animal Causative
Pulses - Chick Pea - K-850, H-208, Pusa-240,
Affected Organism Pant-114
1. Cholera Poultry, Bacteria - Pigeonpea - Pusa Ageti, UPAS-120,
Birds PUSA-84, Manak, T-21
2. Pox Cow, Virus - Urad Bean - T-9, Pant-430, PS-1, CO-5
Buffalo, - Mung Bean - PS-16, S-8, T-44, K-851,
Sheep, Goat Asha
3. Diarrhoea of Poultry Bacteria Oil - Mustard - Pusa Bold, Karanti, Pusa
Seeds Agarni, RLM-514, RH-30
Chick Birds
- Groundnut - MH-2, ICGSI, M-37, GG-11,
4. Tuberculosis Cattle, Bacteria TMV-12, Kaushal
Birds
5. Aspergillosis Poultry Fungus
 Advantages of High Yielding Varities
6. Rinderpest Cattle Bacteria (HYV):-
7. Mouth and Cattle Virus (i) HYV’ is mature early
Foot Disease (ii) HYV’s are disease resistance
8. Dermatites Sheep, Goat Virus (iii) HYV’s response to fertilizer is better
 New Breeds of Hens:- (iv) HYV’s give high yield of crop
(i) ILS-82 (ii) B-77
(iii) HH-260
 Indigenous Breed of Hens:-

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Which is not a HYV of wheat:- (d) Breeding with their wild relative
(a) Padma (b) Larma 9. Which of the following is the high milk
(c) Arjun (d) Hira-moti yielding variety of cow:-
2. The crop which does not require (a) Shiwal (b) Holstein
nitrogenous fertilizers is:- (c) Red Sindhi (d) Sahiwal
(a) Sugarcane 10. Rinderpest disease of poultry is caused
(b) Gram by:-
(c) Maize (a) Virus (b) Protozoa
(d) Wheat (c) Bacteria (d) Insects
3. In mixed cropping cotton crops are 11. Exotic breed of poultry bird having high
grown together with:- egg laying capacity is:-
(a) Gram
(a) Broilers (b) White cornish
(b) Barley
(c) Groundnut (c) White leghorn (d) None of the above
(d) Mustard 12. Sonalika is a high yielding variety of:-
4. Eutrophication is common in places (a) Wheat (b) Bajra
where is:- (c) Paddy (d) Maize
(a) Profuse industrial waste dumped in 13. N2-fixative bacteria is present in:-
the field. (a) Mango plant (b) Bean plant
(b) Excessive use of organic matter as (c) Rose plant (d) Apple plant
fertilizers. 14. Which of the following is high yielding
(c) Excessive use of nitrogenous variety of paddy:-
ferlilizers. (a) IR-8
(d) None of the above
(b) Padma
5. Broad casting is the term used in:- (c) Pusa-205
(a) Sowing (d) Allof the above
(b) Harvesting 15. Which is not a HYV of paddy crop:-
(c) Storage (a) Pusa-205 (b) T-141
(d) Manuring (c) Jaya (d) Pusa larma
6. Which of the following is N2 fixative 16. Which is not true for high yielding
bacteria:- crops:-
(a) Nitrobactor (b) Rhizobium (a) They produce more fodder for
(c) Pseudomonas (d) Nitrosomonas animals.
7. Which is not a HYV of maize:- (b) They respond better to fertilizer.
(a) Padma (b) Ganga-101 (c) They requires more water.
(c) Rankit (d) Shakti (d) Their plant are hardy.
8. Plants can be made disease resistant by:- 17. Fruits are preserved in sugar syrup
(a) Colchicine treatment because it :-
(b) Hormone treatment (a) Improve their taste
(c) Heat treatment (b) Drains moisture
(c) Drains moisture and inhibits the (c) Pesticides
growth of microorganism . (d) Organic manuare
(d) Kills the microorganism. 26. Murrah, surti and Mehsana are different
18. Which is the criteria for selection of the breeds of:-
mixed crops:- (a) Sheep (b) Buffaloes
(a) Growth habit (c) Cow (d) Goat
(b) Root pattern 27. The process in which different types of
(c) Nutrient demand crops are grown alternately in the same
(d) All of the above field or soil is called:-
19. Crop rotation is:- (a) Multiple cropping
(a) Advantageous (b) Mixed cropping
(b) Disadvantageous (c) Crop rotation
(c) Harmful to soil (d) None of the above
(d) Yield will reduce 28. Leguminous plants have the ability to:-
20. Berseem and lucern are the green fodder (a) Fix atmospheric N2
main used in the season:- (b) Convert Carbon into CO2
(a) Autumn (b) Rainy (c) Fix phosphorous
(c) Winter (d) Summer (d) Absorb Oxygen
21. Which one is about HYV:- 29. Which is a leguminous plant crop:-
(a) These are disease resistance. (a) Maize
(b) HYV is response to fertilizer in (b) Peas
better. (c) Wheat
(c) Those gives high yield of crop. (d) All of the above
(d) All are correct. 30. The disease caused by Gandhibug in
22. Modern, Arun and Paras are the varities paddy crop is called:-
of:- (a) White (b) Smut
(a) Soyabeen (c) Blast (d) Rust
(b) Sunflower 31. Weeds have to be removed from the crop
(c) Mustard
field because:-
(d) Ground nut
23. The fungus disease causing maximum (a) They causes chemical imbalance in
death of poultry bird is:- soil.
(a) Asbestosis (b) The attract harmful insects.
(b) Minamata (c) Their root damage the root of the
(c) Aspergillosis crop.
(d) Coryza (d) They compete with crop for
24. The place for keeping and studying dry nutrients.
plant is called:- 32. A weed is a kind of plant, select the
(a) Herbarium suitable statements:-
(b) Vasculum (a) It grows along with crop and
(c) Museum competes for nutrients, water and
(d) None of the above light.
25. Living organisms are used in:-
(a) Natural insecticides (b) It is a cereal crop.
(b) Biofertilizers (c) They grow as animal fodder.

(d) They grow in the garden. (c) Compost (d) MCPA
33. Which of the following is not the method 35. Which is a micronutrient for plant
to control weeds:- development:-
(a) Weeds growing along with crops are (a) N2
removed by hand weedling. (b) Iron
(b) The weeds are removed before (c) Phosphorous
sowing by using a plough or harrow. (d) All of the above
(c) By spraying chemicals like 2-4D, 36. Common disease of wheat crop are:-
MCPA etc. (a) Rust of wheat
(d) None of the above. (b) Blast and root rot disease
34. Which one is a plant regulator. (c) Both (a) & (b)
(a) 2,4-D (b) EDB (d) None of the above
ANSWER KEY
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a)
6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (d)
16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (b)
26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (b)
36. (a)
DUTY SOCIETY COACHING

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LIFE PROCESSES
POINTS TO REMEMBER
 The branch of Biology which deals with proteins takes place in stomach and
the study of various life processes in small intestine while the digestion of fat
living organisms is called as Physiology. takes place in small intestine.
 The term nutrient refers to a substance  In human being, liver is the largest gland
which is used or taken in by an organism of the body.
as an energy source of for the  The pancreas acts as a heterocrine gland
maintenance, growth and development i.e., it performs two very different
of the body. functions.
 The process of nutrition in living  During respiration there is intake of
organisms is carried out by autotrophic oxygen and the elimination of carbon
and heterotrophic modes. dioxide involving the oxidation of food
 Heterotrophic mode of nutrition can be material and formation of metabolic
categorized into saprotrophic, parasitic, energy in the form of ATP.
symbiotic and holozoic.  Respiratory system in human being
 Photosynthesis is a series of chemical involves nostrils, pharynx, larynx,
reactions in which glucose is formed. In trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and
this process, light energy is changed into alveoli.
chemical energy and strored as reserve  The property of a substance to distribute
food. It occurs in all green plants cells. its particles uniformly in another
 Mechanism of photosynthesis can be medium is called diffusion.
studied in two main steps i.e., light  The spontaneous flow of solvent from
reaction and dark reaction. low concentration solution to one of high
 Amoeba ingests the food with the help of concentration across a semipermeable
pseudopodia. membrane is called osmosis.
 The process of digestion in Amoeba is  Absorption: The taking up of a
intracellular i.e., takes place inside the substance by lining of the digestive tract
cell. or any other surface.
 The digestive system of human being  Active Transport: The passage of a
can be divided into mouth, pharynx, substance through the cell membrane
oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, requiring the use of energy.
large intestine, rectum an anus.  ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate): A high
 Digestion of carbohydrates takes place in energy compound found in cell that
mouth and small intestine; digestion of functions in energy storage and transfer.
 Aerobic Respiration: Biological  Diaphragm: A muscular portion
oxidation of food material taking place separating the thoracic cavity from the
in presence of oxygen. abdominal cavity.
 Alimentary Canal: The organs that  Duodenum: The region of the small
compose the food tube in animals. intestine immediately following the
 Alveoli: Microscopic sacs in lungs in stomach.
which the exchange of gases take place.  Enamel: The hard covering of the crown
 Anabolism: Synthesis of complex of a tooth.
molecules from simpler ones i.e., the  Epiglottis: A cartilaginous flap at the
building up process e.g., photosynthesis. upper end of the trachea.
 Anaerobic: Deriving energy for life  Enzyme: A protein catalyst produced
activity from chemical changes other within a living organism that accelerated
than that involving oxygen. In some specific chemical reactions.
organisms, being unable to live actively  Emulsification: Breaking of large fat
in free oxygen. droplets into a fine emulsion by bile
 Assimilation: To incorporate digested juice of the liver.
and absorbed molecules in the make up  Extracellular Digestion: Digestion
of an organism. occurring outside the cell.
 ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): A  Fermentation: Anaerobic oxidation
high energy compound found in cells glucose in which lactic acid or alcohol is
that functions in energy storage and formed.
transfer.  Glycolysis: Anaerobic process of
 Bile: A brownish-green emulsifying enzymatic breakdown of glucose into
fluid secreted by the liver and stored in pyruvic acid that occurs in the cytoplasm
the gall bladder. and releases only 5 percent of energy of
 Bronchial Tube: A subdivision of a glucose in the form of ATP.
bronchus within a tube.  Gall Bladder: A sac in which bile from
 Bronchiole: One of the numberious the liver is stored and concentrated.
subdivisions of the bronchial tubes  Holozoic: Organism feeding on solid
within a lung. organic matter.
 Chyme: Partly digested, acidic food as it  Glycogenesis: The conversion of excess
leaves the stomach. amount of glucose into glycogen, is
 Chemosynthesis: A biological called glycogenosis.
mechanism by which the energy can be  Glycogenolysis: The conversion of
derived from certain chemical reactions glycogen into glucose is called
e.g., some group of bacteria can glycogenolysis.
synthesize substances from inorganic  Hydrolysis: The chemical breakdown of
matter. a substance by comibation with water.

 Ileum: The third and longest region of  Salivary Glands: A group of secretary
the small intestine. cells producing saliva.
 Jejunum: A section of the small  Stomata: Tiny opening on leaf and stem
intestine lying between the duodenum surface, each being made up of two
and two ileums. kidney shaped or dumb-bell shaped
 Lung: An organ for air breathing and guard cells.
external respiration in higher animals.  Sublingual Gland: One of the pair of
 Mucous Membrane: A form of salivary glands lying under the tongue.
epithelial tissue that forms the inner  Submaxillary Gland: One of the pair of
lining of the body openings and digestive salivary glands lying in the angle of the
tract and secretes mucus. lower jaw.
 pH: The expression of medium (acidic  Successive Osmosis: The cell-to-cell
or alkali) 7 indicates neutral above 7 it is diffusion of water.
alkali and below 7 it is acidic.  Vermiform Appendix: A fingerlike
 Plastids: Organelles in the cytoplasm of outgrowth of the intestinal caecum in
plant cells. humans.
 Pyloric Valve: A sphincter valve  Villi: Microscopic projections of the
regulating the passing of substances wall of the small intestine that increase
from the stomach to the duodenum. the absorbing surface.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following equations most (c) Both water and CO2 (d) From air
adequately sums up the photosynthesis 4. Which one of following enzymes is
reaction? present in saliva?
(a) CO2 + H2O  CH2O + O2 (a) Pepsin
(b) C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + H2O (b) Ptyalin
(c) 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 (c) Trypsin
(d) 6CO2 + 12H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O (d) Chymotrypsin
2. Dark reaction in photosynthesis is called 5. Second largest gland of the body is:
so because: (a) Pancreas
(a) It occurs in dark (b) Liver
(b) It does not require light energy (c) Pituitary
(c) Neither of these (d) Thyroid
(d) Both of these 6. Number of only permanent teeth in man
3. During photosynthesis oxygen in glucose are:
comes from: (a) 20 (b) 12
(a) Water (b) CO2 (c) 32 (d) 60

7. Anaerobic respiration occurs in: 18. The enzyme trypsinogen is secreted
(a) Ants from:
(b) Earthworms (a) Pancreas
(c) Tapeworms (b) Stomach
(d) Echinoderms (c) Duodenum
8. Fungi and yeasts are: (d) Liver
(a) Autotrophs (b) Parasites 19. Ileum is the part of:
(c) Saprophytes (d) Heterotrophs (a) Oesophagus
9. Starch forms a blue colour with: (b) Pancreas
(a) Eosine (b) Iodine (c) Small intestine
(c) Safranin (d) Methyl red (d) Liver
10. Stomach of man mainly digests: 20. Gastric juice contains:
(a) Proteins (b) Fats (a) Renin (b) Pepsin
(c) Carbohydrates (d) All the above (c) HCl (d) All of these
11. Which of the following is a C-4 plant? 21. Liver cells secrete:
(a) Sunflower (b) Gram (a) Amylopsin
(c) Sugarcane (d) None of these (b) Trypsin
12. The respiratory organ in cockroach is: (c) Bile & no enzyme
(a) Gills (b) Skin (d) Lipase
(c) Tracheae (d) Lungs 22. Lymph gland and lymph nodes help to:
13. Ptyalin is secreted by: (a) Prepare blood
(a) Pancreas (b) Stomach (b) Eliminate urea
(c) Salivary gland (d) Pituitary gland (c) Prepare antitoxins
14. Which one of these is body building (d) Killing the bacteria
material: 23. In which form nitrogenous wastes
(a) Mineral salts (b) Protein excreted in human?
(c) Fats (d) Sugar (a) NH3
15. Largest gland of the human body is: (b) Uric Acid
(a) Liver (b) Thyroid (c) Urea
(c) Pancreas (d) Pituitary (d) Amino acids
16. Trypsin converts: 24. Which is the correct pathway for the
(a) Fats into fatty acids elimination of Urine?
(b) Starch and glycogen into maltose (a) Urethra  Ureter  bladder  Kidney
(c) Protein into peptones (b) Kidney  Urethra  bladder  Ureter
(d) None of these (c) Bladder  Ureter  Kidney  Urethra
(d) Kidney  Ureter  bladder  Urethra
17. Glycogen is stored in:
25. Blood returns from lungs to heart in:
(a) Liver and muscles
(a) Right auricle (b) Right ventricle
(b) Thyroid
(c) Left auricle (d) Left ventricle
(c) Only muscles
(d) Pancreas
26. The vessel that carries deoxygenated (a) Pleural membrane
blood is: (b) Pericardium
(a) Pulmonary artery (c) Periostium
(b) Pulmonary vein (d) Peritoneum
28. Volume of plasma in blood is:
(c) Renal artery (a) 60% (b) 50%
(d) All of these (c) 70% (d) 40%
27. The membrane that covers the heart is
called:
ANSWER KEY
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a)

6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (a)
16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (d)
21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (c)
26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (a)

CONTROL AND COORDINATION
POINTS TO REMEMBER
 In plants, growth occurs through out its  Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid adrenal,
life while in animals it occurs for a pancreas, testes, ovary and pineal are
definite time period.
main endocrine glands.
 The plant growth regulators are organic
 The enlargement of thyroid is called
compounds other than nutrients which
goitre.
promote, inhibit or modify growth.
 Parathormone is secreted from
 Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins,
parathyroid gland.
ethylene, abscisic acid are the common
 The pituitary gland consists of three
plant growth regulators.
lobes: anterior lobe, intermediate lobe
 Auxins help in cell elongation, apical
and posterior lobe.
dominance, parthenocarpy, prevention
from abscission, root initiation,  From the anterior lobe the hormones
secreted are GH, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH
respiration, metabolism, cambial
and LTH. From the intermediate lobe,
activity, tissue culture and removal of
MSH hormone is secreted.
weeds.
 From the posterior lobe, the hormones
 Gibberelins induce stem elongation, seed
secreted are oxytocin and vasopressin.
germination, leaf expansion, breaking of
dormancy, parthenocarpy, increasing  Failure of thyroid secretion in childhood
fruit size, flowering and sex expression. causes the disease cretinism.
 Ethylene is the only gaseous hormone  Deficiency of thyroid hormones
that induces flowering, fruit ripening, produces myxedema in adults.
ageing and abscission.  The islets of langerhens of pancreas
 Abscisic acid is a growth inhibitor which secrete insulin hormone.
suppresses or retards growth.  Failure of insulin causes diabetes
 Ductless glands are called endocrine mellitus.
glands. Their secretions are called  Testes secrete the hormone testosterone.
hormones.  Ovaries secrete the hormones estrogen
 Hormones regulate the activities of all and progesterone.
the body processes.  CNS includes brain and spinal cord; PNS
includes cranial and spinal nerves; ANS

includes sympathetic and  Coordination: Functioning or working
parasympathetic nervous systems. of various part in a hormony.
 The quick responses given immediately  Geotropism: Gravity induced growth

movements.
in response to some stimulus are called
 Hormone: Secretions of an endocrine
reflex actions. gland in an animal. In plants, it is
 Ductless glands are called endocrine produced at the tips.
glands.  Neuron: Nerve cell, the functional unit
of the nervous system.
 Abscisic Acid: Inhibitory plants
hormone.  Photoperiodism: The influence of light
duration on flowring.
 Adventitious Buds: They arise at plant
part other than the shoot apex or axial of  Phototropism: Light induced growth
a leaf. movement.
 Anther: The part of flower which  Phytochrome: A pigment that captures
produces pollen grains. light stimulus.
 Chemotropism: Chemical stimulus
induced growth movements.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. The junction points of neurons are (a) Pituitary (b) Thyroid

called: (c) Adrenal (d) Parathyroid
(a) Callus (b) Homeostatis 7. One of the main functions of the
(c) Monoecius (d) Synapses cerebellum is to:
2. Auxins are: (a) Control the cerebrum
(a) Hormones (b) Enzymes (b) Maintain the body balance
(c) Fats (d) Carbohydrates (c) Control memory
3. Endocrine glands put their secretions (d) Control breathing
into:
(a) Ducts (b) Blood 8. The spinal cord is made-up of:
(c) Bones (d) None of the above (a) White matter (b) Grey matter
4. The endocrine gland known as master (c) Both (d) None
gland is:
9. Insulin is secreted from:
(a) Pituitary (b) Thyroid
(c) Adrenal (d) Parathyroid (a) Thyroid (b) Parathyroid
5. Male reproductive hormone is: (c) Pancreas (d) Pituitary
(a) Adrenalin (b) Estrogen 10. The hormone used for fruit ripening is
(c) Testosterone (d) TSH
6. Growth hormone is produced in: called:

(a) Auxin (b) Gibberellin 18. Receptors that detect changes in
(c) ABA (d) Ehtylene temperature, touch, pressure and pain are
11. ADH controls the concentration: located in large number in the:
(a) Urine (b) Ca++ (a) Bones (b) Spinal cord
(c) Na+ (d) K+ (c) Mucles (d) Skin
12. The part of brain that control conscious 19. Numerous short extensions of a nerve
activities, memory, language and sense cell that usually relay information to the
is the: cell body are called:
(a) Medulla oblongata (b) Cerebrum (a) Axons (b) Cell body
(c) Cerebellum (d) Thalamus (c) Dendrites (d) Synapses
13. The brain and spinal cord are
20. Carries impulses between some sensory
included in:
and motor neurons:
(a) PNS
(a) Cell body (b) Interneurons
(b) CNS
(c) Motor neurons (d) Axon
(c) ANS
(d) Parasympathetic system 21. The largest part of neuron that contains
14. The massage of smell is carried to the much of cytoplasm and most of the
brain by the: metabolic activity:
(a) Nasal chamber (a) Dendrites (b) Axon
(b) Auditory nerve (c) Cell body (d) Axon terminals
(c) Olfactory nerve 22. Neurons that carry messages toward the
(d) Nostril CNS are called:
15. The grey matter of the brain is called: (a) CNS neurons
(a) Cerebral medulla (b) Motor neurons
(b) Cerebellum (c) Efferent neurons
(c) Cerebral cortex (d) Afferent neurons
(d) Medulla oblongata 23. Sensory neurons transmit messages:
16. Nervous tissue contains specialized cells (a) CNS to muscle
called: (b) Brain to spinal cord
(a) Transmitters (b) Neutron cells (c) Environment to spinal cord or brain
(c) Neurons (d) Cardiac cells (d) Within brain
17. The main control centre of nervous 24. Master gland of the body is:
system is the : (a) Pineal (b) Pituitary
(a) Spinal cord (c) Parathyroid (d) Thyroid
(b) Neurotransmitter 25. Secretion of Endocrine glands are called:
(c) Senses (a) Enzyme
(d) None of these (b) Amino acids
(c) Gastric juice
(d) Hormones (c) Hypercalcimia
26. Testosterone is secreted by: (d) None of these
(a) Ovary (b) Testes 28. Goitre is due to the hyposecretion of:
(c) Pancreas (d) Adrenal (a) Thyroxin (b) Calcitonin
27. Hyposecretion of insulin causes: (c) Prolactin (d) Insulin
(a) Diabetes mellitus
(b) Hypocalcimia
ANSWER KEY
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c)
6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (c)
16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (d)
26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (a)

HOW DO ORGANISMS
REPRODUCE
POINTS TO REMEMBER
 Reproduction in plants can be  The testes are the glands where sperms
categorized into three types i.e., are produced.
vegetative, asexual and sexual.  Semen is the fluid that consists of
 Regeneration of new plants by the sperms and the secretions of the passage
vegetative organs such as stem, leaf etc. through which sperms pass.
is called vegetative propagation.  A mature sperm is about 50 µm long,
 Artificial vegetative propagation can be uniflagellate, motile cell. It consists of a
done by cutting, layering, grafting and flat head and a long narrow tail.
micropropagation.  In human beings, the female
 Asexual reproduction takes place by reproductive system includes ovaries,
budding, fragmentation and spore duct system, cervix, vagina and
formation. mammary glands.
 Sexual reproduction in plants can be  The ovarian follicle carries a large,
categorized into isogamy, anisogamy centrally placed ovum, surrounded by
several layers of granular cells called
and oogamy.
follicular granulosa.
 A flower has four whorls i.e., calyx,
 The shedding of the ovum is called
corolla, androecium, gynoecium.
ovulation.
 The transfer of pollen grains from an
 The duct system in female consists of
anther to stigma of same or different
two fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and
flower is called pollination.
vagina.
 The act of fusion of male gamete with
 The lower part of the uterus is called
egg is called fertilization. The second act cervix.
of fusion of male gamete with secondary  In human female, the fertilization is
nucleus is called triple fusion. internal and takes place inside the
 The animals having both male as well as fallopian tube.
female reproductive organs are called  Parthenogenesis is a phenomenon in
hermaphrodite. which an egg develops into an individual
 In human beings, the reproductive without fertilization. It is also referred to
system of male includes testis, duct as virgin birth.
system, accessory glands and penis.  Each ovum is released from the ovary
after a period of 28 days. During this

period a series of changes occur in the  Gametes: The sex cells with haploid
ovary and uterus which are collectively number of chromosomes.
called menstrual cycle.  Gonads: The organs that produce
 Acrosome: Cap like body at the tip of gametes.
sperm.
 Apical meristem: The undifferentiated  Isogamy: Fusion of two similar gametes.
tissue at the root and shoot apex  Influorescence: The arrangement of
responsible for growth in plants. flowers on the floral axis.
 Autogamy: Self pollination.  Menopause: Stoppage of menstrual
 Binary fission: Animal divides into two cycle and ovulation at the age of 40-45
equal and identical halves. years.
 Cloning: A technique to produce  Micropyle: A small pore in the ovule
genetically similar organisms from a through which pollen tube enters.
single cell.  Scion: The part of the plant that is
 Estrogen: The female sex hormone grafted on the stock.
secreted from the ovaries.  Semen: The fluid that contains the
 Fallopian tube: Also called oviduct secretions of accessory glands and the
which carry the egg from the ovary to sperms.
uterus.  Spermatogenesis: Formation of sperms
 Grafting: The process of combining in the testes.
characters of two related plants having  Uterus: The thick walled muscular
vascular cambium. organ in which fertilized ovum is
implanted.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. The hormone produced by testes is: (a) Ureter (b) Urethra

(a) Estrogen (b) Testosterone (c) Oviduct (d) Umblical cord
(c) Thyroxin (d) Progesterone 5. Secretion that provides mobility to the
sperm is produced by:
2. Sterilization in males involves cutting (a) Seminal vesicles
and typing of the ends of: (b) Cowper’s gland
(a) Epididymis (b) Vas defenrences (c) Prostate gland
(c) Ejaculatory duct (d) All of these (d) Epididymis
3. The attachment of mammalian blastocyst 6. Process of production of ova in ovary is
to uterine wall is called: called:
(a) Implantation (b) Gestation (a) Gestation
(c) Ovulation (d) None of these
4. The tube that leads to ovary to the (b) Ovulation
uterus is: (c) Spermatogenesis

(d) Implantation (a) cell division (b) reproduction
7. Fertilization in females (Human) takes (c) respiration (d) all
place at : 15. In vegetative reproduction the new plant
(a) Ovary (b) Uterus can be grown from
(c) Fallopian tubes (d) Cervix (a) stem (b) root
8. What is true about reproduction: (c) leaf (d) all
(a) The living things increase their 16. Vegetative propagation takes place by
number by this process. leaves in
(b) In reproduction living things give (a) Ginger (b) Mint
rise to the young ones of their own (c) Sugarcane (d) None of these
kind. 17. The new plant can be developed from
(c) It is the process which helps in root in
continuation of a race in nature. (a) Mint (b) Sweet potato
(d) All are true. (c) Guava (d) All
9. Binary fission is a 18. Which of the following organism can
(a) Amitotic process reproduce asexually by regeneration:
(b) Mitotic cell division (a) Hydra (b) Sponges
(c) Meiosis cell division (c) Spirogyra (d) All
(d) Both mitosis & meiosis 19. Parthenogenesis is a process in which
10. In Binary fission: (a) Unfertilized egg grows into haploid
(a) A single cell organism divide into embryo.
two small organism. (b) Unfertilized egg grows into diploid
(b) It is always found in unicellular embryo.
organism. (c) Fertilized egg grows into diploid
(c) It is found in both unicellular & embryo.
multicellular organism. (d) None
(d) Both a & b 20. Asexual reproduction by layering can be
11. Asexual reproduction by budding takes place in performed in
(a) Amoeba (b) Fern (a) Mango (b) Jasmine
(c) Spirogyra (d) Yeast (c) Rose (d) All
12. On which of the following organism a 21. Garden of a tree can be developed by
chain of buds form during the process of (a) Cutting (b) Layering
budding. (c) Grafting (d) All
(a) Hydra (b) Sponges 22. The small piece of tissue during tissue
(c) Yeast (d) All culture grows into unorganized and
13. Asexual reproduction by spore formation undifferentiated mass which is called as
occur in (a) Callus (b) Thallus
(a) Amoeba (b) Euglena (c) Neucellus (d) None
(c) Fungi (d) Spirogyra 23. Microporpagation is the other name of
14. For growth essential life process is (a) Budding (b) Sporeformation
(c) Tissue culture (d) Binary fission 32. Which of the flower parts drys up & falls
24. In grafting the stock & scion get joined off after fertilization.
together by the activity of (a) Ovary, sepals, petals.
(a) Cambium (b) Phloem (b) Sepals, petals, stamen, stigma &
(c) Xylem (d) Both b & c style.
(c) Anther & ovary
25. What is true about sexual reproduction.
(d) All
(a) Union of male & female gametes
33. Syngamy is a process in which
takes place.
(a) Male & female gametes fuses in
(b) Development of organism takes
ovary of flower.
place from single celled zygote.
(b) Male gamete fuses with two polar
(c) Fertilization takes place in sexual
bodies in ovary.
reproduction.
(c) Female gamete & polar bodies fuses.
(d) All
(d) None
26. The union of male & female gametes
34. Fusion of male gamete with two polar
called as
bodies is called as
(a) Pollination
(a) Double fertilization
(b) Blastulation
(b) Triple fusion
(c) Germination
(c) Syngamy
(d) Fertilization
(d) Pollination
27. In which of the following organism the
35. Which of the following processes
external fertilization takes
together called as double fertilization.
(a) Hydra (b) Sponges
(a) Triple fusion & pollination.
(c) Frog (d) All
(b) Triple fusion & syngamy
28. Which of the following is an example of
(c) Syngamy pollination
bisexual or hermaphorodite.
(d) None
(a) Crow (b) Pigeon
36. When the pollen grains are received by
(c) Frog (d) Leech
the stigma of same flower, it is called as
29. The female reproductive part of flower is
(a) Cross pollination (b) Autogamy
called as
(c) Fertilization (d) None
(a) Pistil (b) Carpel
37. Pollen tube at the time of entering into
(c) Gynaecium (d) All
ovule has
30. Pollen grains are form in
(a) One gamete (b) Two gametes
(a) Ovary (b) Pispil
(c) Three gametes (d) Four gametes
(c) Anther (d) Thalamus
38. The temperature of testis of human being
31. In the pollination process pollen grain
is
reaches upto
(a) 1-30C less than body temperature
(a) Anther (b) Ovary
(b) 1-30C more than body temperature
(c) Style (d) Stigma
(c) 5-100C more than body temperature
(d) 5-100C less than body temperature
39. Testestrone hormone is release from 47. The beginning of menstrual cycle in the
(a) Leydig’s cells of testis girls at the age of 11-14 years is called as
(b) Leydig’s cells of ovary (a) Menopause (b) Menarch
(c) Islets of Lengerhans
(d) Graffian follicle (c) Ovulation (d) None
40. In vasectomy which of the following 48. On average complete reproduction cycle
duct is being cut or ligated. (menstrual cycle) in female takes place is
(a) Oviduct (b) Vas deferens about:
(c) Urethra (d) None (a) 28 days (b) 38 days
41. What is true about semen
(a) It is the milky secretion from man’s (c) One year (d) 15 days
body at the of coitus 49. At the time of ovulation an ovum comes
(b) It contains secretion of prostate gland out from
& sperm (a) Matured Graffian follicle
(c) Semen is slightly alkaline (b) Corpus Luteum
(d) All (c) Uterus
42. Choose the correct statement from (d)Fallopian funnel
following. 50. Corpus luteum, the yellow body release
(a) Production of sperm start at the age a hormone which is
of puberty in the testis. (a) Progestron (b) Oxytocin
(b) Only one egg form by one of the (c) Estrogen (d) Testestron
ovary in the female’s body. 51. The telescopic instrument used to carry
(c) Secondary sexual characters in out tubectomy & vasectomy is
female’s body are maintained by (a) Stethescope (b) Microtome
testestrone. (c) Laproscope (d) Lethoscope
(d) Both a & b 52. The tube which transfer or carry ovum
43. Ovum, remain alive in the female body from fallopian funnel towards uterus is
for about (a) Fallopian tube (b) Vas deferens
(a) 48 hours (b) 24 hours (c) Birth Canal (d) None
(c) 72 hours (d) 1 hours 53. Which of the following is correct
44. Which of the following cells is /are statement.
haploid (a) In female menopause occur at the
(a) Sperm (b) Ovum age of 45 to 50 years.
(c) Zygote (d) Both a & b (b) No menses occur during pregnancy.
45. Fertilization in the female body occur in (c) Hormone Oxytocin & Relaxin help
(a) Uterus (b) Birth canal in child birth.
(c) Cervix (d) Oviduct (d) All
46. Attachment of growing embryo to the 54. Which of the following disease are
inner layer of uterus is called as. sexually transmitted disease and caused
(a) Fertilization (b) Plantation by bacteria.
(c) Implantation (d) Parturition (a) Gonorrhoea (b) Trichomoniasis
(c) Syphilis (d) Both a & c
55. Which of the following method is (b) Streptococcus
permanent birth control method. (c) Clostridium
(a) Vasectomy & tubectomy (d) None
(b) Oral contraceptives 57. The pregnancy period in human female
(c) IUCD’S is about:
(d) Spermicidal Creams (a) 280 days (b) 180 days
56. Syphilis is causes by bacteria (c) 380 days (d) None
(a) Treponema palladium
ANSWER KEY
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c)
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (d)
16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (d)
26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (a)
31. (d) 32. (b) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (b)
36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. (b)
41. (d) 42. (d) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (a)
46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (a) 49. (a) 50. (a)
51. (c) 52. (a) 53. (d) 54. (d) 55. (a)
56. (a) 57. (a)

HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION
POINTS TO REMEMBER
 The transmission of traits (characters),  A bacterium comprises a circular double
resemblance from one generation to stranded DNA molecule as a
other is called heredity. chromosome.
 The variations can be categorized into  In certain plants and animals cells a few
two major types: somatic and germinal. very large chromosomes are found called
 The branch of biology which deals with polytene and lampbrush chromosomes.
heredity and variation is called genetics.  The gametes have only one set of
 Mendel performed his experiments on chromosomes. This number is called
garden pea (Pisum sativum). haploid. It is denoted by ‘n’.
 Nucleic acids are two types – DNA and  A somatic cell contains two set of
RNA. chromosomes, this number is referred to
 Watson and Crick proposed the “Double as diploid (2n).
helix” model of DNA.  The nucleic acids are made up of
 DNA is composed of deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen base, sugars and phosphoric
nitrogenous base and phosphoric acid. acid.
 The term Genetics was carried by  A nitrogen base combines with sugar to
Batison (1906). form a nucleoside.
 Johanson coined the word GENE,  By the addition of a phosphate group, a
GENOTYPE and PHENOTYPE. nucleoside is converted to a nucleotide.
 Mendel selected seven traits in pea plant  DNA is a double stranded structure.
for his breeding experiments.  The replication of DNA molecule is semi
 When two contrasting forms of one trait conservative.
are crossed only one from appears in F1  The RNA are of two types i.e., genetic
generation. The factor that expressed it RNA and non genetic RNA.
self was called dominant and the other  Non genetic RNA are of three types-
which was hidden called recessive. ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA and
 The study of Mendel’s law of inheritance transfer RNA.
is referred to as Mendelism.  HF Khorana (1968) synthesized first
 Robert Brown discovered nucleus in artificial gene.
1831.  Allele: A pair of contrasting characters.
 Chromosomal theory of inheritance was  Acentric chromosomes: A chromosomes
proposed by W.F. Sutton and T. Boveri lacking a centromere.
in 1902.  Autosomes: The chromosomes other
 The term chromosome is applied in than the sex chromosomes.
eukaryotes where the DNA lies  Analogous: The structures or organs
associated with proteins (histones). similar in functions but different in
 Virus consists of a single molecule of structures and origin.
nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) as a  Acquired: Not present at birth.
chromosome.  Back cross: A cross between offspring
and parents.

 Base pairing: The hydrogen bonding of  Gene: A fragment of DNA.
complementary purines and pyrimidines  Genotype: The genetic constitution of
bases. an organism.
 Chromosome: A structure in which a  Heredity: The transmission of
molecule of DNAis associated with characters from parents to offsprings.
protein.  Homologous: The structures same in
 Chromatid: One of the pair of strands
structure but different in functions.
formed by longitudinal splitting of a
chromosomes.  Hybrids: The offsprings of genetically
 DNA: Deoxyribose nucleic acid. dissimilar parents.
 Diploid: An organism (cell) has 2  Haploid: The gamete having one set of
complete sets of chromosomes. chromosome.
 Dihybrid: When two different traits are  Monohybrid cross: Crossing of one
crossed. trait.
 Dominance: The character which
 Phenotype: The structural appearance.
appears in F1 generation.
 Evolution: The genetic adaptation of a  Okazaki fragments: Small DNA pieces
population of organisms to its formed at the time of DNA replication.
environment over time.  Palaeobiology: The study of fossils.
 Extinction: The complete disappearance  Sex chromosome: X or Y chromosome.
of an species.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Which statement is correct? 5. A connecting link between reptiles and

(a) Wing of bat and butterfly are birds is:
homologous (a) Archaeopteryx
(b) Wing of birds and arms of man are (b) Dodo
analogous (c) Sphenodon
(c) Atlas is vestigial (d) Dimetrodon
(d) Coccyx of man is vestigial 6. Natural selection really means:
2. Study of fossils comes under: (a) Struggle for existence
(a) Organic evolution (b) Palaeobiology (b) Differential reproduction
(c) Palaentology (d) Morphology
3. Archaeopteryx shows origin of: (c) Survival of the fittest
(a) Birds from reptiles (d) Elimination of the unfit
(b) Mammals from reptiles 7. Darwin is associated with:
(c) Reptiles from amphibians (a) Natural selection
(d) Birds from amphibians (b) Mutation
4. An organism which is a connecting link
between animals and plants is: (c) Inorganic evolution
(a) Virus (b) Bacteria (d) All the above
(c) Euglena (d) Amoeba 8. Lamarckism is also called:

(a) Theory of special creation (a) Blood coagulates when mixed with
(b) Inheritance of acquired characters antiserum ‘A’ the Blood Group is
‘O’.
(c) Survival of the fittest (b) Blood coagulates when mixed with
(d) Theory of mutation antiserum ‘A’ the Blood Group is
‘B’.
9. Who published the book “origin of (c) Blood coagulates when mixed with
species by natural selection” in 1859? antiserum ‘A’ the Blood Group
(a) Lamarck is ‘A’.
(d) Blood cannot be identified by this
(b) Darwin method.
(c) Wallace 18. If a man blood group ‘A’ marries with
(d) Oparin woman of blood group ‘B’ their children
can be of blood group:
10. Weismann cut off tails of mice (a) ‘A’ or ‘B’ only (b) AB only
generation after generation but tail (c) A, B or AB only (d) A, B, AB or O
neither disappeared nor shortened 19. How many types of gametes will be
showing that: required for F2 generation of
(a) Darwin was correct Monohybrid of Mendel’s.
(b) Tail is an essential organ (a) 8 (b) 2
(c) Mutation theory is wrong (c) 4 (d) 16
(d) Lamarck was wrong in inheritance of 20. Mendel succeeded in his experiments
acquired characters because:
11. Father of Genetics is called: (a) He selected pea plant
(a) Sutton & Bauri (b) W. Waldeyer (b) Independent characters were studied
(c) G. J. Mendel (d) Flemming (c) A lot of charactor were selected
12. Who discovered polytene chromosomes: (d) Pea plant is bisexual
(a) Waldeyer (b) Flemming 21. Genes are located on:
(c) Balbiani (d) Wilson (a) Centrosomes (b) Ribosomes
13. The term genome is used to designate: (c) Chromosomes (d) Nuclosomes
(a) Haploid set of chromosome 22. When a hybrid pea plant for yellow
(b) Triploid set of chromosome round such (YyRr) is self pollinated, the
(c) Diploid set of chromosome phenotype ratio in next generation
(d) Both (a) & (b) would be:
14. The term chromosome was introduced by: (a) 12:3:1 (b) 9:3:3:1
(a) Waldeyer (b) Flemming (c) 9:7 (d) 1:2:2:1:4:1:2:2:1
(c) Brown (d) Robertson 23. The possible blood groups of children
15. Which of the following is vestigial born to parents having AAB group are:
organ: (a) A, B, AB and O (b) O, A, B
(a) Coccyx (b) Appendix (c) O, A (d) A, B, AB
(c) Nictitating membrane 24. If a cross between the plants give 50%
(d) All of these tall and 50% dwarf progeny, then the
16. XXY chromosome complement is found parents genotype are:
in: (a) TtTt (b) Tttt
(a) Down’s syndrome
(b) Turner’s syndrome (c) TTtt (d) TTtT
(c) Klinefelter’s syndrome 25. Which traits of garden pea studies by
Mendel was a recessive feature:
(d) Super female
(a) Green Seed colour
17. Blood groups are identified by mixing
the blood with antiserums by using this (b) Green pod colour
method: (c) Round Seed shape
(d) None of these
26. A person with blood group A has:

(a) Antigen A and antibody B (a) Present on X chromosome of Male
(b) Antigen B and Antibody A (b) Present on X chromosome of female
(c) Antigen A and antibody b (c) On any autosome
(d) No antigen and no antibody (d) On any one chromosome
27. 22 pairs of chromosome is called: 29. Which disease is genetically linked:
(a) Autosomes (b) Heterosomes (a) T. B. (b) Plague
(c) Nucleosomes (d) None of these (c) Haemophilia (d) Cold
28. Recessive characters are expressed when
present:
ANSWER KEY
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (a)
6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (d)
16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (a)
26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (c)

OUR ENVIRONMENT & MANAGEMENT
OF NATURAL RESOURCES
POINTS TO REMEMBER
 Soil pollution causes decrease in soil  Acid rain: When gases like SO2 and
fertility. SO3 react with water to form sulphuric
 Soil degradation is due to acid and precipitate as rain, it is called
(i) deforestation (ii) soil erosion acid rain.
(iii) floods (iv) waterlogging  Aerosols: The chemicals, like
(v) salination dichlorodifluoro methane present in air
(vi) ill-planned urban encroachement. affect ozone layer, are called aerosols.
 Soil erosion is caused by water and wind.  Biosphere: The part of earth and its
 Soil erosion can be prevented by atmosphere that is inhabited by living
reforestation. organisms.
 Fertility of soil can be maintained by
 Biological fixation: The fixation of free
crop rotation and less dependence on
atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates or
fertilizers.
ammonia by bacteria and some algae.
 Air pollution is due to foreign particles
 Biodegradable wastes: These wastes are
and gases in the atmosphere.
capable of being removed or degraded by
 Air pollution affects plant as well as
biological or microbial action.
animal life.
 Conservation: It means the use of the
 Air pollution causes ecological problems
biosphere by man to obtain the greatest
like depletion of ozone layer and green
sustainable benefit while maintaining its
house effect.
future for future generations.
 Natural resources are classified as
renewable and non-renewable resources.  Crop rotation: The practice of sowing a
 Renewable resources are replenished by leguminous crop alternately to a cereal is
natural cycles. known as crop rotation.
 Resources which are not being renewed  Ecology: It is the branch of biology
are called non-renewable resources. which deals with the relationship of
 Most of the minerals are non-renewable organisms with their environment.
resources.  Environment : All the abiotic (non-
 The minerals can be conserved by the living) and biotic (living) factors
recycling, substitute, avoiding wastage surrounding and influencing an
and repair and use economy.
organism.
 Atmosphere: The gaseous envelope
surrounding the earth.

 Green House Effect: The increase in  Silviculture: Branch dealing with
global temperature due to rise in level of management of forests.
CO2 is called Green House Effect.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. The primary source of energy in a (c) Primary consumers
Ecosystem is: (d) Secondary consumer
(a) Chlorophyll (b) ATP 11. As a point of nutrition the decomposers are:
(c) Sun light (d) Green plants (a) Autotrophs (b) Heterotrophs
2. In a Ecosystem these are: (c) Saprophytes (d) Holozoic
(a) Producers, consumers and 12. The term Ecology was given by:
decomposers (a) E. Haeckel (b) Mishra
(b) Producers, carnivores and (c) Odum (d) Rieter
decomposers 13. Which is the part of biosphere:
(c) Plants and animals (a) Hydrosphere (b) Lithosphere
(d) Biotic component and abiotic (c) Atmosphere (d) All of these
components 14. A group of species which lives in a
3. The main reason of climate changes is: particular area is known as:
(a) Growing industries (a) Ecosystem (b) Biotic community
(b) Growing population (c) Species (d) Biodiversity
(c) Deforestation 15. In a ecosystem algae are include under:
(d) All of these (a) Consumers (b) Producers
4. The “dynamic heart” of Ecosystem is: (c) Decomposers (d) Omnivores
(a) Producer and Energy flow 16. Which is a natural Ecosystem:
(b) Consumers and mineral cycle (a) Wheat’s field (b) Garden of mango
(c) Energy flow and mineral cycle (c) Green land (d) Aquarium
(d) Producers and mineral cycle 17. Major aerosol pollutant present in the jet
5. Bacteria and fungus are: plane emission is:
(a) Decomposers (b) Producers (a) SO2 (b) Flourocarbon
(c) Consumers (d) None of these (c) Carbontetrachloride (d) CO2
6. Which get their food from dead organic 18. Which of the following will not cause
matter: any atmospheric pollution:
(a) Parasites (b) Saprophytes (a) CO2 (b) SO2
(c) Autotrophs (d) None of these (c) H2 (d) CO
7. Which gas is used in refrigerator and Air 19. Decomposition of domestic wastes under
conditioner: natural processes is known as:
(a) CMC (b) CFC (a) Thermal pollution
(c) PAN (d) SO2 (b) Biodegradable pollution
8. Artificial Ecosystem which is used in (c) Industrial pollution
houses known as: (d) Non biodegradable pollution
(a) Herbarium (b) Aquarium 20. Minamata disease is related from:
(c) Hydroponix (d) All of these (a) Mercury (b) Soil particle
9. A group of all biological Ecosystem (c) Stone particle (d) Asbestus particle
(Geographical) are called: 21. Acid rain is caused by increased
(a) Lithosphere (b) Biosphere concentration of :
(c) Atmosphere (d) Ionosphere (a) O3 and dust (b) NO2 and SO2
10. In a pond Ecosystem, large fishes, (c) CO and CO2 (d) NH3
tortoises and frogs are: 22. In industrial towns, respiratory disease
(a) Producers spread rapidly because of:
(b) Decomposers (a) Smoke
(b) Noise (a) Pedogonesis (b) Podosalisation
(c) Radioactive substances (c) Soil Erosion (d) None
(d) None of these
23. Example of non renewable energy are: 25. Deforestation has an alarming effect on:
(a) Increasing grazing area
(a) Metal and soil (b) Petrol and Metal (b) Soil erosion
(c) Coal and water (d) Petrol & Biomass (c) Weed control
24. The loss of upper fertile layer of soil is (d) All of these
known as:
ANSWER KEY
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a)
6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (b)
16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (b)

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DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 1

THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 2

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 5

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 7

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 8

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 9

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 10

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 13

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 16

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 17

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 21

 Green Revolution:- Bumper production  Manure:- Natural fertilizers, obtained

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 22

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 23

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 24

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 26

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 27

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 29

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 30

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a)

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 32

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 33

 The quick responses given immediately  Geotropism: Gravity induced growth

1. The junction points of neurons are (a) Pituitary (b) Thyroid

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 34

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 36

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 37

1. The hormone produced by testes is: (a) Ureter (b) Urethra

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 38

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 42

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 43

1. Which statement is correct? 5. A connecting link between reptiles and

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 44

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 45

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 46

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 47

CO2 is called Green House Effect.

DUTY SOCIETY COACHING & GUIDANCE CENTRE BIOLOGY 49

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