Professional Documents
Culture Documents
111
111
Specimen Collection
) (
. Basal Condition
.
.
) (
.
: Collection of Blood
....
%8 4
6 1
24 48.
Capillary Puncture
Blood Gases
Syringe : Disposable
.
Nozzle
) 20 1 ( Tuberculin 0.1
) 25 - 18(
20 .
.
)(
.Puncture
%70
2- 1
.
15
Isotonic
.
Venipuncture
2
10 5
.
Arterial Puncture
.
.
(1 ) ( Serum
20 10
Hemolysis
Vacutainer
Gel
Centrifuge
)
Anticoagulants
Whole Blood
) (
) ( Glycolysis
.
.
Plasma
%1
.
24
.
8
42 ) (
.
:
- 1
.
- 2
.
- 3
) ( .
:
.
) ( Anticoagulants
.
.
.
Acid Phosphatase
Alkaline Phosphatase LDH
.
1 Heparin
Muccoitin
Polysulphouric Acid Sodium
Heparin Potassium Heparin Lithium Heparin
Antithrombin Prothrombin Thrombin
Fibrin Fibrinogen
Cofactor .
%20
. 110 /
0.2 / .
2 Potassium Oxalates
20 10
10 2 %30
PH = 7.4 0.1
10 .
- 3 Sodium Fluoride
) (
2 1 /
Glycolysis 4
12 200 1
100 .
Reagent
) ( Urease .
4
(Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA
Hematology
2 - 1 /
.
Vacutainer Tube
:
- 1 : Red Tube
) Gel (
Serology 10 2
0.7
15 .
- 2 : Lavender Tube EDTA EDTA
2 2 EDTA 5
C.B.C Differential
EDTA
.
- 3 : Green Tube Li. Heparin
10 Cytogenetic PH
-6- G6PDH
- 4 : Blue Tube Sodium Citrate 2.7
2.7 4.5 Coagulation
Fibrogen Factor PT PTT
- 5 : Yellow Tube 5
0.3 EDTA
- 6 : Gray Tube
.
Skin Puncture
PH Po2 Pco2
6 7 7 100 / )
0.39/( .
Hemolysis
Invivo Invitro
:
-1 Osmotically
Hypotonic
.
2 :
- Hemolytic Anemia Jaundice
- Paroxysmal Hemoglobinuria
- 3 :
Quinine Phenacetin Nitrites
Chlorates
4
Saponin
5
Grinding
Stirring Shaking Thawing
20 100 /
Slightly Hemolysis
Server Hemolysis
)
... LDH(
Aldolase LDH
) (GOT, GPT %2 10 100 /
LDH %10 10 100 /
.
4 2
.
) 20-(
.
:
- 1 .
-2
.
- 3
- 4
.
- 5 )(
- 6
Sex Hormones
:
) (Germ Cells ) .(Sex Hormones
.
) (Estrogens ) (Progesterone
) (Testosterone
) (Suprarenal Gland )
(Pituitary ) (Hypothalamus ) .(Nuclear Level
.
) (1 :
)( ) :(Testosterone
) (Dihydrotestosterone - DHT
) .(LH
:
) (Testosterone
.
" "
" ".
.
) (
) ( .
.
:
38-9 /.
3.8 - 0.35 / ) (.
3.5 /.
) 1.4 (.
: ) (LH .
:
) (.
.
.
- ) .(Stein - Levinthal Syndrome
:
.
) .(Kleinflter Syndrome
.
.
) (2 ) :(Female Sex Hormones
)( ) :(Estrogens
) (LH ) (FSH
) (Estradiol
.
) (Estradiol :
) ) (Follicular Phases 440-70 /.
) ) (Luteal Phases 620 - 220 /.
130.000 - 20.000 /.
330 -70 / ) (.
70 /.
: ) (Estradiol ) (FSH )
.(LH
)( ) :(Progesterone
) (Corpus Luteum
) (
.
:
) ( 6.4 -0.8 /.
) ( 80-8 /.
3.18 / ) (.
1.2 - 0.95 /.
1166 - 243 /.
: ) .(LH
)( ) (HCG ) :(Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
) (Pregnancy Test
) (HCG .
.
3
14 .
:
) ( 15 .
) (.
) (HCG :
.
) (Abortion ) (Imminent Abortion ) Incomplete
(Abortion ) (Inevitable Abortion ) (HCG .
) (1 ) (Gonadotrophins
) (Anterior Pituitary Gland
) (Sex Hormones ) (.
)( ) (LH ) (Luteinizing Hormone
) (LH ) (Hypothalamus
) (LH 8.4-1 /
) (LH 0.4 /.
) (LH :
) (Normal Menopause ) .(Premature Menopause
.
) (LH :
.
.
.
) .(Shihan Syndrome
)( ) (FSH ) (Follicle Stimulating Hormone
) (FSH ) (LH
.
) (FSH .
) (FSH ) (LH :
) (Infertility .
.
.
) (FSH .
) (FSH :
) .(Menopause
.
) .(Seminiferous Tublar Failure
) . (Climacteric
) .(Ovarian
) (FSH :
) (.
) .(Panhypopituitarism
) .(Anorexia Nervosa
) .(Hypogonadism
) (FSH ) (Follicular & Luteal Phases
12-2 /.
) (Ovulation 22-8 /.
) (FSH 10.5-1 /
) (FSH 2.5 /.
) (2 ) .(Prolactin
.
) (Follicular Phases ) Luteal
.(Phases
.
:
.
) (Amenorrhea ) .(Oligomenorrhea
) .(Oligospermia
.
) (Galactorrhea ) .(Gynecomastia
) .(Galactorrhea
.
.
.
25-4 /.
25 600 /.
17-6 /.
.
:
.
.
.
.
) (Phenothiazine
) (Haloperidol .
) (3 ) (GH ) :(Growth Hormone
.
) :(GH
) (Anabolic .
) (Lipolysis .
.
.
) (GH 0.48 /.
) (GH ) (Stress
) (GH .
) (GH :
) (Dwarfism
.
) (Gigantism 10 / ) (GH
.
) :(GH
) (Stress ) - - (.
.
) .(Gigantism
) -(.
) :(GH
.
.
.
) (Glucocorticoids .
Thyroid Hormones
:
) (Thyroid Gland
) (Follicular Cells -:
) T4( ) (Tetraiodothyronine-Thyroxine
) T3 ( )(Triiodothyronine
.
) T3 (T4 :
.1 :
.
.2 :
) (Bile Acids
.
.3 : ) (Anabolic Protein
) (Catabolic Protein
) (Negative Nitrogen Balance
.
.4 ) (.
.5 ) (Cretinism
.
.6 :
) (Thermogenesis
""
"".
:
)( ) (Hypothyroidism
T4
T4 T3
) (Myxoedema
.
) (Primary ) (Secondary
) (TSH .
) (TSH .
)( ) (Hyperthyroidism
)( %60-40
) (Hypocholesterolaemia ) (Hyperglycaemia )
.(Glucosuria
T4
T3 T4 ) (Thyrotoxicosis
) (Graves Disease .
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :
.1 T3 T4
) (T4
) (Thyroxine- Binding Globulin and Prealbumn
.
T4 12-5 100/ ) 156-65 /(.
T3 0.17-0.07 100 / ) 2.2 - 0.91/(
T3 T4 :
T3 T4 :
)( .
)( ) ( Thyroxine - Binding Protein TBG
)( .
)( .
)( T3
T3 T4 :
)( .
)( .
)( .
.2 ) (Free T4
) ( T4 ) (T4 ) (.
2.4-0.8100/ ) 0.03-0.01/(.
.
T3 (Resin ( Resin T3 uptake - RT3 U
) (T3
) ) (Resin (
) (T3 ) (Resin .
%35-25
.
.
T4 ) ( Free Thyroxine - FT4I
) (T4 ) (T4 ) (T3 (Rein ( RT3 u
.
.3 ) :(TSH) ( Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
) (Anterior Pituitary Gland
) ) (Hypothalamus - (
T3 T4 .
5-0.5 /.
TSH
.
) (TSH :
. . ) (. . Parathyroid Hormone
.
Parathyroid Hormone-PTH
).(Chief-Cells
) (PTH
) (PTH ) (++Ca .
) :(PTH
) (PTH
:
-1 :
) (PTH )(+HCO3,Pi,K
).(H+,NH4
) (Distal Renal Tubule
) (Proximal Renal Tubule .
-2 :
:
)( ) (Collagen ) (Osteogenesis
).(Osteobiast
( .
)
( ) (Osteolysis ). (Osteoblast
)
( ) (Osteoclast
)
) .(osteoblast
) (.
-3 ) (Gastrointestinal Tract
"".
) (RIA
83-30 /.
) (PTH .
) (PTH :
.1 ) .(Hyperparathyroidism
.2 .
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 ) (Alkaline Phosphatase
) (PTH
.
) (Insulin
:
) (
)( ) (Proinsulin ) (C-peptide
) / (Diabetes Mellitus
.
) (Ca++ .
:
:
.
) ( :
. . . ) 25 - 5 /(
) 0.5 - 0.05 /(.
) (C-peptide ) 4 - 1 /(.
.
:
) .(Insulinoma
.
:
.
.
.
.
) (1 ) (Aldosterone
) (Zona Granulosa
:
) (Renin - Angiotensin
) (ACTH ) (Adreno - Corticotrophic Hormone
.
) 9 - 4 100 / (
18 - 2 24 /.
) 24 ( .
:
.
.
.
:
.
.
.
:
) .(Carcinoma
:
) .(Salt Losing Nephritis . . . :
.
.
:
.1 ) ( )
(Conn's Disease .
.2 .
) (2 ) (Cortisol
.
.
) 744 - 165 /(.
) 358 - 83 /(.
:
:
.
.
.
.
.
)(
.
) .(Encephalitis
.
.
:
:
) .(Addison's Disease
.
.
) (3 ) :(ACTH) ( Adreno Corticotrophic Hormone
.
.
) (ACTH) ( Adreno Corticotrophic Hormone
.
) (ACTH ) 40 - 7 /
.
.
.
) :(ACTH
.
) .(Feed Back
) .(Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
- ) .(Lysine - Vasopressin
) :(ACTH
) .(Panhypopituitarism
.
"
:
.
110 70 100 12 8
150 120 100
) (Physiological Hyperglycaemia
.
) 18 12( 70 60 100
" " ) .(Physiological Hypoglycaemia
)( ) (:
) (Insulin )Anti-
(Insulin . ) (Glucagon ) (Adrenaline )
(Glucocorticoid ) (Growth Hormone ).(Thyroxine
.
.
)( .
:
) (Diabetes Mellitus :
.
:
.
.
" ".
:
:
- ) :(Hyperglycaemic Coma
.
:
-1 .
-2 ) ( .
-3 .
-4 .
) ) (Ketones Bodies
( .
.
- ) :(Hypoglycaemic Coma
60
100 .
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
.
) 24( .
( ):(Diabetes Mellitus
)
.
:
) (1 ) (Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ) :(IDDM
) (Type 40 30
) (IDDM .
) (2 ) (Non- Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
) :(NIDDM
) (Type
.
.
) ( .
)( :
-1 :
:
) ( ) (Fehling ) (Benedict
.
) (Strips ) (Glucose Oxidase .
) (Glucose Analyzer )(Glucose Oxidase
) (Oxygen Electrode
.
-2 ) :(Random Blood Glucose
.
-3 ) : (Fasting Blood Glucose
12 8
110 70 100 120
130 3
.
-4 ) :(Post Prandial Blood Glucose
) 75 (
.
140 .
-5 ) (Glucose Tolerance Test
) :(GTT
.
12 8 75
) 1 ( 3
.
110 70 130 120
2 3
" " ) (Insulin Shot .
130 180
.
3 2
.
-6 ) (Glycosylated Haemoglobin - HbA 1c
)( ) (Haem ) (
A1c
%10 - 5 ) .(HbA1c
) (HbA1c
120 %8 - 5
.
-7 ) :(Fructosamine
20 - 15 .
) (Glycosylated Proteins
.
)( :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 )
103 105 (
.
-4
.
-5 .
-6 .
-7 ) (.
:
-1 .
-2
. .
-3 .
: :
)( :
.
.
.
8 - 6 100 ) 80 - 60 / (.
.
)( :
.
5.5 - 3.5 100 / ) 55 - 35 / ( .
:
. . . . :
. . . . . .)( :
:
.
3.6 - 2 100 / ) 36 - 20 / ( .
:
:
. :
:
)( :
.
.
0.6 - 0.2 100 / ) 6 - 2 / ( .
:
:
:
:
: ) ( :
=
=
) - + (
=
-
2 1
.
) ( A/G .
) (2 :
) (Y.GT ) (ALT/GPT ) (AST/GOT .
) ( :
)( ) (AST/GOT ) (ALT/GPT
.
) (GPT 45 / .
) (GOT 41 / .
.
) (GPT ) (GOT
) (GOT .
" " 6 .
)( . ) : (Y - GT
30
25
50 .
-:
)() (3 :
)( )(ALP
" " .
) (PH 7
71 - 24 /
) 30( 350 /
:
-:
. . :
)( :
) ( ID - BIL )
( D - BIL .
) ( T- BIL
19 - 3.5 /
7 /.
-:
:
-
" " .
" "
" "
" "
" " .
:
.
- .
Kidney Function Tests
:
) (1 ) : (Urea
.
) (NH3 .
%50
.
40 - 20 100 / ) 7 - 3.5 / (
(Blood Urea Nitrogen ( BUN 25 - 8 100 / ) 8.9 - 0.9
/ (
40 - 20 100 / 15 - 5 100 /
20 - 5 100 / .
:
:
:
:
Hepatic Coma
Hemodialysis
.
Cachexia Malnutrition Starvation
:
.
:
.
) (2 : Creatinine
Anhydrous
Creatine Phosphocreatine
24
.
1.5 - 0.5 100 ) 123 - 60 / (
1.5 24 /
1.0 24 /
:
0.5 100 / .
) (3 :Creatinine Clearance Test
24
24 .
140 - 90 /
125 - 80 /
Creatinine Clearance :
Uc Tv
=C
Sc 60 24
Uc
Sc
Tv 24
24
60
:
Water Depletion -
) (4 ) ( ) ( Uric Acid
Purine
Adinine .Guanine
.
7 - 3 100 ) 0.53 - 0.18 / (
6 - 2 ) 0.45 - 0.15 / ( .
% 80
.
700 - 300 24 / ) 3.6 - 2.1 24 / (
) ( ) (
24 .
:
Gout Pre - Eclampsia &Eclampsia Leukaemia Glycogen Storage Disease - Type 1 Alcoholism :
Allpurinol Probenicid .
: Total Lipids
) ( )
(
:
) (Triglyceride ) (Fatty Acids ) (Waxes ) (Steroid
) (Terpenes
) (Cholesterol
) (Triglyceride ) (Phospholipids ) (Fatty Acids
1000 - 450 100 / ) 10 - 4.5 (
.
)( " :"CHO
"" ) . (Bile Acids
) (Lipoproteins
.
)( .
:
:
:
.
( " : "TG
% 90 ) ) (Chylomicron
( % 10 ) Very Low Density
(Lipoprotein - VLDL
.
:
:
) LDL ( -:
) (Fatty Liver
: Lipoproteins Analysis
:
) (Chylomicrons ) (VLDL ) (LDL- Low Density Lipoproteins ) (HDL - High Density Lipoproteins -:
)( ) (HDL - High Density Lipoproteins
HDL ) ( - lipoprotein 45 - % 25
%
HDL HDL
.
HDL HDL
HDL
.
HDL .
HDL 40 100 / ) 0.83 2.5 /(
)( )(LDL- Low Density Lipoproteins
) ( - Lipoproteins
% 75 - 50 LDL
LDL HDL .
LDL 180 100 / ) 3.88 - 0.5 /(
LDL :
LDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) = Total Cholesterol - HDL Cholesterol - Triglyceride
5
Triglyceride mg/dl 400
LDL :
LDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) = Total Cholesterol - HDL Cholesterol - Triglyceride
22
:
Triglyceride
LDL Cholesterol
HDL Cholesterol
Total Cholesterol
MCH
? What effect would the use of abuffer with a PH of 6.0 have on a Wright stained smear
. RBC's would be too pink --Which of the following red - cell inclusions can be detected with a supravital perparation that uses new
methylene -blue Nas the dye reagent but are not visible with Romanowsky stain
Heinz bodies --Which of the following contain RNA and are usually identified by staining with brilliant cresyl blue or new
methylene blue
. Reticulocytes --: Astudent cosistently makes peripheral blood smears that are too thin . you instruct the student to try
(patieant platelet - poor plasma (PPP --Which is the following conditions can cause a prolonged thrombin
clotting time
Pro thrombin deficiency --The most common generalized
: hemostiatic disorder is
liver disease --Red blood cells morphology characteristic of multiple myeloma
Rouleaux --All of the peripheral blood smears made by a certain clinical laboratory technician are too thick . Which of
the following corrective actions should be
:taken
Lower the angle of the spreader slide to 45 degrees --Which of the following cells may be found only in ascitic fluid
Mesothelial cells --The first of 3 tubes of CSF appearspink
and cloudy the remaining 2 tubes appear to be clear and colorless This is indicative of a/an
traumatic tap --secondary granules first appear in which stage of neutrophilic development
Myelocyte --A supravital stain must be used to demonstrate the presence of
reticulum
An erroneously high spin hematocrit can be caused by
reading the buffy coat as the part of the packed -cell portion
When quantitating serum protein using the biuret reaction , the biuret -7
: reagent is reacting with
Peptide bonds in proteins Which one of the following protein fractions , when separated in serum by -8
? electrophoresis on cellulose acetate , contains a single protein
Albumin : Osmolality measurements determine the -9
Moles of dissolved solutes per kilogram of solvent When using an automated instrument , the amount of carryover between -10
: consecutive samples is not affected by
Using a serum plank A serum sample is diluted 1 to 3, 1:3 before analysis and the following -11
: results obtained
Total protein 4.1 g /dl
Albumin - 1.5 - g/dl
? Which total protein concentration should be reported
g/dl 12.3 : In an adult , a blood glucose level of 35 mg /dl is -12
Dangerously low Measurements of urinary human chorionic gondotropin (HCG) in men can be -13
: used
Detect testicular tumors :Xanthochromic cerebrospinal fluid is an indicator of -14
Cerebral hemorrhage A creatinine clearance result below the normal reference range most likely -15
: indicates a decrease in
Renal glomerular filtration A physician suspects that a patient has Cushing syndrome . Based on this -16
? information , which of the following tests would assist in this diagnosis
Cortisol level Identify the results that are not in electrolyte balance . ( Results are in -17
( mmol/L
Na : 145 K : 4.0 CL :90 CO2 :15 Which of the following urine specimens is most useful when screening for -18
: glucoseuria
hour postprandial specimens 2 What is the longest time that a urine specimen can remain at room -19
? temperature before it is no longer considered acceptable for analysis
hour 2 Which of the following situations requires corrective action before -20
? proceeding with specimen testing
Reagent strip protein result is trace when using negative control material Which protein test is not able to detect immunoglobulin light chains in -21
? urine
. Reagent strip protein test Which of the following sets of the urinalysis results , physical appearance -22
and SG is physiologically possible and indicates a concentrated urine
SG = 1.030 , Color = yellow -
Urine sediment that contains red blood cells , red blood cell cast , protein , is -23
: characteristic of
. Acute glomerulonephritis Hyaline casts are found in increased numbers in the urine sediment -24
Following strenuous exercise Which of the following urinalysis findings include contradictory results that -25
[: should not be reported
PH 6.0 - bilirubin: Positive - ammonium biurate crystals The following crystals are observed in a randomly collected urine specimen -26
: with a pH of 7.0
Triple phosphate When present in the urine . which the following substances could cause -27
: false- positive reagent strip blood results
Myoglobin Which of the following analytes can deteriorate if a blood specimen is -28
: exposed to light
Bilirubin Which of the following collection tubes is the specimen of choice for the -29
: determination of glycated hemoglobin
EDTA tube Which of the following serum samples is satisfactory for alkaline -30
phosphatase measurement
. Sample maintained at room temperature for 2 hours Which of the following changes occurs in a serum specimen that is -31
: maintained at 4 C for 8 hours
Alkaline phosphatase activity increased A centrifuge is loaded with patient samples and turned on . it begins to -32
vibrate and dance across the table top . which of the following statements best
?accounts for this observation
. The tubes are not balanced in the carriers Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the conversion of glucose to -33
: hydrogen peroxide and gluconic acid
Glucose oxidase Which of the following constituents has the greatest effect on serum -34
: osmolality
Sodium When iontophoresis is used to collect sweat for chloride analysis , -35
:pilocarpine is used to
Induce sweat secretion :Which of the following methods is not used to quantitate serum albumin -36
Sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) precipitation If moderately hemolyzed serum specimen is used for protein -37
: electrophoresis , which of the following protein fractions will be elevated
Beta globulin : the normal ratio of bicarbonate ion to carbonic acid in arterial blood is 38
1 : 20 : Increased serum uric acid is found in each the following conditions except -38
Hypothyroidism -
If LDL receptors are nonfunctional due to disease .the plasma level of which -39
?lipid would increase the most
Cholesterol Which of the following enzymes provides the best indication of obstructive -40
liver disease
Alkaline phosphatase : Urine preservation by refrigeration can cause -41
. Increased turbidity due to precipitate of solutes Which of the following tests is not used to assess the kidney ability to -42
? concentrate the urine
PH Which of these sugars cannot be detected in urine using the copper -43
: reduction test
Sucrose All of the following substances can affect the detection of urine glucose -44
:using reagent strips except
Galactose The presence of waxy casts in urine sediment and a fixed urine SG of 1.010 -45
: correlates best with
renal failure urine sediment that contains free fat globules and fatty casts is -46
:characteristic of
. the nephritic syndrome serum total protein results obtained using the biuret reaction can be falsely -47
: increased it
. The specimen is hemolyzed : An enzyme assay that shows substrate depletion should be repeated using -48
Less sample Which of the following urinalysis results is considered " abnormal" clinically -49
: significant
Bilirubin === small Which of the following terms is considered in appropriate for reporting urine -50
: color
[Bloody [/align -
fermentation bacteria
CLED Agar
Used on Urine samples
for G+Ve and G-Ve bacteria
properties:- Inhibition Proteus Swarming Species on this media like
Mac Conkey media
CLED in the upper part of the media which seen in the picture below
and the other one is Horse blood agar
XLD medium
Used on stool sample
XLD selective media for G -ve bacteria
and differential for lactose ferment and non lactose ferment
Chocolate Agar
for Haemophilus & Neissria
and also another bacteria which grow in blood agar can grow in this
agar easily
" sputum , Eye , Ear , blood , nasal , csf sample "
Blood Agar
"sputum , Eye , Ear , nasal , blood , wound , vagina"
Most of the bacteria can grow in this media
and we dont use this media in stool sample
DNase Agar
Biochemical test
used for differentiate between Staph.aureus and Staph species
T.C.B.S medium
for Vibrio Species
The high of PH in this media allows growing of vibrio SSP
CLED Agar
Used on Urine samples
for G+Ve and G-Ve bacteria
properties:- Inhibition Proteus Swarming Species on this media like
Mac Conkey media
CLED in the upper part of the media which seen in the picture below
and the other one is Horse blood agar
XLD medium
Used on stool sample
XLD selective media for G -ve bacteria
and differential for lactose ferment and non lactose ferment
Chocolate Agar
for Haemophilus & Neissria
and also another bacteria which grow in blood agar can grow in this
agar easily
" sputum , Eye , Ear , blood , nasal , csf sample "
Blood Agar
"sputum , Eye , Ear , nasal , blood , wound , vagina"
Most of the bacteria can grow in this media
and we dont use this media in stool sample
DNase Agar
Biochemical test
used for differentiate between Staph.aureus and Staph species
T.C.B.S medium
for Vibrio Species
The high of PH in this media allows growing of vibrio SSP
CLED Agar
Used on Urine samples
for G+Ve and G-Ve bacteria
properties:- Inhibition Proteus Swarming Species on this media like
Mac Conkey media
CLED in the upper part of the media which seen in the picture below
and the other one is Horse blood agar
XLD medium
Used on stool sample
XLD selective media for G -ve bacteria
and differential for lactose ferment and non lactose ferment
Chocolate Agar
for Haemophilus & Neissria
and also another bacteria which grow in blood agar can grow in this
agar easily
" sputum , Eye , Ear , blood , nasal , csf sample "
Blood Agar
"sputum , Eye , Ear , nasal , blood , wound , vagina"
Most of the bacteria can grow in this media
and we dont use this media in stool sample
DNase Agar
Biochemical test
used for differentiate between Staph.aureus and Staph species
T.C.B.S medium
for Vibrio Species
The high of PH in this media allows growing of vibrio SSP
][align=center
][align/
:
:
:
.
: Bacillus
: Bacillus anthracis
+G
.
:
-1 : - . - 37 .
-2 .
-3 ) (.
-4 ) ) .
: :
-1 ) ( <<<< .
= = = -2 <<< .
) = = -3 ( <<< .
= = = = -4 <<< .
-1:
1 .
-2 .
-3 . H2S
3 :
-1 -2 . -3 . ) ( .
:
-1 .
-2 +
.
. PCR -4
-5 .
-6 . PA
-7 .
-8 ) ( .
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
. PCR -5
-6 .
:
-1 .
-2 .
:
-1 .
-2
: Clostridium
) ( :
-1 .
-2
.
-3
.
-4
.
A : Clostridium tetani
+G
.
-1 : .
-2 : 9 + = 10
.
:
-1 : - . - ) ( . -
.
-2 .
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 :
<<< Antitoxin
<<< .
:
-1 -Antitoxin . 2 -3 . .
-B : Clostridium botulinum
+G ) ( .
-1 : .
-2 .
-3 : - . - . - .
-4 ) (
) ( .
-5 .
-6 . A
:
-1 .
-2 . H2S
-3 .
: ) ( .
:
-1 Antitoxin A B . C
-2 .
C Clostridium welchi : Clostridiumperfringe
+G .
-1:
1 ) ( ... .
-2 .
-3
.
:
-1 .
-2 : - . - .
-3 .
-4 .
:
-1 : + .
-2 : <<< .
-3 ) (
.
-4 <<< .
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 : .
-4 : .
D : Clostridium difficili
-1 :
1 -2 . .
:
-1 .
-2 ) (
:
:
: .
: Corynebacteria
+G
:
A : Corynebacterium diphtheriae
+G
V L
.
<<<
) ( :
<<< +G .
<<< G .
-1 : .
-2 :
: .
- : 3 :
<<< .
<<< .
<<
.
1:
1 <<< .
-2 <<< .
-3 ) ( .
-4 .
-5 <<< .
:
-1 . Antitoxin
-2 .
B : Corynebacterium diphtheroide
+G .
Listria
: Listria monocytogen
+G 37 . 22
:
-1 .
-2 )
(
<<< .
-1 : .
-2 <<< 22 . 37
-3 .
-4 .
-5
= : :
.
:
-1 : +G
) ( +La ) (-La .
-2 ) EMB : ( Ethyl Methyl Blue
.
-3 ) SS ( :
.
G -1 : -2 . -3 . -4 . .
-E.coli . 6 -5 .
* 5 6 +La 1 2 3 4 . - La
* 3 4 5 6 1 2 .
: - G
-1 ) ( ... <<< . -G
-2 :
- . SS
- . EMB
SS :
-1 <<< La+>>> E.coli .
<<< .
-2 <<< <<<- La .
: -La
-1 : ) ( .
-2 : :
- :
.
- : .
-3 : ) ( H2S
.
-4 : H2S
.
.
:
:
-1 ) ( <<< .
-2 ) ( <<< E.coli .
-3 ) ( <<<
.
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4
A : Escherichia Coli
) 1 (10) 10 ( G
)
( ) ( .
O157 :
95% O157 .
:
-1 .
-2 EMB +La
. EMB
-3 ) (
.
-4 : .
:
-1 <<< .
-2 <<< .
-3 + .
B Klebsiella
: Klebsiella Pneumoniae
+G - La <<<
.
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 <<< ) . (+La
: .
C : Salmonellae
:
Salmonellae Typhi .1 .
Salmonellae paratyphi A .2 . A
Salmonellae paratyphi B .3 . B
:
:
-1 -O . 2 ) ( . H
:
:
- ) ( :
-1 : .
-2 : .
- : .
: :
-1 -2 . -3 . .
:
-1 .
-2 .
S.Typhi - :
-G H2S
.
:
:
-1 .
-2 <<< EMB . - La
-3 <<< <<< .
-4 O H ) Vi ( .
-5 ) O . ( H
:
-1 -2 . -3 . + .
- : S.enteritidis
:
.
D : Shigellae
-G - La .
:
) . ( ...
:
-1 .
-2 EMB . -SS >>> La
-3 <<< ) (
. H2S
-4 . O
E ) ( : Proteus
G- La )
( .
.
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 EMB <<< . -La
-4 ) <<< (TSI ) ( . H2S
-5 . +
F : Pseudomonas
-G ) ( .
: P.aeruginosa :
-1 -2 . .
:
-1 .
-2 EMB <<< . -La
-3 .
-4 +
Vibrio
) ( .
:
-1 ) ( :V. cholerae .
-2 .V.Eltor
-3 . V.Faetus
-4 : V. parahemolyticus
NaCl 8% .
:
.
:
-1 .
-2 ) ( pH = 9 9.5 .
-3
HCL ) ( .
-4 .
:
-1 -H . 2 ) ( . O
:
-1 :
<<<
<<< .
-2 :
- ) ( ,
- <<< .
- ) ( T.C.B.S
.
- )
H2S .
Bacteroides
.
:
-1 .Bacteroides fragilis
. Bacteroides melaninogenicus -2
.
:
-1 -2 . .
: :
A : Brucellae
.
:
-1 ) %10
( .
-2 ) (
.
.
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
B : Yarsinia
:
-1 :Yarsinia pestis
)
(
.
:
.
:
-1 ) ( .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 : ) ( .
: .
-2 : Yarsinia pseudotuberculosis
. 22
-3 :Yarsinia enterocolitica
.
C : Francisella
:
: F. tularensis
.
:
.
:
-1 : .
-2 :
5-3 .
-3 :
- ) ( .
- .
Laboratory of medical parasites
.
-:
.1 direct examination
.2 indirect examination
-:
.
-:direct stool examination
.
-:
macroscopic examination
.
microscopic examination
-:
.1 normal salin
.2 iodine solution stain
.3 hematoxykin
.
constration method
.
.
.1)(-:flotation
)( zinc suiphate flotation
)(1.18 .
: 1
.
.2 -:sedimentation
.
-:direct blood examination
) (blood film
.
-:blood film
thine blood film.1
.
thick blood film.2
1
.
-:blood film
.1 .Leishman stain
.2 .Giemsa stain
.3 Field stain
Eosine
-:indirect blood examination
.1 Immunoserological test
.Antibodies
.Complement fixation test.2
.Haemgglutination test.3
.Immunofluorecnt test.4
.Elisa assay.5
-:Culture
) (NNN
(Novy)Mac NealanNicolle
.
.trypanosoma
)
][align/
RBCs Packed Cells
: Principle of the test
Antibodies
Reaction
.
Control
.
Cross Matching
:
: Cross Matching
.1 One Tube )( Blood Unit
.
.2 drops 2 Patient Serum
.3 drops 2 )( Dilution of
Cells (blood) of donor
.4 drops 2 . Bovine Albumin
Patient Control
.1 One Tube Control
Cross Matching
.
.2 drops 2 Patient Serum
.3 drops 2 Patient Cells
.4 drops 2 . Bovine Albumin
:
.1 ) Cross Matching ( Patient
30
) Control ( Incubator 37
.
.2 Washing ) Cross Matching Tube (Patient Control Tube
Normal Saline .
.3 drops 2 Coombs Serum
. (Anti Human globulin (AHG
.4 Centrifuge 15-10
Mix .
.5
NonAgglutination Compatible Agglutination
. Incompatible
Agglutination Cross
Matching
Cross Matching Warm Technique
) ( Cross Matching
.
37
: Cross Matching
Compatible
Washing
) Anti Human globulin) AHG
Non Agglutination
((Compatible
(Coombs Control Cell (CCC
AHG AHG
(+) Agglutination
Incompatible
Washing
AHG
). Agglutination(+
]]align=center
[[aldl]http://www.moq3.com/pics/up_2007/01_2007/bf42204e45.jpg[/aldl
Agglutination
][aldl]http://www.moq3.com/pics/up_2007/01_2007/0c8a132c70.jpg[/aldl
]aldl]http://www.moq3.com/pics/up_2007/01_2007/20f032b2fc.jpg[/aldl][/align