Pure substances
 have uniform and definite composition and
further broken down into elements and
compounds.
 can be broken down into simpler forms
using chemical means, you are dealing
with a compound
 If it cannot be simplified, then it is an
element
Element
 contains only one type of atom
Compounds
 contain two or more atoms that are
chemically combined, that is, the elements
have undergone a chemical reaction.
 made up elements that are chemically
bonded in fixed ratios, whereas
components of a mixture are physically
bonded
Law of Constant Composition or Definite
Proportion
 tats that when two or more elements
combine to form a compound, they follow
a definite composition and proportion.
Mixtures
 Physically combined structures that can
be separated into their original
components
 retain their characteristics, or they have
no uniform composition. They can be
homogeneous such as solutions or
heterogeneous such as suspensions and
colloids.
 TYPES OF MIXTURES
Homogeneous mixture
 a mixture that has uniform composition all
throughout
Heterogenous Mixture
 has at least two different of matter or
visible components
Chemical
 refers to a compound or substance
formula
 refers to the symbolic expression.
Chemical formula
 a symbolic expression of a compound or
substance.
 It is also described as shorthand of
expressing the types and the number of
atoms in a substance.
 tells the number of each type of atom and
the central atom of the molecule
specifically if it is not a diatomic
molecule.
Subscript
 represents the number of atoms in the
chemical formula
Molecular Compound
 atoms of two or more different non-
metals combine, a pure substance
Atoms in molecular compounds are joined
together by covalent bonds in each bond, the
atoms share a single pair of electrons.
Consumer product
 the final good that is bought by
individuals or households for personal use
 goods that are bought for consumption by
the average consumer.
The Knowledge (Science) is being used to come
up with the different consumer products
(Technology) that address problems of the
community (Society).
Decantation
 a process to separate mixtures by
removing a liquid layer that is free of a
precipitate, or the solids deposited from a
solution.
 The process may be to obtain a decant
(liquid free from particles) or to recover
the precipitate.
Filtration
 the process of separating suspended solid
matter from a liquid, by causing the latter
to pass through the pores some substance,
called a filter. The liquid which has
passed through the filter is called filtrate.
Distillation
 used in collecting a pure liquid from a
mixture of liquids (or soluble solid and
liquid) through the processes of
evaporation and condensation.
Chromatography
 a separatory technique where each
component or solute is isolated based on
its different affinities (i.e., polarities) to
the mobile phase (i.e., liquid solvent or
gas).
Centrifugation
 a gradient-by-density technique employed
to collect a precipitate from a
heterogeneous mixture using the principle
of angular rotation and gravity.
Sieving
 defined as a method in which two or more
components of different sizes are
separated from a mixture on the basis of
the difference in their sizes.
 it cannot separate two substances in a
mixture which have the same size.
Evaporation
 A process in which a liquid change into
gaseous form on heating.
 Allowing the liquid to evaporate, leaving
the soluble solid behind.
Condensation
 the process by which water vapor in the air
is changed into liquid water.
Magnetism
 the process of separating components
of mixtures by using magnets to
attract magnetic materials.
 The process that is used for magnetic
material with those who are magnetic.
Crystallization
 a chemical solid-liquid separation
technique, in which mass transfer of a
solute from the liquid solution to a pure
solid crystalline phase occurs.
Extraction
 in chemistry is a separation process
consisting in the separation of a
substance from a matrix.
Isotope
 derived from Greek words "issuant" means
"the same place”
 commonly undergo radioactive decay due
to nuclear stability.
 atoms of the same elements that have the
same number of protons but different in
the number of neutrons.
variants of an element are still found in the same
location in the periodic table of elements. This
term was introduced by British Chemist
Frederick Soddy.
Stable isotopes covalent compound
 are isotopes that do not undergo  formed between two or more nonmetal
radioactivity and do not disintegrate. Thus, atoms, and the type of intramolecular bond
they are abundant in nature. that exist between atoms is covalent bond.
Unstable isotopes molecular formula (MF)
 are those that exhibit radioactivity. They  the actual chemical formula of a
can be natural or artificial. compound that reflects the composition of
a molecule.
Chemical formula
 The symbols of elements with numerical
 defined as shorthand of expressing the subscripts constitute a molecular formula.
types and the number of atoms in a
empirical formula (EF)
substance.
 the chemical formula that shows the
chemical formula symbol
simple whole number ratios among the
 (i.e., usually a combination of symbols of atoms of elements in the compound.
elements and numerical subscripts) of a
substance used to illustrate the
composition of a compound.
 can be categorized further into molecular
formula, empirical formula, or formula
unit.
Chemical name
 the scientific name given to a compound in
accordance with the nomenclature system
developed by the International Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry?
Structural formula
 a graphical representation of the molecular
structure showing how the atoms are
possibly arranged in the real three-
dimensional space.
ionic compound
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (1743-1794)
 formed between a metal atom and a
 one of the early chemists who performed
nonmetal atom, and the type of
quantitative analysis on different reactions.
intramolecular bond exist between atoms
 His works led him to deduce the law of
is ionic bond due to the presence of ionic
conservation of mass.
charges.
Law of Conservation of Mass
 states that in every chemical
transformation, the amount of the reacting
substances must be equal to the amount of
the new substance(s) produced.
 states that matter is neither created nor
destroyed
Balance by Inspection
 the balancing of a chemical equation done
by simply listing the number of atoms
present on the reactant side and product
side.
Balancing
 done by writing appropriate coefficients
before the formula of the compound.
 can be interpreted as the number of moles
of each substance.
mole method approach makes stoichiometry
(the quantitative relationship between reactants
and products in a chemical reaction) more
understandable.
EXAMPLE:
Ammonia, NH3, is a leading industrial chemical
used in the production of agricultural fertilizers
and synthetic fibers. It is produced by the
reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen gases.3𝐻2 (𝑔)
+ 𝑁2 (𝑔) → 2𝑁𝐻3

Theoretical Yield
 computed value based on the balanced
chemical reaction
percentage yield
may be obtained by getting the ratio of the:
actual yield
amount of product actually recovered
actual yield
𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝= x 100
theoretical yield

Stoichiometric coefficient ( percent yield ) (theoretical yield )

Actual yield=
100
 added before each element, ion or
molecule to make the number of each limiting reactant
element in the left side equal to the
number of the same element in the right  the reagent that is completely consumed at
side of the equation. the end of the reaction.
Excess
  The reactant that is not totally consumed
"reactant" and "reagent" are interchangeable
In 1643 Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647), a Gay-Lussac’s Law
renowned Italian mathematician and physicist,
developed a measuring device called the
barometer to measure atmospheric pressure.
Pressure
 defined as the force applied to a unit
surface area
 Atm, Pa, kPa, mmHg, torr, psi (pound per
square inch), bar Combined Gas Laws

GAS LAWS Ideal Gas Law

Robert Boyle

STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure)

TEMPERATURE = 0C, 273K, 32F
Pressure = 1atm, 101.325kPa, 760mmHg/torr

Charles Law
R in Ideal Gas Law
L∗atm
0.0821 mol∗K