ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES

GRAMMAR
ACTIVITIES

BACHILLERATO
INDEX

TENSES PG 1- 4

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES PG 5-9

RELATIVE CLAUSES PG 10 - 15

PASSIVE PG 16 - 20

REPORTED SPEECH PG 21 - 26

MODAL VERBS PG 27 - 33

ING- / TO INFINITIVE STRUCTURES PG 34 - 38

UNREAL TIME / SUBJUNCTIVE PG 39 - 40

USED TO/ BE USED TO / GET USED TO PG 41 - 42

LINKING WORDS PG 43 - 49

QUESTION FORMATION PG 50 - 53

SENTENCE FORMATION PG 54 - 55

INVERSION PG 56

EMPHASIS PG 57-58
 TENSE REVISION

Present Simple and Present Continuous

1 Choose the correct answer. 6 Kate her history book at the moment.
1 I usually jeans for school. a isn’t reading
a am wearing b doesn’t read
b wear c don’t read
c wears
7 What about now?
2 she his name? a do you think
a Is … remembering b are you thinking
b Do … remember c you are think
c Does … remember 8 Please listen. We to tell you something.
3 Nancy is on the phone. Who to? a try
a is she talking b don’t try
b does she talk c are trying
c she talks 9 What music to? It sounds nice.
4 That ice cream delicious. a do you listen
a looks b are you listening
b is looking c you are listening
c look 10 Matthew basketball on Sundays.
5 We rarely films. a doesn’t play
a am watching b isn’t playing
b don’t watch c don’t play
c watch
2 Complete with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous.
1 My mother is driving (drive), so she can’t talk on the phone.
2 Where does Cathy work (work) most days?
3 Larry knows (know) how to play that video game.
4 I’m sorry, but I don’t understand (not understand) what you’re saying.
5 What are you waiting (wait) for? It’s time to go!
6 I never get up (get up) early on Saturdays.
3 Write sentences with the words below. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous.
1 walk / we / twice a day / our dog / . We walk our dog twice a day.
2 this week / not / Nicole / bake / a cake / . Nicole isn’t baking a cake this week.
3 good / this hamburger / taste / not / . This hamburger doesn’t taste good.
4 they / how often / their grandparents / visit / ? How often do they visit their grandparents?
5 to bring a pen / Tom / forget / always / . Tom always forgets to bring a pen.
6 look for / your glasses / you / ? Are you looking for your glasses?

4 Rewrite using the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Do not change the meaning of the original sentence.
1 In my opinion, what you’ve told me isn’t true. (believe) I don’t believe you.
2 What is the price of apples in this shop? (cost) How much do the apples in this shop cost?
3 We’ll discuss this during lunch. (while) We’ll discuss this while we’re having lunch.
4 The child is happy at the moment. (crying) The child isn’t crying at the moment.
5 That notebook isn’t mine. (belong) That notebook doesn’t belong to me
PG 1
6 Do you think this festival is fun? (enjoying) Are you enjoying this festival?

Pg 1
Past Simple and Past Continuous
1 Choose the correct answer. 6 Ethan well last night.
1 We had to be quiet because Annie and Rose . a didn’t sleep b wasn’t sleeping
a studied b were studying 7 What when he left the house?
2 I my suitcase at the train station. a did John wear b was John wearing
a lost b was losing 8 Carol on the way to school?
3 in time for the party? a Did you see b Were you seeing
a Did Ronald return b Was Ronald returning 9 Karen TV when I got home.
4 No cars , so we crossed the street. a didn’t watch b wasn’t watching
a came b were coming 10 My sister to France yesterday.
5 Yvonne fell while she a ladder. a flew b was flying
a climbed b was climbing

2 Write a suitable question for each answer below. Pay attention to the words in bold.
1 Those men were selling old furniture. What were those men selling?
2 No, I wasn’t writing you a note when you came in. Were you writing me a note when I came in?
3 Vicky was laughing because she was reading a funny story. Why was Vicky laughing?
4 We won the basketball game last night. When did you win the basketball game?
5 They went to the music festival at the weekend. When did they go to the music festival?
6 I met Jack last year. Who did you meet last year?

3 Write sentences with the words below. Use the Past Simple or the Past Continuous.
1 while / he / Nick / find / 50 euros / to school / walk / . While Nick was walking to school, he
found 50 euros. / While he was walking to school, Nick found 50 euros.
2 at 9.00 / do / what / you / ? What were you doing at 9.00?
3 not listen / Cindy / the teacher / speak / while / . Cindy wasn’t listening while the teacher was speaking.
4 pay / how much / for her phone / Lynn / ? How much did Lynn pay for her phone?
5 I / my leg / dance / break / I / when / . I was dancing when I broke my leg.
6 anyone new / we / at the party / not meet / . We didn’t meet anyone new at the party.

4 Complete with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple or the Past Continuous.
We 1 decided (decide) to go shopping in town yesterday morning, but when we 2 arrived (arrive), there was
nowhere to park. While we 3 were looking (look) for a place, we 4 saw (see) a woman walking. We 5 realized
(realise) that she 6 was walking (walk) towards her car. We 7 followed (follow) her to her car and then waited to
take her parking place. We sat there for a long time while she 8 was getting (get) ready to leave. However, as
she 9 came (come) out of her parking place, her car 10 hit (hit) ours. Because of that, we 11 didn’t park (not park)
and we 12 didn’t go (not go) shopping.

5 Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. Do not change the meaning of the
original sentence.
1 We didn’t have a picnic because of the rain. (was) We didn’t have a picnic because it was raining.
2 Francine began to feel ill during lunch. (eating) Francine began to feel ill while she was / we were eating lunch
3 There wasn’t a month last winter when we didn’t go skiing. (every month) We went skiing every month last
winter. / Last winter, we went skiing every month
4 We watched the movie from 8.00 to 10.00. (at 9.15) We were watching the movie at 9.15.
5 Martin forgot his girlfriend’s birthday. (remember) Martin didn’t remember his girlfriend’s birthday.
6 In the middle of the match, Jane called me. (watching) While I was watching the match, Jane called me. PG 2

Pg 2
Past Simple, Present Perfect Simple, Past Perfect Simple
1 Choose the correct answer. 6 We anything exciting last summer.
1 I these boots a month ago. a didn’t do b haven’t done
a bought b have bought 7 Vivian here since 2013.
2 Anna that film yet. a has worked b worked
a didn’t see b hasn’t seen 8 I Suzy for three years.
3 you ever a horse? a knew b have known
a Did … ride b Have … ridden 9 My mother as a waitress when she was
4 I here since I was born. a student.
a lived b have lived a worked b has worked
5 Peter all his exams so far. 10 each other before?
a has passed b passed a Have you met b Did you meet

2 Complete with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple or the Past Perfect Simple.
1 Everyone had eaten (eat) by the time we arrived (arrive).
2 Toby didn’t get (not get) lost because I had given (give) him our address.
3 Did you know (know) how to make pasta after you had taken (take) a cooking course?
4 Had Garry cleaned (clean) the house before you came (come) home?
5 They had left (leave) before we had (have) a chance to say goodbye.
6 Martha felt (feel) cold because she hadn’t brought (not bring) a coat.

3 Write sentences with the words below. Use the Past Simple, Present Perfect Simple or Past Perfect Simple.
1 By the time / the trip / end, / I / spend / everything / . By the time the trip ended, I had spent everything.
2 Robin / never / be / to Paris / . Robin has never been to Paris.
3 I / not see / Jenny / at school / yesterday / . I didn’t see Jenny at school yesterday.
4 Some students / already / finish / their tests / . Some students have already finished their tests.
5 you / tell / your parents / about your mark / yet / ? Have you told your parents about your mark yet?
6 We / buy / this house / many years ago / . We bought this house many years ago.

4 Complete with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple, the Present Perfect Simple or the
Past Perfect Simple.
I 1 have never liked (never / like) classical music, but my uncle 2 has always loved (always / love) it. Last week, I 3
agreed (agree) to go with him to a Mozart concert in an old church. When the musicians 4 began (begin) to play, I was
amazed because they 5 sounded (sound) fantastic. Without knowing why, I actually 6 found (find) myself enjoying the
music. Perhaps it was because I 7 had never heard (never / hear) music in such a beautiful place, or maybe the concert
my uncle 8 had chosen (choose) was special. In any case, I was glad that I 9 had decided (decide) to go with him.
Since the concert, I 10 have changed (change) my mind about classical music, but I 11 haven’t listened (not listen) to
any more Mozart yet!
5 Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. Do not change the meaning of the original sentence.
1 I phoned Jason a moment ago. (just) I have just phoned Jason.
2 The last time Terry was in London was in 2015. (been) Terry hasn’t been in London since 2015.
3 How long has Lara known Stuart? (meet) When did Lara meet Stuart?
4 Alice packed her bags and left immediately. (as soon as) Alice left as soon as she had packed her bags.
PG 3

Pg 3
Future Tenses
1 Choose the correct answer. 5 Don’t hold the baby like that. She !a
1 I’m sure that you the show. is falling b is going to fall
a will enjoy b are enjoying 6 Don’t go alone. I with you.
2 My favourite band in town this summer. a will come b am going to come
a will be b is going to be 7 Do you think that you rich one day?
3 I Bob for coffee tomorrow. a will be b are going to be
a will meet b am meeting 8 When for Lisbon?
4 Marilyn university next year. a will they leave b are they leaving
a won’t start b isn’t going to start

2 Complete the mini-dialogues using the verbs in brackets. Use the Future Simple, be going to or the
Present Continuous. There may be more than one possible answer.
1 A: Should I wear my boots? B: Yes, you should. It is going to snow (snow) later.
2 A: Do you want to go on the school trip? B: Of course. I think it will be (be) great!
3 A: It’s so cold in here. B: I will close (close) the window.
4 A: Have you got plans for the weekend? B: Yes. My friends and I are going / are going to go (go) camping.
5 A: How about going to the cinema? B:Sorry, I can’t. I am visiting / am going to visit (visit) my cousins this evening.
6 A: I forgot to bring lunch. B: Don’t worry. I will give (give) you my sandwich.
7 A: Have you solved the problem yet? B: No. We are discussing / are going to discuss (discuss) it at next
week’s meeting.
8 A: Can we ask Kylie what she thinks?
B: Of course. I promise that I will speak (speak) to her tonight.

3 Write sentences with the words below. Use the Future Simple, be going to or the Present Continuous. There may
be more than one possible answer.
1 study / next year / I / at a different school / . I am going to study at a different school next year. /Next year, I am going
to study at a different school.
2 Be careful! on that ice / you / fall / . You are going to fall on that ice.
3 I / in a minute / take / home / you / . I will take you home in a minute.
4 Ted and Tricia / next month / get married / . Ted and Tricia are getting / are going to get married next month.
5 I’m sure that / fly / people / to Mars / in the future / . I’m sure that people will fly to Mars in the future.
6 again / we / meet / probably / . We will probably meet again.
7 do you think / rich / one day / you / be / ? Do you think you will be rich one day?
8 next summer / travel / Cynthia / around Europe / . Cynthia is going to travel around Europe next summer. /
Next summer, Cynthia is going to travel around Europe.
9 move / we / next week / into our new flat / . We are moving / are going to move into our new flat next week. /
Next week, we are moving / are going to move into our new flat.
10 I promise / fix / tomorrow / I / your bicycle / . I promise I will fix your bicycle tomorrow.

4 Rewrite the sentences. Use the Future Simple, be going to or the Present Continuous. There may be more than
one possible answer.
1 We’ve decided to see a doctor tomorrow. (seeing) We are seeing a doctor tomorrow.
2 I promise to bring your book tomorrow. (that) I promise that I will bring your book tomorrow.
3 Watch out! That dog is about to jump on you. (going) That dog is going to jump on you
4 That table looks heavy. Let me help you move it. (I) will help you move it.
5 What is Suzy going to bring to the party tonight? (bringing) What is Suzy bringing to the party tonight?
6 I’m sure of your success in the exam next week. (succeed) I’m sure you will succeed in the exam next week.
PG 4

Pg 4
 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Una oración condicional tiene dos partes: la condición (que incluye if o unless) y el resultado. La condición puede ir delante o
detrás del resultado, pero si va delante va seguida por una coma.
If she fails, she will be
disappointed. She will be
disappointed if she fails.

Existen los siguientes tipos de oraciones condicionales y cada una de ellas lleva unos tiempos verbales determinados.

If Main Clause

Zero Conditional Present Simple Present Simple (General Truths)

Imperative (no subject)
Modals (can, may, must)
If it rains, the streets wet wet (General Truths)
If it rains, take your umbrella. Imperative
If it rains, you must stay home. Modals

For General Truths If can be replaced by When o Whenever: When/Whenever it rains, The streets get wet

1st Present Simple Will + Infinitive

(Real)
If you study, you will pass

Algunas expresiones temporales sirven para introducir oraciones con sentido de futuro pero deben ir seguidas de un verbo en
presente:
after till when the moment before as soon as
once until as long as by the time
After you read this, you’ll know what I’m talking about After sustituiría a If
He’ll be able to get the driving license when he is 18. When sustituye a If

2nd Past Simple* Would + Infinitive

(Hypothetical)
If I went to Italy, I would be happy

En lugar de would podemos usar could y might. Could y might indican que el resultado es más improbable.
* Si el verbo de la oración condicional es to be, se suele utilizar were en todas las personas. Was puede aparecer en contextos
informales pero nunca con I
If I were in a similar situation, I would do the
same. I wouldn’t eat fish unless I was extremely
hungry

3rd Past Perfect Would Have + Participle

(Impossible; it refers to the past)

If you hadn’t listened to me, you would have made a mistake

*Recuerda que Will y Would nunca pueden ir en la oración subordinada con If.

Unless se utiliza para introducir una condición negativa (= IF NOT) y se traduce por ‘a no ser que’, Indica una excepción a
algo que decimos.
Recuerda: If + Sujeto + Verbo negativo = Unless + Sujeto + Verbo afirmativo

We will stay at home if she doesn’t phone.

= We will stay at home unless she phones.

PG 5
1) Choose the correct answer.

1. You will miss the train unless you ….. .

a. hurry b. don’t hurry
2. Phone me if you.......ready.
a. are b. will be
3. You.......regret it if you take a holiday in Wales.
a. don’t b. won’t
4. If you pour oil on water, it ….. .
a. floats b. floated
5. I didn’t have any food. If I.......some I would have given it to you.
a. had b. had had
6. I wouldn’t do this if I.......to.
a. didn’t have b. don’t have
7. I would choose my friends more carefully if I.......you.
a. were b. had been
8. If drivers kept their distance on the roads, there.......fewer accidents.
a. will be b. would be
9. If they.......me, I would have helped them.
a. asked b. had asked
10. If she.......so many piercings, she wouldn’t have died.
a. hadn’t had b. didn’t have
11. If they hadn’t stopped on the way, they.......the accident.
a. would have avoided b. would avoid
12. If they hadn’t put out the fire, the building ….. .
a. would have destroyed b. would have been destroyed.
13.you finish your homework, you can go out.
a. unless b. if
14. We would have arrived on time if there.......a traffic jam.
a. weren’t b. hadn’t been
15. He would enjoy himself more if he just ….. .
a. relaxed b. had relaxed
16. You will fall if you.......careful.
a. not be b. aren’t
17. If Peter.......me with respect, I would like him more.
a. treats b. treated
18. Lisa will buy the ring if her mother.......her the money.
a. gives b. will give
19. If you.......here, you would have seen the concert.
a. had been b. were
20.you come home, I’ll give you your book.
a. if b. unless
21. If we.......by coach, we would get on time.
a. go b. went
22. If you had rung, we.......to meet.
a. would have arranged b. would arrange
23. If we.......a calculator, we wouldn’t be able to work this out.
a. didn’t have b. hadn’t
24. A porter.......if you ring the bell.
a. will come b. came
25. It would be awful if you.......your passport.
a. loses b. lost
26. If the picture.......valuable, we will sell it.
a. were b. is
27. If we.......at seven, we’d have plenty of time.
a. met b. meet
28. I can’t see unless I.......my glasses.
a. don’t wear b. wear
29. I wouldn’t ride a bike if I.......a helmet.
a. didn’t have b. haven’t
30. If we.......the match, we would have got through the final.
a. had won b. would win
PG 6
2) Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. I’ll do the translation if it isn’t (not be) too difficult.

2. If she goes (go) to the gym, she will feel more relaxed.
3. If you go swimming after a meal, you will feel (feel) sick.
4. If you don’t wear (not wear) good quality trainers, you won’t win the race.
5. If it’s on television tonight, I will watch (watch) the football.
6. She will buy a car if she passes (pass) her driving test.
7. If I see (see) him, I will tell him the news.
8. If there isn’t (not be) anything good on TV this evening, I will go to bed early.

3) Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. We would meet (meet) more often if we lived closer.

2. What would you do (do) if you met your favourite actress?
3. If Luke has (have) enough money, he will buy a sports car.
4. If Rebecca had a mobile phone, I would phone (phone) her.
5. We will (go) to the cinema if there is a good film on.
6. If you went (go) to England, your English would improve a lot.
7. I’ll pay for the petrol if Dad lends (lend) me the car.
8. Don’t go out unless you feel (feel) better.
9. You look ill. If I were you, I would stay (stay) in bed.
10. If we would not speak (not speak) English, we’d have problems abroad.

4) Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. What would you do if you went to a party and didn’t know (not know) anyone?
2. Will your grandparents stay (stay) at your place if they come at Christmas?
3. If Beckham hadn’t missed that penalty, England would have won (win) the match.
4. If you won (win) a free holiday anywhere in the world, where would you go?
5. If Mozart hadn’t died so young, he would have written (write) more wonderful music.
6. I would have finished my homework if my computer hadn’t broken (not break).
7. We won’t arrive (not arrive) in time if we walk. Let’s take a taxi.
8. I’d go to the cinema with you if I didn’t have (not have) so much homework to do.
9. If you could (can) be different, what would you change?
10. She wouldn’t have met (not meet) her boyfriend if she hadn’t caught the train.
11. If you give (give) me your mobile phone number , I’ll text you later on.
12. They wouldn’t have broken the machine if they had read (read) the instructions.
13. If I had told you about the party, would you have gone (go)?
14. If he didn’t feel (not feel) ill, he would play football with us.
15. If you had run (run) a bit faster, we wouldn’t have missed the train.
16. I wouldn’t have gone (not go) to the concert if I had gone to the party.
17. If you accept the job offer, you will have (have) to move to Manchester.
18. If you had come with us, you would have (have) a great time.

5) Underline the errors in these sentences and correct them.

1. If you don’t go to work tomorrow, you’d lose your job. you’ll lose
2. I won’t invite John to our wedding unless you don’t want me to. unless you want me to
3. The climber wouldn’t have fallen if he would have been more careful. he had been
4. If you found yourself in a dangerous situation, what would you done? Would you do
5. If the weather had be good, Jill would have gone to the seaside. had been good
6. If he climbs again, he would take his mobile. he will take
7. They won’t climb the mountain unless the weather isn’t good. the weather is good
8. The rescue team will have found him if it had stopped snowing. would have found PG 7

9. I will take up a sport if I will have some free time. If I have PG 8

10. If I would know the answer, I would tell you. If I knew

11. If she is older, her parents would allow her to go to pubs. If she were older
12. If it will rain tomorrow, there won’t be a tennis match. If it rains
13. I would have go on the trip if I hadn’t spent all my money. I would have gone
14. Lily would speaks English better if she tried harder. Lily would speak
15. You would enjoy bungee jumping if you aren’t frightened. if you weren’t frightened
16. She will become a great architect if she will win that contest. if she wins
17. The team would win more matches if they are more competitive. if they were
18. What - you do if your team loses the Champions League match? What will you do..?
19. I’d be happier if I would live somewhere else. if I lived
20. If I had been born a girl, my parents would have call me Lucy. Would have called me

6. Make conditional sentences from these 2 sentences.

1. We didn’t win because we ran too slowly. If we had run faster, we would have won
2. I can’t find my keys. We’ll be late. Unless I find my keys, we´ll be late
3. I hate this town because it rains all the time. If it didn’t rained all the time; I wouldn’t hate this town
4. Kelly doesn’t want to stay so Mark is angry. If Kelly wanted to stay, Mark wouldn’t be angry
5. I missed the interview because the train was delayed. If the train hadn’t been delayed, I wouldn’t have missed the interview
6. We can’t go for a walk because it’s too hot. If it weren’t too hot, we could go for a walk
7. The pig was a pet so they didn’t eat it. If the pig hadn’t been a pet, they would have eaten it
8. Zoe wanted to go fishing but the weather was awful. If the weather hadn’t been awful, Zoe would have gone fishing
9. Matt arrived late so he missed his flight home. If Matt hadn’t arrived late, he wouldn’t have missed his flight.
10. This town is unattractive because it hasn’t got enough parks. If this town had more parks, it would be attractive

7) Complete the following sentences using your own words and ideas.

1. If I hadn’t gone to school last week, I would have missed the lessons
2. If I studied harder, I would have been able to get better marks
3. I would be happier if I travelled more
4. The accident wouldn’t have been so serious if hadn’t been raining
5. If she were in hospital, I would visit her
6. If I had known you were coming, I would have prepared dinner for you
7. We would go out more often if we had more money
8. She will lose some weight if eats healthier food
9. My life would have been very different if I had been born a man
10. If I had a baby, I would take good care of it
11. I would buy a new car if had money
12. She will be disappointed if didn’t get the job
13. If they win the match, they will be able to play the final
14. If he gets better, he will attend classes tomorrow
15. I would tell you the answer if I knew it
16. If I won the lottery, I would be able to go around the world PG 8

17. I will pass my exams if I study harder PG 9

18. If I have enough time next week, I will visit some relatives
19. I would never give up school unless I failed all the exams
20. If I had been born a hundred years earlier, I wouldn’t have been able to vote

8) Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. I wouldn’t buy that house even if I had (have) the money.
2. If you don’t come, she will feel (feel) lonely.
3. I wouldn’t be (not be) happy if I lived in a big city like London.
4. If you had listened to me, you wouldn’t have gone (not go) there.
5. If I hadn’t done (not do) that course. I wouldn’t have met Sandra.
6. If she were (be) a bit taller, she would become a model.
7. If I had worked harder, I wouldn’t have lost (not lose) my job.
8. I won’t go (not go) and see the film if it’s a frightening one.
9. He would play football tonight if he weren’t (not be) injured.
10. I would have called you if I had known (know) you were interested.
11. I will give (give) you a call if I finish work early tonight.
12. If they lowered the prices, more people would go (go) to that shop.
13. If we had been driving faster, we would have died (die) in the crash.
14. They will win (win) the match if they score a goal now.
15. You won’t learn (not learn) anything if you don’t listen to your teachers.
16. If I had practised (practise), I would have done better at the game.
17. If you had asked me, I would have lent (lend) you my car.
18. You won’t improve (not improve) unless you work harder.
19. I’ll be honest with you if you are (be) honest with me.
20. The car wouldn’t have broken down (not break down) if you had had it serviced.
AS LONG AS / PROVIDED (THAT) / PROVIDING (THAT)

Estas expresiones se utilizan para introducir oraciones condicionales, aunque son más formales y menos comunes que if o
unless. Podemos traducirlas por ‘a condición de que’o ‘siempre y cuando’.
You can use my car as long as you drive
carefully. Providing that she studies hard, she’ll
pass.

9) Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets.

1. I’ll do the translation if it’s not too long. (providing

that) I’ll do the translation providing that it’s not too long
2. If there’s not too much traffic, we will arrive in time. (as long
as) As long as there’s not too much traffic, we will arrive in time
3. I’ll lend you some money if you promise to pay me back. (providing that)
I’ll lend you some money providing that you promise to pay me back.
4. He’ll come to the party if he’s not ill. (provided
that) He’ll come to the party provided that he’s not ill
5. Amy will stay on the desert island if she is paid. (as long as)
Amy will stay on the desert island as long as she is paid PG 9
 RELATIVE CLAUSES

Las oraciones de relativo añaden información sobre personas, cosas, lugares, tiempos.… Van inmediatamente después del nombre sobre el
que deseamos dar esa información y a ese nombre se le llama ANTECEDENTE.

The man is very tall. The man visited us The man who visited us is very tall (man= antecedente) Los

pronombres relativos más frecuentes son:

1) who, para personas
2) which, para cosas
3) that, para personas y cosas

Otros pronombres relativos:

1) whose, indica posesión
2) where, indica lugar
3) when, indica tiempo
4) whom (= a who, pero va precedido de preposición y tiene un uso muy formal )

Existen 2 tipos de oraciones de relativo:

1. ESPECIFICATIVAS - SIN COMAS (DEFINING)

2. EXPLICATIVAS - CON COMAS (NON—DEFINING)

1) DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES- Oraciones de Relativo Especificativas (SIN COMAS)

Estas oraciones dan información imprescindible para entender de qué persona o cosa estamos hablando
exactamente.

El pronombre relativo puede ser sujeto u objeto de la oración de relativo:

1. The man who/that lives in that house is very wealthy (SUJETO)
suj
2. The man who/that you saw is my neighbour (OBJETO)
C. Ind suj

Observa que cuando el pronombre relativo es objeto lleva detrás un nombre o pronombre y es sujeto cuando lleva detrás un verbo.

Omisión del pronombre relativo en oraciones sin comas:

En las oraciones de relativo especificativas (defining - sin comas) el relativo se puede omitir cuando es objeto de la oración. Es decir,
fíjate muy bien en la palabra que hay detrás del relativo en este tipo de oraciones sin comas: si hay un nombre o pronombre se puede
omitir. Jamás se omite si detrás hay un verbo, porque sería sujeto y el sujeto es un elemento obligatorio en una frase en inglés.

1. The book (that/which) I read last month was a detective story (OBJETO)
objeto suj

Preposiciones en las oraciones de relativo sin comas:

Cuando una oración de relativo contiene una preposición, ésta puede ir delante del pronombre relativo o al final de la oración de relativo.
-En el caso de Who si la preposición va delante usamos whom (en lugar de who).
The person to whom I talked was very interesting = The person who/that I talked to was very interesting.

-Si la preposición va delante, el relativo NO se puede omitir. The job for which he was chosen was a difficult one.
Sí se podrá omitir cuando la preposición vaya detrás del verbo. The person who I talked to was very interesting. The job which he was
chosen for was a difficult one.

Si la preposición va delante no se puede utilizar that.

2) NON -DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES- Oraciones de Relativo Explicativas CON COMAS

Este tipo de oraciones no añaden información imprescindible sobre el antecedente sino que, más bien, dan información adicional
que si no la tuviéramos seguiríamos sabiendo perfectamente a quién o a qué se refiere el antecedente. Es decir, como su información no
resulta imprescindible, la oración de relativo se podría suprimir sin que por ello el antecedente quedase menos definido (haz la prueba con
el ejemplo de Groucho Marx y compárala con cualquier ejemplo de las oraciones de relativo sin comas que hemos visto arriba).
Estas oraciones van siempre separadas del resto de la oración por comas.
PG 10
Amy Winehouse, who was a famous singer, died in 2011.
3) ORACIONES DE RELATIVO CON OTROS RELATIVOS (Whose, Where, When)

WHOSE: es el relativo que se utiliza para conectar dos oraciones cuando una de las dos expresa posesión. Puede aparecer con
los 2 tipos de oraciones (con y sin comas):
The man whose car was stolen went to the police
Lisa, whose father is a famous actor, is leaving the
city

WHERE: estas oraciones de relativo se utilizan para dar información sobre el lugar donde algo ocurre. Pueden ser con comas o sin
comas:
This is the neighbourhood where I grew up
Buckingham Palace, where the Queen lives, is a tourist attraction

WHEN: estas oraciones dan información sobre tiempo. De la misma manera, pueden aparecer con y sin comas:
This is the time of the year when the flowers blossom
In 1963, when Kennedy was assassinated, my parents got married

1) Choose the correct answer.

1. Show me the flat ….. you intend to buy.

a. who b. that
2. People ….. stay with their parents don’t have to cook.
a. who b. which
3. Thailand, ….. I took these photographs, is a beautiful country.
a. which b. where
4. Please show me the pictures ….. you took during your holidays.
a. who b. which
5. Vincent has got some cousins ….. live in Sweden.
a. which b. that
6. I will never forget the day ….. we first met.
a. which b. when
7. This is the youth hostel ….. we stayed during our holiday.
a. that b. where
8. Scotland, ….. I visited last year, can be cold.
a. where b. which
9. My childhood was a time ….. I was happy and carefree.
a. when b. which
10. Paul, ….. marks are so high, is my nephew.
a. whose b. who
11. The man ….. lives next door earns a very high salary.
a. that b. whose
12. Mrs Barton is a teacher ….. classes are really interesting.
a. that b. whose
13. Richard lives in a flat ….. he bought a year ago.
a. that b. who
14. France is a European country ….. they produce wine.
a. which b. where
15. Rooney, ….. plays for England, is a good footballer.
a. that b. who
16. You can buy a bicycle at the shop ….. my brother bought his.
a. where b. whose
17. Have you met Anne, ….. new book was such a success?
a. whose b. who
18. April is the month ….. I was born.
a. when b. where
19. Young people ….. live alone are usually very independent.
a. which b. who
20. Sally’s reading a book ….. you gave her.
a. that b. who

2) Complete the sentences. Use the correct pronoun: which, where, when, who, whose or that.

1. Shaun lives with a girl whose sister is in my class.

2. That girl over there is the one whose father is a television reporter.
3. The hotel is near a good café where we can meet for breakfast.
4. Johnny Depp, who played C. Jack Sparrow in Pirates of the Caribbean, is my favourite actor.
5. He’ll always remember the day when his team won the championship.
6. Have you already read the book which/ that I recommended?
7. These are the jeans which/ that I bought yesterday.
8. She’s a television star who / that went to my school.
9. Patrick, who won the contest, is my best friend. PG 11
10. They have a house in the country where they go when they need to relax.
11. Is there anybody who / that can speak French here?
12. Michael has a mobile phone which/ that can take photos.
13. We went to a Japanese restaurant where they make the food in front of you.
14. This is the restaurant which/ that my sister likes.
15. Cricket, which I had never heard of, is a popular sport in many English-speaking countries.
16. She’s a talented sportswoman whose ambition is to be the best.
17. Athletes who / that take drugs will be disqualified.
18. Let’s find a time when we can both play.
19. Scandinavia is the place where skiing originated.
20. I’ve got a friend whose dream is to become a professional cyclist.
21. I know a shop where you can buy amazing sports clothes.
22. Violence in sport is something which/ that worries people nowadays.
23. I dislike people who / that are obsessed with their appearance.
24. Do you know anyone who / that can play squash?
25. The manager told us things which/ that we already knew.
26. That CD, which is sold out, is my favourite one.
27. That’s the girl who / that swims in the team.
28. Have you got a football which/ that I can borrow?
29. This is an idea which/ that will improve your game.
30. Politics is a subject which/ that doesn’t interest me.
31. In Spain, where Spanish is the official language, there are a lot of people whose native language is not Spanish.
32. A referee who / that makes a bad decision can be very unpopular.
33. Monaco is one of the only cities where Formula 1 cars race through the streets.
34. This stadium was built at a time when fewer people went to matches.
35. Ice hockey is a sport which/ that is popular in Canada.
36. I’ve bought some trainers which/ that cost €100.
37. Where are the students who / that promised to help us?
38. Elton John, who sang at Lady Di’s funeral, is an English singer and composer.
39. The school, which started in 1995, trains dogs for the blind.

3) Join these sentences using a defining relative clause. Make any necessary changes.

1. I’ve just returned to a city. I was born there. I’ve just returned to the city where I was born .
2. I’ve just spoken to a man. His sister lives near me. I’ve just spoken to the man whose sister lives near me.
3. Yesterday I saw a boy. I met him at your party. Yesterday I saw a boy who/that I met at your party.
4. Yoga is an activity. It has always fascinated me. Yoga is an activity which / that has always fascinated me.
5. I’ve got to return to the café. I left my book there. I’ve got to return to the café where I left my book .
6. Stonehenge is a monument. I’ve always wanted to visit it. Stonehenge
is a monument that / which I’ve always wanted to visit
7. I’ve just spoken to a neighbour. His car was stolen two weeks ago. I’ve
just spoken to a neighbor whose car was stolen two weeks ago.
8. Pete’s working in a furniture shop. It has just opened. Pete’s working in a furniture shop which/that has just opened.
9. Ivonne’s best friend is going out with a boy. He is very jealous. Ivonne’s
best friend is going out with a boy who/ that is very jealous.
10. I know a place. You can rent old movies there. I know a place where you can rent old movies.

4) Join the following sentences using a defining relative clause. Make any necessary changes.

1. Jim passed the exam. He had been worried about it for weeks. Jim passed the exam about which he had been worried for
weeks . Jim passed the exam which he had been worried about for weeks
2. David Beckham is married to a woman. She is a famous English pop singer. David Beckham is married to a woman
who/ that is a famous English pop singer
3. David Beckham is married to a woman. Her name begins with a V. David Beckham is married to a woman whose name
begins with a V.
4. A Hollywood studio is making a film. The film is about people becoming famous very young. A Hollywood studio is making
a film which/ that is about people becoming famous very young.
5. Jessica has a coin collection. She started it 12 years ago. Jessica has a coin collection (which/ that) she started 12 years ago.
6. Mary spent the money. She had been saving it since she was a teenager. Mary spent the money (which / that) she had been
saving since she was a teenager.
7. This is the new president. We all voted for her. This is the new president for whom we all voted . This is the new president
(who) we all voted for.
8. The man left town. We wrote an angry letter to this man. The man to whom we wrote an angry letter, left town. The man (who)
we wrote an angry letter to, left town
PG 12
9. I bought a new dress yesterday. It is torn. I bought a new dress yesterday which/ that is torn.
10. Here is a postcard of the village. We spent three days there. Here is a postcard of the village where we spent three days.
PG 13
5) Join the following sentences using a non-defining relative clause. Make any necessary changes.

1. Home Alone is not a new film. It was made in 1990. Home Alone, which was made in 1990, is not a new film.
2. This film is a comedy. It stars Macauley Culkin. This film, which is a comedy, stars Macauley Culkin.
3. In the film, Culkin’s parents disappear. They are rich. In the film, Culkin’s parents, who are rich, disappear.
4. Thieves try to kill Culkin’s parents. The thieves want to get their money.
Thieves , who want to get Culkin’s parents money, try to kill them.
5. This film is quite funny. Its ending is a little violent. This film, whose ending is a little violent, is quite funny.
6. The advertisement wasn’t a success. It was on television for only two weeks. The advertisement, which wasn’t a success, was
on television for only two weeks.The advertisement, which was on television for only two weeks, wasn’t a success.
7. People say that Tina is hilarious. Tina is my best friend. People say that Tina, who is my best friend, is hilarious.
8. Mark judges people by their looks. He is very superficial. Mark, who is very superficial, judges people by their looks.
9. Sir Christopher Wren designed more than 50 churches in London. His most famous building is Saint Paul’s Cathedral. Sir
Christopher Wren, whose most famous building is Saint Paul’s Cathedral, designed more than 50 churches in London.
10. The London Eye opened in January 2000. It provides beautiful views of London. The London Eye, which opened in
January 2000, provides beautiful views of London.

6) Join the following sentences using a non-defining relative clause. Make any necessary changes.

1. This tour ends at four. Then you can take a boat ride on the River Thames. This
tour ends at four, when you can take a boat ride on the River Thames
2. Brigitte is from Paris. Her father is our French teacher.
Brigitte, whose father is our French teacher, is from Paris.
3. Michael Crichton wrote Jurassic Park. He is a famous author. Michael Crichton, who wrote Jurassic Park, is a
famous author. Michael Crichton, who is a famous author, wrote Jurassic Park.
4. This is Tony. You will be driving with him tomorrow. This is Tony, with whom you will be driving tomorrow. This is Tony,
who you will be driving with tomorrow.
5. On Malta people speak English. Malta is an island in the Mediterranean. On Malta, which is an island in the
Mediterranean, people speak English.
6. I wanted to visit Iceland. Björk was born there. I wanted to visit Iceland, where Björk was born.
7. John is my friend. His car was stolen from the car park. John, whose car was stolen from the car park, is my friend.
8. The White House is in Washington DC. All American presidents live there. The White House where all American
presidents live, is in Washington DC.
9. Ralph Fiennes can’t act tonight. This play was specially written for him. Ralph Fiennes, for whom this play was specially
written , can’t act tonight.
10. The Eiffel Tower is visited by millions of tourists every year. It was built by engineer Gustave Eiffel. The Eiffel Tower,
which was built by engineer Gustave Eiffel, is visited by millions of tourists every year.

7) Correct the errors in these sentences.

1. That’s the girl that I saw her yesterday.
2. Phil, that is a helicopter pilot, works at the Grand Canyon National Park. who
3. It’s a job who he has always wanted to do. which/ that
4. I like the Central Café, that is in the town centre. which
5. That’s the man who his sister works with me. whose
6. I don’t like people who they talk too much.
7. I’ve just seen the woman who wants to buy our house.
8. Flying over the cliff, that costs €150, is the best way to see it. which
9. My best friend, who he lives in Wakefield, is called Danny.
10. Mandy goes to a school which all the students wear a uniform. where PG 13
11. They didn’t find a company where would buy their product. which/that
12. Zara, who owner is from Spain, is one of the biggest clothing companies in Europe. whose PG 14

13. Tom, that’s only eighteen, plays football for his country. who´s
14. That’s the stadium where my favourite team plays there.
15. Is that the Brazilian who/that plays for Barcelona?

8) Use a relative pronoun (which/that/who) and a preposition to fill in the gaps.

1. That’s the man who/ that you need to talk to .

2. They had a nice meal which/ that they didn’t pay for .
3. She’s the boss, she’s the woman who/that all these people work for.
4. Where’s the CD which/ that I was listening to ?
5. Did you find the book which/that you were looking for?
6. The team which/ that I play for, won.
7. The man who/that I spoke to is a rugby player.
8. I don’t know the book which/that she is talking to .
9. They are the people who/ that I went to France with.
10. Here’s the bus which/that we’ve been waiting for .

9) Join the following sentences using a relative clause. Make any necessary changes.

1. She told me about a man. She met him three weeks ago. She told
me about a man (who/that) she met three weeks ago.
2. I worked at the Savoy Hotel. All the rich people stay there. I
worked at the Savoy Hotel, where all the rich people stay.
3. We visited the Victoria and Albert Museum. It had just been renovated.
We visited the Victoria and Albert Museum which/ that had just been renovated.
4. What’s the name of the hotel? We stayed there last summer.
What’s the name of the hotel where we stayed last summer.?
5. He’s working for a new company. This company exports recycled products. He’s
working for a new company which/ that exports recycled products.
6. The hotel was excellent. We stayed in it for a week. The hotel where we stayed for a week was excellent. The
hotel (which/that) we stayed in for a week was excellent..
7. We visited my sister. She had just moved to Paris. We visited my sister who had just moved to Paris.
8. Do you remember that shop? I told you about it last week.
Do you remember the shop (which/that) I told you about last week? Do you remember the shop about which I told you last week.?
9. Nick loves travelling. His wife is a travel agent. Nick, whose wife is a travel agent, loves travelling..
10. That’s the old house. Someone has bought it recently. That’s the old house (which/ that) someone has bought recently.
11. Serena said she liked her new life. Her parents immigrated to the States when she was little. Serena,
whose parents immigrated to the States when she was little, said she liked her new life.
12. That’s the burger bar. I went there yesterday. That’s the burger bar where I went yesterday.
13. The book is about baseball. I lent it to John. The book, which I lent to John, is about baseball.
14. She’s the pretty girl. I noticed her at the station. She’s the pretty girl who I noticed at the station.
15. The Globe Theatre is in London. It is a replica of the original one. The
Globe Theatre, which is a replica of the original one, is in London.
16. My friend lives in Sheffield. He drives a taxi. My friend, who drives a taxi, lives in Sheffield.
17. AIDS is one of the major killers in Africa. No one has been able to find a cure for it. AIDS,
for which no one has been able to find a cure, is one of the major killers in Africa.
18. I went to the doctor last week. I felt ill then. I went to the doctor last week, when I felt ill .
19. I borrowed a library book. It must be returned by Friday. I borrowed a library book which/that must be returned by Friday.
20. Justin Timberlake is a popular singer. He has won many awards. Justin Timberlake is a popular singer who has won many
awards. Justin Timberlake, who has won many awards, is a popular singer.

10) Join the following sentences using a relative clause. Make any necessary changes.

1. Yesterday Keith helped a woman. Her purse had been stolen.

Yesterday Keith helped a woman whose purse had been stolen.
2. The latest J. K. Rowling novel is sold out. Many people have been asking about it. The latest
J. K. Rowling novel, about which many people have been asking, is sold out.
3. Sandy is moving to a new flat. She found it in the local paper small ads. Sandy is
PG 14
moving to a new flat (which) she found in the local paper small ads.
4. The stadium can hold 80,000 spectators. It was opened in 2002. The PG 15

stadium, which was opened in 2002, can hold 80,000 spectators.

5. I went to see Babel. That’s the film my mum talks about 24/7. I
went to see Babel about which my mum talks 24/7.
6. I went to the travel agents. My parents booked their holiday there. I
went to the travel agents where my parents booked their holiday.
7. He went to a concert. He didn’t like it at all. He went to a concert (which/ that) he didn’t like at all.
8. This is the place. You have to pick me up here tomorrow.This is the place where you have to pick me up tomorrow
9. The book was very thick. I had to read it. The book (which/that) I had to read was very thick..
10. I was amazed at the project. Alex worked on it. I was amazed at the project (which/ that) Alex worked on . I was amazed
at the project on which Alex worked
11. H.G. Wells wrote The War of the Worlds. He was born in 1866. H.G. Wells, who was born in 1866, wrote The War of
the Worlds.
12. The player has signed a new contract. He is injured. The player who has signed a new contract, is injured. The player,
who is injured, has signed a new contract.
13. Kelly lives in Arizona. Her boyfriend is a cowboy. Kelly, whose boyfriend is a cowboy, lives in Arizona.
14. We went to that sports centre. You can play tennis for free there. We went to that sports centre where you can play tennis
for free.
15. I will always remember that day. I met the most beautiful girl that day. I will always remember the day when I met the most
beautiful girl.
 PASSIVE

Solo puede usarse con verbos transitivos

Formación

- Formamos la pasiva usando el verbo BE en el tiempo que le corresponda y el verbo principal en participio de pasado

- El complemento (directo o indirecto) pasa a convertirse en el Sujeto de la oración

pasiva: We have elected a new President A new President has been elected.

Si el complemento es un pronombre debe cambiarse a la forma sujeto: him pasa a he, her pasa a she, us pasa a we….

I bought them a present They were bought a present

- Si el sujeto de la oración activa es una persona u organización pasa a complemento agente en la pasiva con BY .
Angry football fans threw stones Stones were thrown by angry football fans.

Si el sujeto de la oración activa es una cosa o instrumento pasa a complemento de instrumento con WITH

A stone broke the glass The glass was broken with a stone

No siempre es necesario poner el complemento agente. Por ejemplo:

- Cuando no se conoce quién realiza la acción: someone stole my bike My bike was stolen

- Cuando el agente es evidente: The police arrested a protester A protester was arrested

- Cuando el agente no es importante (people, they) They speak English here English is spoken here

- Cuidado! , Nunca se usan los auxiliares do, does o did en pasiva

- Si hay una preposición con el verbo, siempre se pone :
Ann looks after the children: The children are looked after by Ann

- Traducción : la pasiva se puede traducir en español: con “SE”, por una pasiva, por la activa ( cuando sea más lógica)

Present simple: The Government builds hundreds of houses Hundreds of houses are built by the Government

Present continuous: The authorities are questioning 2 men 2 men are being questioned by the authorities

Present Perfect: They have chosen Helen as the new president Helen has been chosen as a new president.

Past simple: The police arrested the protester The protester was arrested

Past continuous: I was making a cake a cake was being made

Past perfect: They had bought a book A book had been bought

Future simple :They will play the match The match will be played

Future: Be going to : They are going to open a new shop A new shop is going to be opened

Modal: I must make my bed My bed must be done

Modal perfect: I should have packed my suitcases My suitcases should have been packed

Uso
La pasiva es más usada en textos orales o escritos formales como folletos, textos científicos, legislativos, periodísticos… con
la finalidad de enfatizar la acción por encima del autor.
No se usa la pasiva cuando la activa es más directa y fácil de entender PG 16
1) Choose the correct answer:
1. My brother ….. our evening meal last night.
a. cooked b. was cooked
2. Which language ….. in Mexico?
a. speak b. is spoken
3. The headmaster ….. the results of the exam tomorrow.
a. will announce b. will be announced
4. The manager ….. the applicants.
a. is interviewing b. is being interviewed
5. She was heart-broken to hear that her dog ….. .
a. couldn’t find b. couldn’t be found
6. The bank.......as I walked by.
a. was being robbed b. robbed
7. The game.......by millions of people every year.
a. is being watched b. is watched
8. One moment, please. Your meal.......right now.
a. is prepared b. is being prepared
9. How many people.......for blood poisoning every year?
a. are treated b. are being treated
10. The plans.......by the architect as we speak.
a. are drawn up b. are being drawn up
11. “Romeo and Juliet”.......by Shakespeare.
a. was being written b. was written
12. While the lawyer was making a phone call, the suspect ….. .
a. was questioned b. was being questioned
13. He couldn’t ride his bicycle because it ….. .
a. was being fixed b. was fixed
14. We waited while our car ….. .
a. was repaired b. was being repaired
15. When.......?
a. was this bridge built b. is this bridge built
2) Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the active or the passive form.
1. Strange phenomena are studied (study) by scientists all over the world. (Pres S)
2. Scientists explained (explain) that the UFO sighting was in fact a comet. (Past S)
3. Horoscopes aren’t written (not write) by astronomers; they are written (write) by astrologists. (Pre S)
4. It was strange that the old house wasn’t destroyed (not destroy) by the fire. (Past S)
5. When will the house be built (build) ? (Future S)
6. They finished (finish) building it in 1865. (Past S)
7. Look! Your sister is reading (read) your diary! (Pre C)
8. The book has been made (make) into a film recently. (Pre Perfect)
9. Someone found (find) the body by the seaside yesterday. (Past S)
10. Halloween is very popular. It is celebrated (celebrate) by millions of people. (Pre S)

3) Turn the following sentences into the Passive Voice.

1. The teacher gave the class difficult homework.
The class was given difficult homework // Difficult homework was given to the class
2. You must take the dog for a walk this morning. The dog must be taken for a walk this morning
3. Nobody could hear the music, because the volume was too
low. The music couldn’t be heard, because the volume was too
low.
4. People can send and receive photographs with the latest mobile phones.
Photographs can be sent and received with the latest mobile phones
5. The shop manager offered me a good job.
I was offered a job by the shop manager // A job was offered to me bay the shop manager.
6. The reporters asked the prime minister many questions.
The p.m. was asked many questions by the reporters // Many questions were asked to the p.m. by the reporters
7. They are broadcasting the football match live from Leeds. The football match is being broadcast live from Leeds.
8. Someone stole my bicycle yesterday. My bicycle was stolen yesterday
9. They are going to publish my story in the next issue of the magazine.
My story is going to be published in the next issue of the magazine.
10. No one could understand the message. The message couldn’t be understood.
11. People often purchase products because of the packaging. Products are often purchased because of the packaging.
12. Students must answer all the questions in the test. All the questions in the test must be answered
13. We expect our children to succeed in life. Our children are expected to succeed in life
14. They sent hundreds of invitations to their relatives. PG 17
Hundreds of invitations are sent to their relatives // Their relatives are sent hundreds of invitations
15. People often waste money at Christmas. Money is often wasted at Christmas.
 4) Correct the errors. Two sentences are correct.

1. The card had signed by all the family. Had been signed
2. Many gifts are recycling as presents for the following year. Are being recycled
3. Lots of money are spent on Christmas presents. is spent
4. Many people are suffered that horrible illness. are suffering /suffered/ suffer
5. Has the Christmas pudding been ate yet? Been eaten
6. Wonderful presents were put under the Christmas tree. Correct
7. All the offices will paint next year. Will be painted
8. Many restaurants are served ethnic food. Serve/ served/ are serving
9. You must be taken these pills three times a day. Must take
10. The presents were being wrapped when I arrived. Correct

5) Turn the following sentences into the Passive Voice.

1. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in1989. WWW was invented by Tim B-L in 1989
2. Car manufacturers will sell recycled cars soon. Recycled cars will be sold soon
3. People have always thrown away too many electrical goods. Too many electrical goods have always been thrown away.
4. The radio is advertising an amazing new mobile phone. An amazing new mobile phone is being advertised in the radio
5. They had bought the company several times. The company has been bought several times
6. They make these watches in Korea. These watches are made in Korea
7. Apple is developing a new mini-laptop. A new mini-laptop is being developed by Apple
8. Someone has already paid for the tickets. The tickets have already been paid for
9. They will play the match next week if the weather is good. The match will be played next week if the weather is good
10. The result of the match is going to surprise a lot of people.
A lot of people are going to be surprised by the result of the
race
11. Millions of people were watching the race on TV yesterday afternoon.
The race was being watched on TV by millions of people yesterday
afternoon
12. They show all international matches on TV. All international matches are shown on TV

VERBOS CON 2 OBJETOS

Algunos verbos pueden tener 2 objetos: -give, lend, offer, promise, sell, send, take something to somebody
- buy, keep, make, prepare, save something for somebody
La forma sin to/for es más usada tanto en activa como en pasiva, pero ambas son correctas.

En la activa estos verbos se pueden usar de 2 formas: Susan gave Mark a present o Susan gave a present to Mark.
Estas 2 frases significan igual y tienen 2 pasivas : Mark was given a present by Susan o A present was given to Mark by Susan

Cuando el complemento indirecto (Mark) se queda solo o alejado del verbo del que depende, necesita la preposición “to”

6)Turn each active sentence into two passive ones.

1. They pay Hensley €50,000 a week.
Hensley is paid €50,000 a week // €50,000 a week are paid to Hensley.
2. After the game, they offered the ball to David Beckham as a present.
After the game, the ball was offered to DB as a present // After the game, David B was offered the ball as a present
3. An old friend sent us this birthday card.
We were sent this birthday card by an old friend // This birthday card was sent to us by an old friend.
4. They didn’t show the children that gory film.
That gory film wasn’t shown to the children // the children weren’t shown that gory film.
5. They’ve given Oxford University a lot of money.
OU has been given a lot of money // A lot of money has been given to OU
6. They are offering Woody a new contract.
Woody is being offered a new contract // A new contract is being offered to Woody
7. They may give the prize to the new student.
The prize may be given to the new student // The new student may be given the prize.
8. Someone read the children a fairy story.
The children were read a fairy story. A fairy story was read to the children
9. He had promised me a digital camera.
I had been promised a digital camera // A digital camera had been promised
10. They will pay us €1,000 if we finish in time.
We will be paid € 1,000 if we finish in time // € 1,000 will be paid if we finish in time
11. Have they offered you a new phone? have you been offered a new phone // has a new phone been offered to you?
12. She has taught me basic web design first.
I have been taught new basic web design first by her // Basic web design has been taught to me first by her PG 18
 7) Turn each active sentence into two passive ones.
1. They showed me a video of the match.
I was shown a video of the match // A video of the match was shown to me.
2. They will give us a bonus. We will be given a bonus // A bonus will be given to us
3. Somebody has lent Joe a racket. Joe has been lent a racket // A racket has been lent to Joe
4. They are going to offer him a new job. He is going to be offered a new job // A new job is going to be offered to him
5. Nobody told me the football results. I wasn’t told the football results // The football results weren’t told to us
6. Did somebody send a letter to the students? Were the students sent a letter? // Was a letter sent to the students?
7. The referee is giving the player a red card. The player is being given a red car // A red car is being given to the player
8. Someone gave my mother some flowers. My mother was given some flowers // Some flowers were given to my mother
9. They hadn’t told me that before. I hadn’t been told that before // That hadn’t been told to me before
PG 18
10. They ask different questions to the contestants every week.
The contestants are asked different questions every week // Different questions are asked to the contestants every week

8) Turn the following sentences into the Active Voice. PG 19

1. The table was booked for eight o’clock. They booked the table for eight o’clock
2. The floor hasn’t been cleaned yet. They haven’t cleaned the floor yet
3. Are their products exported to China? Do they export their products to China?
4. This will be understood by an expert. An expert will understand this
5. The record could be broken by a Spanish athlete. A Spanish athlete could break the record
6. Secret cameras were hidden around the house. They hid secret cameras around the house
7. Are we going to be met by a representative? Is a representative going to meet us?
8. The concert won’t be seen for another 20 years. They won’t see the concert for another 20 years
9. I wasn’t asked. They didn’t ask me
10. You will be told soon. They will tell you soon
11. Will I be remembered by my students in ten years? Will my students remember me in ten years?
12. Your theory can’t be proved. You can’t prove your theory

9) Turn these sentences from active to passive or from passive to active.

1. Do people speak English in this country? Is English spoken in your country?
2. They will play the final match next Sunday. The final match will be played next Sunday
3. We’ve been given concert tickets by a friend of Lisa’s. A friend of Lisa’s has given us concert tickets.
4. Las Ketchup made Aserejé popular some time ago. Aserejé was made popular by Las Ketchup some time ago.
5. The accident was witnessed by a few passers-by. A few passers-by witnessed the accident.

10) Turn the following sentences into the Passive Voice.

1. The Coen brothers made that strange film. That strange film was made by the Coen brothers
2. They don’t accept traveller’s cheques. Traveller’s cheques aren’t accepted
3. The news really surprised me. I was really surprised by the news
4. A young woman has rescued the child. The child has been rescued by a young woman
5. They will use special equipment in the experiment. Special equipment will be used in the experiment
6. They use a special camera to record ghostly apparitions. A special camera is used to record ghostly apparitions
7. They may ask people about their strange experiences in the house. People may be asked about their strange experiences…
8. A prestigious magazine will publish their report next month.
Their report will be published by a prestigious magazine next
month
9. The jury won’t return original artwork to the contestants. Original artwork won’t be returned to the contestants by
the jury // The contestants won’t be returned the original artwork by the jury
10. At the moment, the doctor is seeing her. At the moment , she is being seen by the doctor.
11. You usually find those fish in shallow water. Those fish are usually found in shallow water
12. We decided that we shouldn’t tell Michael the truth. We decided that the truth shouldn’t be told to Michael //
We decided that Michael shouldn’t be told the truth

THE PASSIVE WITH REPORTING VERBS

Existe una pasiva especial, muy común . Aparece con verbos de habla o pensamiento como say, believe, consider, think,
know, expect…:People say that John eats spiders. They believe Smith left the country. People thought Sue paid too much

Esta oración se puede pasar a pasiva de dos formas, siendo la segunda la preferida por los hablantes nativos:

Referencia al presente o futuro: It is said that John eats spiders. o John is said to eat spiders.
Referencia al pasado: It is believed that Smith left/had left the country o Smith is believed to have left the country.
Reporting verb en pasado: It was thought that Sue paid / had paid too much o
Sue was thought to pay/ have paid too much

Es importante que conozcas esta estructura pasiva porque es muy común en textos de carácter formal como los que suelen
aparecer en las pruebas de acceso a la Universidad. PG 19
 11) Turn the following sentences into the Passive Voice.
1. People say that Polly is a genius. It is said that Polly is a genius // Polly is said to be a genius
2. Everybody knows that she studies very hard. It is known that she studies very hard // She is known to study very hard
3. Her teachers expected that she would go to university. It was expected by teachers that she would go to university //
She was expected by her teachers to go to university
4. They believe that her parents are doctors. It is believed that her parents are doctors // Her parents are believed to be doctors
5. Some people think that she could win a Nobel prize .
It is thought that she could win a Nobel prize // She is thought to be able to win the Nobel prize
6. They think that Christmas is the most stressful time of the year.
It is thought that Christmas is the most stressful time of…// Christmas is thought to be the most stressful time of …
7. People say that we buy more products than we need.
It is said that we buy more products than we need // We are said to buy more products than we need
8. People believe that adverts manipulate consumers.
It is believed that consumers are manipulated by adverts // Adverts are believed to manipulate consumers // consumers are
believed to be manipulated by adverts
9. Lots of people believed the criminal was living abroad.
It was believed that the criminal was living abroad // The criminal was believed to have been living abroad
10.Economists believed that inflation fell that year.
It was believed (by economists) that inflation fell that year // Inflation was believed (by economists) to have fallen that year
11.Everyone expected that Real Madrid would win the League.
It was expected that RM would win the League // RM was expected to win the League.
12. People thought the Government was planning a new airport. It was thought that the Government was planning a new
airport // The Government was thought to have been planning a new airport.
13. They said he was making a new movie about the Civil War. It was said that a new movie about the CW was being made
by him // He was said to have been making a new movie about the CW
14. Journalists reported that the Minister disagreed with the President. It was reported that the Minister disagreed with the
President // The Minister was reported to disagree/ with the President. PG 19

PG 20

HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE

Presta atención a esta situación: The roof of Jill’s house was damaged in a storm, so she arranged for a workman to repair it.
Yesterday the workman came and did the job: Jill had the roof repaired yesterday.

This means: Jill no lo hizo ella misma. Contrató a alguien para que lo hiciera
Compara: Jill repaired the roof. (=she did it herself)
Jill had the roof repaired. (= contrató a alguien para que lo hiciera)

Cuando hacemos que alguien haga algo por nosotros, usamos la estructura have something done. El orden de las palabras es
muy importante: el participio va detrás del objeto. El verbo have se conjuga en el tiempo o forma que necesitemos:

Jill had the roof repaired yesterday. We are having the house painted at the moment.
John has just had a telephone installed. I have my car serviced twice a year I want to have some photographs taken.

Get something done también es posible en lugar de have something done principalmente en inglés hablado informal:
I think you should get your hair cut. It’s too long now

12) Expand the sentences. Use the correct form of have or get something done.
1. Sandra is a gymnast. Her hair was getting in her eyes so yesterday she / her hair / cut. She had/got her hair cut
2. Richard thinks his eyesight is getting worse. He / his eyes / test tomorrow. He is having/getting his eyes tested tomorrow
3. James plays squash every day but he can’t play today because he / his racket / repair.He is having/getting his racket repaired
4. Andy is a rally driver. There’s something wrong with his car so he / just / a new engine /
fit. He is just having a new engine fitted
5. Lauren is a runner. When she arrives at competitions she / always / her photograph /
take. She has/gets always her photograph taken
6. It’s important for Lauren to wear the right trainers when she runs. At the moment she / some trainers / make / for
her. At the moment he is having/getting some trainers made for her
7. My appointment is at one o’clock. I / my hair / cut / this afternoon. I am having/getting my hair cut this afternoon.

13) Complete the sentences Use have or get and the words in brackets. Pay attention to the time expressions.
1. Your hair is too long I think you need to have it cut (it / cut).
2. How often do you have/get your car serviced ? (you / your car / service)?
3. The engine in my car couldn’t be repaired, so I had to have/get a new engine fitted (a new engine / fit).
4. - What are those workmen doing in your garden?
- Oh, I am having/getting a swimming pool built (a swimming pool / build).
5. - Can I see those holiday pics you took?
- I’m afraid not. I haven’t had/got the film developed yet (not / the film/ develop) yet.
6. Is it true that many years ago he had /got his portrait painted (his portrait / paint) by a famous artist?

14) Rewrite these sentences using have/get something done.

1. A hairdresser cuts my hair. I have/get my hair cut
2. Someone is piercing Jody’s nose. Jody's having/getting her nose pierced
3. Some men will redecorate our living room. We will have/get our living room redecorated
4. A mechanic changed the air filter. I had/got the air filter changed
5. An artist tattooed Mike’s arm. Mike had /got his arm tattooed
6. The optician is going to repair her sunglasses. She is going to have /get her sunglasses repaired
7. The dentist checks my teeth twice a year. I have/get my teeth checked twice a year.
8. An expert translated the letter for my dad. My dad had/got the letter translated by an expert.
9. A locksmith is going to change the locks of Anne’s house. Anne is going to have /get the her house locks changed
10. The artist is painting Jane’s portrait at the moment.Jane is having/getting her portrait painted.

15) Use the words to make a meaningful sentence. Use all and only these words without changing their form.
1. having / at / we / car / the / our / washed / are / moment . We are having our car washed at the moment.
2. spring / carpets / they / cleaned / every / have / the . They have their carpets cleaned every spring.
3. got / yesterday / Max / television / fixed / his / . Max got his television fixed yesterday.
4. getting / tomorrow / cut / I / my / am / hair /. I am getting my hair cut tomorrow.
5. shoes / I / have / old / repaired / to / need / these . I need to have these old shoes repaired
6. book / just / her / she / had / latest / published / has. She has just had her latest book published.
7. painted / never / we / had / our / have / house. We have never had our house painted.
8. house / day / newspaper / have / every / the / we / our / delivered / to.
We have the newspaper delivered to our house every day
9. told / fortune / Jane / her / had / yesterday Jane had her fortune told yesterday
10. flat / the / having / redecorated / moment / we / our / are / at . We are having our flat redecorated at the moment.

PG 20
 REPORTED SPEECH

1. Estilo directo y estilo

indirecto Tiempos verbales

Present Simple Past Simple

“I always drink tea”, Bill said.
Present Continuous
“They are reading”, Kate said.
Present Perfect
“I’ve seen all her films”, Phil said.
Present Perfect continuous
“She has been cooking”, he said
Past Simple
“Pete arrived on Tuesday”, Jo said.
Tuesday. Past Continuous
“We were painting”, he explained.
painting.
Past perfect
“She had finished her homework”.
Bill said (that) he always drank tea
Past Continuous
Kate said (that) they were reading.
Past Perfect
Phil said (that) he had seen all her films.
Past Perfect Continuous
He said (that) she had been cooking.
Past Perfect
Jo said (that) Pete had arrived on
Past Perfect Continuous
He explained (that) they had been
Past Perfect
Her Mum said (that) she had finished her homework.

Will
“I’ll visit you soon”, Anna promised.
Am / Is / Are going to
“They are going to get married”.
Can
“You can use my pen”, Jeff said.
May
“It may be a good idea”, Jill said.
Must
“You must wear a uniform”.
Could / Should / Would / Might
Might Used to/ Ought to
Would
Anna promised (that) she would visit us soon.
Was / Were going to
They announced (that) they were going to get married.
Could
Jeff said (that) I could use his pen.
Might
Jill said (that) it might be a good idea.
Had to
She reminded us (that) we had to wear a uniform.
Could / Should / Would /
Used to/ Ought to

Pronombres y posesivos
Cambian de manera lógica.
“Jake, please tell my parents “I’ll Susie asked Jake to tell her PG 21
parents be late”, Susie said. She’d be late. PG 22
Demostrativos
This / these That / those
“I hate this kind of music”, she said She said (that) she hated that kind of music.
Tiempo
Now then
Today / yesterday / tomorrow that day / the day before / the next day
Tonight that night
Next / last the following / the previous
Ago before /previously
Lugares
Here there
“People have dinner at midnight Laura said that people had dinner
at here”, said Laura. midnight there.
 1) El estilo indirecto o reported speech se utiliza para contar lo que otras personas dijeron sobre algo, sin decir las
palabras exactas. Es la forma más apropiada para transmitir por escrito una entrevista o un diálogo:
“We are planning our school trip”, the students said.
The students said that they were planning their school trip.
2) Para poder cambiar aseveraciones de estilo directo a estilo indirecto, hay que tener en cuenta los cambios que
se producen en la oración introducida por that. Como el verbo introductorio suele ir en pasado, los
tiempos verbales cambian, dando un salto atrás.
“I am going to come late” , she told me She told me she was going to come later.
Pero
a) si el verbo introductorio está en presente, el tiempo de la oración en estilo indirecto no
cambia. “ I cannot come “ She says . She says (that) she cannot come.
b) Tampoco cambian los verbos cuando se narra una verdad permanente o una acción habitual
( aunque el verbo introductorio esté en pasado)
“London is the capital of England”, She pointed out : She pointed out that London is the capital of England.
3) Si el verbo está compuesto de más de un auxiliar, solo cambia el primero:
“My house is being redecorated”, she said She said that her house was being redecorated
4) Con los verbos say y tell se puede omitir that: She told me (that) her parents had gone to Galicia.
5) Con el verbo tell hay que introducir siempre detrás el nombre o pronombre de objeto, es decir, a quién se le
dijo algo:
“I love your dress”, Angel told me. Angel told me that he loved my dress. PG 22

PG 23

Si se utiliza el verbo say y es necesario decir a quién se le dijo algo, hay que agregar la preposición
to: Laura said to the teacher that she hadn’t been able to do her homework.
6) Aparte de say y tell hay otros muchos verbos que también es posible utilizar y que además aportan nuevos
significados sobre la actitud del hablante, como son: advise ( aconsejar), announce (anunciar),
encourage( animar), explain ( explicar), inform ( informar), mention (mencionar) , persuade ( persuadir),
promise (prometer) , remind ( recordar), state ( afirmar) , warn ( advertir), etc.
7) El past simple puede permanecer en past simple en algunos casos, especialmente cuando se refiere a estados o
son oraciones compuestas que incluyen al menos dos formas verbales:
“I was happy when I was a child”, he said : He said that he had been/ was happy when he was a child
“I was watching TV when the burglar broke into the house” he said : he said that he was watching TV
when the burglar broke into the house

2. Distintos tipos de oraciones.

a. Aseveraciones
1) Reporting verb + (that): They admitted that they had seen her.
2) Reporting verb + objeto ( + that ): She told him that you were in Madrid.
b. Órdenes, peticiones
1) Reporting verb + objeto + (not) to + infinitivo
“Do it again” , he told him He told him to do it again
“Don’t do it again” , he told him He told him not to do it again
Una orden en estilo indirecto obligatoriamente debe llevar un verbo que indique mandato. Say significa
“decir”, en cambio tell puede significar “mandar”. Por ello, en órdenes indirectas nunca se debe usar say.
Se pueden usar: ask ( pedir), beg ( suplicar), invite ( invitar), warn (advertir), order ( ordenar), command
(ordenar), instruct (ordenar)
c Preguntas
En estilo indirecto las preguntas dejan de ser preguntas y por tanto, el verbo auxiliar ya no aparece al
principio ni el signo de interrogación tampoco.
1. YES/NO QUESTIONS: Reporting verb + if / whether + sujeto + verbo
“Do you want a drink?” , Sue asked Sue asked if we wanted a drink.
2. WH- QUESTIONS: Reporting verb + wh- + sujeto + verbo
“ What is the problem?” , she wondered She wondered what the problem was.
Sugerencias
Dos opciones de estructura:
1. Reporting verb + -ing “ Let’s meet up” , they suggested They suggested meeting up.
2. Reporting verb ( + that ) + sujeto + forma base del verbo I suggested that she speak to him.

1. Transform the statements into reported speech.

1. “My name’s Andy”. He informed that his name was/ is Andy
2. “I’m studying for my final exams this year”.He recognized that he was studying for his final exam that year.
3. “I hope I’ll go to university next year “.He said that he hoped he would go to university the following year
4. “I want to study civil engineering”.He announced that he wanted to study civil engineering.
5. “I have always been interested in roads and bridges”.He said that he had always been interested in roads and
bridges
6. “I loved making things when I was a child”.He mentioned that he had loved /loved making things when he
was a child.
7. “I’m going to design and build the biggest bridge in the world!”.He insisted that he was going to design and
build the biggest bridge in the world PG 23

PG 24
2. Transform the questions into reported speech.
1. “What’s your name?”He asked me what my name was.
2. “Why do you want this job? He wondered why I wanted that job.
3. “Are you interested in cars?”He asked us if we were interested in cars/ me if I was interested in cars.
4. “What subjects did you study at school?” He asked me what subjects I had studied in school.
5. “Can you work hard?”He wanted to know If I could work hard.
6. “Will you come back for a second interview tomorrow?”He inquired if I would come for a second interview
the following day.

3. Transform the sentences into reported speech.

Tom said ...
1. “I like watching TV detective programmes”.Tom confessed that he likes watching TV detective stories
2. “I watched my favourite programme Police Force One on Saturday night”. He admitted that he had watched
his favorite programme Police Force One on Saturday night
3. “The police officers chased a criminal through London”. He informed that the police officers had chased a
criminal through London.
4. “At first the criminal escaped”.He recognized that at first the criminals had escaped.
5. “A young girl helped the police find the criminal!”. he said that a young girl had helped the police find the
criminal
6. “I haven’t seen such an exciting episode for a long time!”He commented that he hadn’t seen such an exciting
episode for a long time

4. Transform the sentences into reported speech. Pay attention to the time expressions underlined.
Jill said ...
1. “My neighbour went on holiday two days ago”.
Jill said that his neighbour had been on holiday two days before
2. “Two burglars got into his house last night”.He said that two burglars had got into his house the previous night
3. “I didn’t realize until this morning”. He said that he hadn’t realized until that morning
4. “Two police officers are coming to speak to me this afternoon”.He said that two police officers were coming to
speak to him that afternoon
5. “They’ll write a report tomorrow”. He said that he would write a report the following day
6. “My neighbour isn’t coming back until next Tuesday”. He said that his neighbour wasn’t coming back until the
following Tuesday.

5. Transform the sentences into reported commands and requests. Use the words in brackets.
The lawyer said to the witness, “Please tell the truth”. ( ask )The lawyer asked the witness to tell the truth.
1. The judge said to the witness, “Don’t be frightened”.
( order ) The judge told the witness not to be frightened
2. The woman said to the judge, “Please give me some more time”. ( beg )
The woman asked the judge to give her more time
3. The judge said to the witness, “Come back in an hour”. ( command )
The judge told the witness to come back in an hour
4. The man said to the witness, “Please, follow me”. ( ask )
The man asked the witness to follow him
5. The police officer said to the witness, “Don’t leave the room”. ( tell PG 24

) The police officer told the witness not to leave the room PG 25
6. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in italics. Use reported speech.
1. “We can’t come to the meeting”, they said. They said that they couldn’t come to the meeting
2. “Sue is a daring individual”, they said. They said that Sue is a daring individual
3. “I will pay them back one day”, he promised. He promised that he would pay them one day
4. “The band performed in the park”. Adam told me that the band had performed in the park
5. “Bill and I are dating”, Claire announced. Claire announced that she and Bill were dating
6. “I haven’t seen John”, Lisa explained. Lisa explained that she hadn’t seen John

7. Report the following questions, suggestions and orders.

1. “Did you enjoy the film?” I asked Sam. I asked Sam if he had enjoyed the film
2. “What are you doing at the weekend?” my friends asked me what I was doing at the weekend
3. “Let’s make a surprise party for Mum”, my brother suggested. My brother suggested making a party for Mum
4. “Don’t make any noise”, the teacher said.The teacher told me not to make any noise
5. “Will the test be difficult?” I wanted to know.I wanted to know if the test would be difficult.

8. Rewrite these statements in reported speech.

1. “I don’t feel very optimistic”, she said. She said she didn’t feel very optimistic
2. “We’ve heard that joke before”, they told him. They told him they had heard that joke before
3. “You’re going to be late” my mother said to me.My mother said to me that I was going to be late
4. “I’ll go if you go”, she told me.She told me that she would go if I went.
5. “I can make anybody laugh”, he said He said he could make anybody laugh

9. Rewrite the following commands and requests using the reporting verbs given.
1. “Write an opinion essay”, she said to me. ( told ) He told me to write an opinion essay
2. “Please don’t laugh”, I said to her. ( asked ) I asked her not to laugh
3. “Be quiet”, the policewoman said to us. ( ordered ) The policeman ordered us to be quiet.
4. “Go and see a doctor”, I told him. ( asked ) I asked him to go and see a doctor
5. “Don’t take any more books”, he told me. ( told ) He told me not to take any more books

10. Write questions in reported speech. Use the correct form of the reporting verbs. ( There may be more
than one correct answer ).
1. “When does Tim’s train arrive?” she asked me. ( ask ) She asked me when Tim`s train arrived
2. “Have you done your homework?” he asked me. ( ask ) He asked me if I had done my homework
3. “Where are you going?” she asked. ( want to know ) She wanted to know where I was going
4. “Will you call me?” Susan asked her father. ( ask ) Susan asked her father if he would call her PG 25
5. “Did you call Tina?” Becky asked. ( want to know ) Becky wanted to know if I had called Tina.
PG 26
11 Reported commands and requests. Identify and correct the three incorrect sentences.
My parents told me to go out less. CORRECT
The manager asked the team not lose the match. INCORR The manager asked the team not to lose the match.
1. My mum told to switch off the computer. INCORRECT : told me to switch
2. The judge ordered the man to pay Є 2000. CORRECT
3. Jorge asked his friends that the wait for him. INCORRECT: asked his friends to wait for him
4. Dave told his girlfriend don’t speak to Mark. INCORRECT: Dave told his girlfriend not to speak to Mark
5. Alex advised Tom not to see Chris again. CORRECT
6. Sandra asked her mother not to go into her room. CORRECT

12 Write in the reported speech. Use “suggested”as introductory verb and both possible structures
1 “ We should sit next to the window to see well”
He suggested sitting next to the window to see well/ He suggested that we sit next to the window to see well
2. “Let’s have a break before the lecture stars”
She suggested having a break before the lecture started/She suggested that we have a break before the lecture started
3. “Why doesn’t he divide the students in 2 groups?”
He suggested dividing the students in 2 groups/ He suggested that he divide the class in two groups
4. “Let’s learn a new language next year”
She suggested learning a new language the following year/He suggested that we learn a new language the following
year
5. “He should install an alarm in the new house” They suggested installing an alarm in the new house/ They
suggested that he install an alarm in the new house

13 Transform the sentences into reported speech.

“I’m sorry that I’m late”, she said. She said that she was sorry that she was late.
1. Gina said, “I haven’t had time to read it”. Gina said that she hadn’t had time to read it
2. “It looks like it’s going to rain”, my friend said. My friend said that it looked like it was going to rain
3. Jess replied, “We have already studied that”. Jess replied that they had already studied that
4. “I’m meeting Sue for lunch”, Pat told me. Pat told me that she was meeting Sue for lunch
5. “We don’t know the route”, my friends said.My friends told me that they didn’t know the route
6. “I go skiing every winter”, said Katy. Katy said that she goes to skiing every winter

14 Transform the sentences into reported speech.

Gavin said, “This article is interesting”. Gavin said (that) that article was interesting.
1. “I’ve already given you the CD”, Jack told Matt. Jack told Matt that he had already given him the CD
2. Jane said, “I need to know”. Jane said that she needed to know
3. “My friend will tell me the answer”, replied Esther. Esther replied that her friend would tell her the answer
4. “I must see you tomorrow”, Juan told Elena. Juan told Elena that he had to see her the following day
5. “We’d prefer to go without him”, they said. They said that they’d preferred to go without him
6. “I’ll be here until six o’clock”, Annie told Kate.Annie told Kate that she would be there until six o’clock

PG 26
MODAL VERBS

Los verbos modales son un grupo de verbos que tienen unas características especiales. En este grupo incluimos
can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will y would.

- No añaden –s en la tercera persona singular del presente: She can swim.

- Van seguidos de infinitivo sin to: She should study harder.
- Les faltan tiempos y no se pueden poner en infinitivo o participio. Para expresar los tiempos
que les faltan tenemos que emplear otros verbos (have to y be able to).
She will be able to speak Italian soon.
- No necesitan auxiliar para formar la negativa y la interrogativa : May I come in?
- Nunca puede ir un modal seguido de otro: She will can drive a car

A continuación tenemos los diferentes modales con sus usos y algunos ejemplos:

CAN:
- Habilidad (‘poder’ y ‘saber’ en presente) I can’t drive a car but I can ride a bike.
- Peticiones generales (‘poder’ en presente) Can I go to the toilet?
- Posibilidad (tiene posibilidad de coger el autobús) She can take a bus to commute
CAN’T:
-Incapacidad : We can’t do anything to improve our quality of life without help
-Prohibición : You can’t talk during the Mayor speech
- Deducción negativa (‘no poder’ en presente): The lights are off. They can’t be home.

COULD:
- Habilidad en pasado (‘podía’ o ‘sabía’): My brother could swim when he was three.
-Petición formal (‘podría’): Could I make a phone call?
- Posibilidad remota (‘podría’): They could be at the office. I’m not sure.
-Sugerencia cortés :You could come with Paul to see the carnival

Be able to:
- Habilidad (ser capaz de). Se utiliza en los casos en los que no podemos usar can o could.
I have been able to learn the list of irregular verbs by heart!
- Posibilidad (es posible que algo ocurra) Will you be able to arrive on time?

MAY: (único modal que no se contrae con not)

- Posibilidad (‘puede que’): Take your umbrella. It may rain later.
- Petición muy cortés(‘podría’): May I leave the room now, Sir?

MIGHT: (neg. mightn’t)

- Posibilidad muy remota (‘pudiera ser que’): She might be pregnant but it’s too soon to know.

MUST:
- Obligación , fuerte necesidad (‘tener que’ o ‘deber’ en presente), especialmente cuando la impone
la ley o alguien con autoridad: Students must do their homework.
- Deducción positiva o conclusión, Fuerte creencia (‘deber de’ en presente)
Look at the car she drives! She must be really rich.

Have to:
- Obligación , necesidad (‘tener que’) Aunque la obligación no es tan fuerte como con must.
Como MUST solo puede usarse en presente, en el resto de los tiempos se usa have to.
PG 27
You have to be home by midnight // The neighborhood is not safe. He has to relocate as soon
as possible
Have to puede utilizarse en todos los tiempos en los que no podemos usar must y necesita el auxiliar do
para interrogar y negar. Do you have to be home by midnight?

MUSTN’T:
- Prohibición (‘no deber’ en presente): You mustn’t drive if you are drunk.
Need to:
- Obligación (‘necesitar’): You need to come to school on time everyday.

Don’t have to // Don’t need to o needn’t ( el uso de needn’t es más formal)

- Falta de obligación // Ausencia de necesidad (‘no tener que’ ‘ No hay necesidad de‘)
At this school, students don’t have to wear a uniform.
We don’t need to / needn’t take any food to the party. There’s plenty

SHOULD y OUGHT TO:

- Consejo, opinión (‘debería’) Should es mucho más usado que ought to
You shouldn’t eat so much fatty food. It’s unhealthy.
Ought to apenas se usa en negativa : oughtn’t to

SHALL:
- Sugerencia. Usado con I sirve para ofrecerse a hacer algo y usado con we expresa una
sugerencia.
Shall I do the washing today? Shall we eat in a restaurant tonight?
WOULD
-
Petición formal: Would you stop cutting in the conversation? (podrías dejar de…?)
-
Ofrecimiento: Would you like to help keep the streets clean?

1) Choose the correct verb in each sentence.

1. Does he can / Can he / Can he to swim?
2. You don’t must / mustn’t to / mustn’t say such horrible things.
3. I hope that she cans / can / can to make it to our party.
4. Do I must / Must I to / Must I learn all the dates too?
5. We can’t / can’t to / don’t can speak Chinese.

2) Rewrite the sentences. Use the correct form of can, could or be able to.
1. Do you know how to break the code? can you break the code?
2. Students aren’t allowed to borrow these books.
Students can’t borrow these books.
3. I’ve tried to contact Joe, but without success.I haven’t been able to contact Joe yet.
4. It wasn’t possible for me to copy your CD. I couldn’t copy your CD.
5. It’ll be easy to burn CDs with this programme.
We will be able to burn CDs easily with this programme.
6. It won’t be a problem to send an email later. I
will be able to send an email later.

3) Complete the sentences. Use can, could and will be able to.
1. In the past women couldn’ t run (not run) as fast as men, they couldn’t play (not play) tennis either, and
they couldn’t jump (not jump) as high.
2. Today men can still run (still run) faster than women, but the difference is less important .
3. In 50 years time, some experts say that women will be able to compete (compete) with men. Others say
that they won’t be able to run (not run) as fast because their muscles can’t develop (not develop) as
much.
PG 28
4) Choose the correct alternatives.

1. I must / might / can buy a laptop soon - it depends.

2. Let’s send them an email. I think I can’t / might / mustn’t have the address.
3. They aren’t out here, so they can / can’t / must be waiting inside.
4. He can’t speak Portuguese. He can’t / mustn’t / may be Brazilian.
5. If we can’t get tickets here, we can / must / couldn’t go to the other cinema instead.
6. She’s always got the latest equipment – she must / might / can have a lot of money.
7. He never lies so he can’t / can / must be telling the truth.
8. That woman mustn’t / may / can’t be his Mum. She’s too young.
9. I may / must / couldn’t phone you tonight if I have time.
10. The phone’s ringing. It must / can / mustn’t be John. He said he would give me a ring tonight.

5) Complete each sentence with a suitable modal below.

may / can’t / ought to / mustn’t / couldn’t / can / have to / shouldn’t

1. Jess shouldn’t wear red . It doesn’t suit her.

2. He mustn’t drive because he’s under the legal age.
3. You ought to/should take an umbrella. I think it will rain.
4. You have to arrive at school on time.
5. Buy a lottery ticket. You may win a prize.
6. It’s amazing! Joe can speak five different languages.
7. Don’t order anything else. I can’t eat anything else.
8. We couldn’t buy a new car last year because we didn’t save enough money.

6) Rewrite the sentences using modal verbs. Begin as indicated.

1. Perhaps I’ll go to Los Angeles this summer. I might/may go to LA this summer

2. I’m certain that Ben has an audition. Ben must have an audition
3. It’s impossible that John is at the concert. He said he wasn’t going. John
can’t be at the concert
4. If we hurry, perhaps we’ll get home in time for the match.
We may/might/could get home in time for the match if we hurry.
5. I’m not sure we can go to the film premiere. I think it’s sold out. We
may/might not be able to go to the film premiere.
6. It’s possible my dad will let me go to the concert. My
dad could let me go to the concert
7. I’m sure that New York is an exciting city. New York must be an exciting city
8. I don’t know if I’ll go to the concert with my girlfriend. I
might not go to the concert with my girlfriend
9. I’m certain that studying and working at the same time isn’t easy. Studying
and working at the same time must be difficult/can’t be easy
10. Perhaps you won’t like Indian food for it has a strong taste. You
might/may not like Indian food for it has a strong taste.
11. I’m sure you’re not serious. You must be joking / can’t be serious
12. I’m sure people from some countries find our traditions strange.
People from some countries must find our traditions strange

7) Rewrite the sentences using modal verbs.

Hannah Anderson, 19, left school at 16. She started her own internet company using ₤5000 of her savings.
She now has contracts with several big companies and she employs six other people.
1. It’s possible that she still lives at home. (might)
She might still live at home
2. Perhaps she doesn’t want to go to university. (may not) She PG 29

may not want to go to university

3. I’m certain that she doesn’t have much free time. (can’t) She
can’t have much free time
4. Perhaps she’ll become a millionaire. (might)
She might become a millionaire
5. I’m sure that having a lot of responsibility isn’t easy. (can’t)
Having a lot of responsibility can´t be easy
6. No doubt her parents are proud of her. (must) Her
parents must be proud of her

8) Complete the sentences using the affirmative or negative form of the modal verbs below.
More than one possible answer may be correct.

have to • must • should • need (to)

1. You must be over eighteen to vote.

2. In Spain, you mustn’t drive on the left.
3. You don’t have to/ don’t need to pay on that website – it’s free.
4. You don’t have to/ don’t need to give any personal details – it’s optional.
5. You’ve been studying for hours. You must be very tired.
6. You shouldn’t touch that red cable – it’s dangerous.
7. You shouldn’t spend so much time on the phone – the bill will be enormous.
8. I shouldn’t eat so much chocolate – I’ll be sick.
9. You don’t have to/ don’t need to to wear a helmet in a car.
10. She doesn’t have to/ doesn’t need to work at the café every weekend. She gets some free
ones.
11.It’s OK – we don’t have to/ don’t need to do our homework until Monday.
12. You mustn’t drive through a red light.

9) Rewrite the sentences.

1. It isn’t necessary for you to buy her a present. You don’t have/need to buy her a present
2. I strongly advise you to go to her party. You should go to her party
3. Washing the dishes is a silly thing to do since we have a dishwasher. We
don’t need/have to wash the dishes since we have a dishwasher
4. It’s important for you to look fashionable and cool.
You have to/ should look fashionable and cool
5. I recommend that you buy some new clothes.
You should buy new clothes
6. Remember, smoking in the house is prohibited.
You mustn’t smoke in the house
7. It’s advisable to hire bodyguards.
We should hire bodyguards
8. It’s necessary to watch people carefully.
We have to watch people carefully.

10) Rewrite the sentences using modal verbs. Begin as indicated.

1. It’s not safe to go out on your own at night.

You shouldn’t go out on your own at night
2. It isn’t necessary to go to the shopping centre today. We
don’t need/ have to go to the shopping centre today
3. It’s important that I remember to check my emails. I
PG 30
have to remember to check my emails.
4. I recommend that you get some anti-virus software. You PG 31

should get some anti-virus software

5. It’s compulsory to show your identification.
You must show your identification
6. It’s necessary to enter a password.
You have to enter a password
7. The ice on the lake is thin. Mark had better turn back.
Mark should turn back
8. More training for the team is required.
The team have to do more training
9. Linda is going sailing tomorrow but the weather forecast is not good.
Linda shouldn’t go sailing tomorrow
10. It’s cold and Nathan isn’t wearing a coat.
Nathan has /needs to wear a coat.

11) Correct the errors in these sentences.

1. When I was a child, I must tidy my room after playing with my toys. Had to
2. Do I must pay for everything? Must I pay for everything?
3. She should talks to her friend before she gets angry with her.
4. That girl mustn’t be Jenny. Jenny is blonde, but that girl is dark. Can’t
5. It was so dark I can’t see a thing. Couldn’t
6. We mustn’t go to work tomorrow. It’s Sunday. Don’t have to / don’t need to
7. Should I have another cup of coffee, please? Could I ..
8. Take some more money with you. You ought to need it later. May/ might/ can

PERFECT MODALS

Se utilizan para hablar sobre acciones y acontecimientos pasados. Para formarlos hay que poner
modal + have + participio pasado: She didn’t come to school yesterday. She may have been ill.

MUST HAVE + PARTICIPLE:

Expresa que estamos casi seguros de que algo ocurrió en el pasado, porque es lógico o muy
seguro (‘debe de haber’): Her car is here. She must have taken the bus.

MAY / MIGHT HAVE:

Expresan una suposición sobre el pasado. (‘puede que haya / pudiera ser que hubiera’)
Call her again. She may not have heard the phone the first time.

COULD HAVE: Posibilidad

Similar a may/might have. (‘podría haber’)
He has a broken leg. He could have fallen down the stairs
También puede indicar que se tuvo la posibilidad de hacer algo pero no se hizo. (‘podría haber’)
He could have helped us, but he came too late. PG 31

PG 32
CAN’T / COULDN’T HAVE:
Se emplean para expresar una deducción sobre algo que estamos seguros que no ocurrió. (‘no puede / no pudo
haber’)
-“Someone took some money from the safe.”
-“It can’t have been John. He didn’t come to the office yesterday.”
SHOULD / OUGHT TO HAVE:
Se usan para lamentar o criticar algo que se hizo o no se hizo en el pasado. (‘debería haber’)
You shouldn’t have said those words. She’s upset now.
WOULD HAVE
Expresa voluntad, disposición o deseo de hacer algo, pero que no se hizo
I would have met you yesterday, but I couldn’t leave the house because of the storm.
NEEDN’T HAVE
Expresa que no había obligación o necesidad de hacer algo
You needn’t have bought the flowers! That’s very kind of you.

1) Choose the correct answer.

1. The thieves knew the police were coming. Someone should have / must have warned them.
2. We were worried sick. You should have / may have called to say you’d be late.
3. Jane wasn’t at the meeting. She might not have / shouldn’t have known about it.
4. He must have / could have done better in the exam but he didn’t try hard enough.
5. She’s very upset. You couldn’t have / shouldn’t have teased her.
6. Grandpa won’t get well. Someone should have / may have consulted a doctor long ago.

2) Rachel’s parents are worried because it’s two in the morning and she’s not at home yet.
Match the sentences (1-6) with the responses (a-f).
1. Rachel’s very late. e. She must have missed the bus.
2. Why didn’t she take a taxi home? c. She might not have had any money.
3. I gave her some money. f. She may not have had enough.
4. Normally she phones us. b. She might have forgotten her mobile.
5. She always takes her mobile. d. The battery may have run out.
6. I think I can hear a car outside. a. A friend must have driven her home.

a. A friend must have driven her home. x

b. She might have forgotten her mobile. x
c. She might not have had any money. x
d. The battery may have run out. x
e. She must have missed the bus. x
f. She may not have had enough. x

3) Complete the sentences. Use the perfect form of a modal verb with the past participle of
a verb in the list. (negatives are also possible)
be • be • buy • eat • have • see • study • worry

1. - Someone forgot to turn off the computer.

- Well, it can’t have been me, I never use it.
2. - I finished all that chocolate cake and now I’m going to be sick.
- You shouldn’t have eaten so much.
3. - This printer was cheap, but it doesn’t work very well.
- You should have bought a better one, even if it meant spending a bit more.
4. - Chloe and Chris aren’t speaking to each other at the moment.
- They must have had an argument.
5. - I think I saw Tanya at the disco last night.
- No, you couldn’t have seen her. She’s in hospital.
6. - I was worried about you last night. PG 32
- You shouldn’t have worried, Mum. I was at Brian’s.
7. - A girl called, but I didn’t recognize her voice. I wonder who it was. PG 33

- It might have been Mel, she sometimes calls on Mondays.

8. - I don’t think I’ll pass the maths exam.
- You should have studied a lot more. Maths exams are never easy.

4) Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first one. Use the
expression in the list and a past participle.
can’t have • could have • might have • should have • shouldn’t have

1. Perhaps Ted thought that I was going to phone him. Ted

might have thought that I was going to phone him.
2. Why didn’t you tell me that you were having problems? You
should have told me that you were having problems.
3. It wasn’t a good idea to fix the computer yourself.
You shouldn’t have fixed the computer yourself.
4. There’s no way that she’s finished reading The Lord of the Rings.
She can’t have finished reading The Lord of the Rings.
5. Going on holiday was a possibility.
We could have gone on holiday.

5) Rewrite the sentences. Use perfect modals.

1. It was a bad idea for her to listen to him.
She shouldn’t have listened to him
2. He needed money. Perhaps he borrowed it from his parents. He
could have borrowed the money from his parents
3. That advert is everywhere. I’m sure you’ve seen it.
You must have seen the advert
4. Jake’s father died last year. It’s impossible that you saw him. You
couldn’t have seen him
5. It’s possible that they met in Derby.
They may have met in Derby
6. No, it’s not possible they met there. He lives in Cork.
They couldn’t have met there
7. He got her a lovely watch for her thirtieth. I’m sure it cost a lot of money. It
must have cost a lot of money
8. I’m sure she was very happy to pass her driving test. She
must have been happy to pass her driving test
9. Lindsay can’t find her sunglasses. Maybe she left them at home. She
may/ might have left them at home
10. Jenna is tired. I’m certain she went to Mike’s party last night. She
must have been to Mike’s party.
11. The camera isn’t working. Perhaps someone broke it.
Someone may/ might have broken it
12. I just missed a phone call. It’s possible that it was someone important. It
could/may/ might have been someone important
13. That song is awful! It’s impossible that it won an award. It
couldn’t have won an award
14. The ground is soaking wet. It’s obvious that it rained last night. It
must have rained.
15. Jane received an invitation to the wedding but decided not to go. She
could have gone to the wedding
16. I don’t think Debbie did that. That’s not the kind of thing she would do.
Debbie couldn’t have done that.

PG 33
 -ING /TO INFINITIVE
A. USOS DE –ING

1) Detrás de ciertos verbos:

DELAY (retrasarse), DENY (negar, rechazar), FINISH (acabar),

POSTPONE (posponer), MISS (echar de menos), SUGGEST ( sugerir),
FANCY (apetecer, gustar), RISK (arriesgar), KEEP (continuar) ,
IMAGINE (imaginar), INVOLVE (implicar, CAN’T STAND ( no poder
CONSIDER (considerar), involucrar), soportar),
AVOID (evitar), PRACTISE (practicar), GIVE UP (dejar de ), etc
ADMIT (admitir), MIND(importar), FACE ( enfrentar,
afrontar)

2) Detrás de una preposición:

1. Verbos + cualquier preposición:
TALK ABOUT (insistir en),
APPROVE OF (parecer bien),
etc. APOLOGISE FOR (disculparse por)
INSIST ON (insistir en)
DREAM OF (soñar con) ,
LOOK FORWARD TO,( esperar con impaciencia)
SUCCEED IN (tener éxito en)

2. Adjetivos + cualquier
preposición: INTERESTED IN
(interesado en) , GOOD AT (bueno en ,
darse bien algo), FED UP WITH (harto
de), etc

3. Después de:
ADVANTAGES OF ( las ventajas de ) BEFORE (antes) ,
, INSTEAD OF ( en lugar de), AFTER (después),
IN SPITE OF (a pesar de ), BY (para expresar el modo o medio de hacer algo), etc.

3) Cuando el verbo es sujeto de la oración:

Smoking is bad for your health. Playing with children makes you feel good.

B. USOS DE TO INFINITIVE:

1) Detrás de ciertos verbos:

OFFER (ofrecer), AFFORD (poder permitirse), APPEAR(aparecer),

AGREE ( estar de acuerdo), FORGET (olvidar), TEND (tender a ,soler) ,
REFUSE (rechazar, decir que ATTEMPT (intentar), PRETEND,(fingir, simular)
no) DECIDE (decidir), MANAGE (arreglárselas), EXPECT (esperar),
PLAN (planear), ARRANGE FAIL(fallar, no lograr) , NEED (necesitar),
( planear, concertar), PROMISE (promise), WISH ( desear),
HOPE (esperar), THREATEN(amenazar), CLAIM (reclamar, demandar),
LEARN ( aprender), ADVISE (aconsejar), DARE (atreverse )
DESERVE (merecer), SEEM(parecer),

2) Detrás de expresiones como:

WOULD LIKE(gustaría), WOULD PREFER (preferiría),
WOULD LOVE ((encantaría) WOULD HATE (odiaría), etc
3) Cuando significa ‘para’ + infinitivo: PG 34
He is here to explain his problems - I came to help you
 4) Detrás de WH-words como WHERE , HOW, WHETHER, WHAT:
We asked how to get there - We decided where to go - I don’t know what to do.

5) Detrás de adjetivos o adverbios solos o acompañados por too o enough .

I’m ready to go now. It´s easy enough to do
He ran too slowly to win It’s too difficult to understand.

C. VERBOS QUE PUEDEN LLEVAR TO INFINITIVE o –ING (DA IGUAL, aunque mejor con -ing)

- LIKE, PREFER, LOVE, HATE (=verbs of likes and dislikes),

- START, BEGIN, CONTINUE,etc

D . VERBOS SEGUIDOS DE INFINITIVO SIN TO:

- WOULD RATHER= ‘D RATHER: I’d rather go by car than go on foot.

- MAKE: He made me laugh.
- LET: Let me speak, please!
- HEAR: I heard them close the door
- SEE: I saw a man take your bag.

E. VERBOS CON 2 SIGNIFICADOS SEGÚN VAYAN SEGUIDOS DE TO o -ING:

STOP: I stopped to smoke a cigarette - I stopped smoking.

REMEMBER: I remember climbing trees when I was little - Remember to post this
letter. REGRET: I regret to tell you that you have failed the exam.
I regret telling her my secrets. She has told everybody.
FORGET: He forgot to close the door - He forgot opening the door

F . VERBO + OBJETO +INFINITIVO:

Algunos verbos se construyen de esta manera. Hay que tener cuidado y recordar esta estructura para evitar errores
como el de la siguiente oración:
I want that my parents buy me a car. I want my parents to buy me a car.

Se construyen de esta manera, entre otros, los siguientes verbos:

WANT (querer) : I want you to do the ironing
TELL (decir, contar) : He told me to forget his
promise ASK (pedir): He asked the students to wait
outside.
ORDER(ordenar, mandar): The employer ordered the employees to continue working.
ADVISE (aconsejar): My mum advised me to study hearder
EXPECT (esperar) The spectators expected R. Madrid to win the match
HELP (ayudar ) Please, help your brother make the bed (sin to)
BEG (suplicar) Erika begged me to excuse her
PERSUADE (persuadir, convencer) Nobody can persuade her to return
TEACH ( enseñar) Life teaches you to be independent
FORCE (obligar, forzar) She was forced to admit the robbery
INVITE (invitar) Nobody invited him to go to the party
ALLOW(permitir) This job allows me to live near my family
ENCOURAGE(animar) Teacher should encourage students to go ahead.
Watch out : Para negar un infinitivo con to o una forma –ing ponemos not delante:
She told me not to use her PG 35
computer. Not having problems is
what I want.
1) Complete the following sentences with the to-infinitive or -ing form of the verbs in brackets.
1) What a stupid thing to do! Can you imagine anybody BEING so stupid? (be)
2) Could you please stop MAKING so much noise? (make)
3) The football coach forced the team TO TRAIN for the championship. (train)
4) It was a lovely day so I suggested GOING for a walk. (go)
5) The law doesn’t allow citizens TO DRINK and drive. (drink)
6) Those children must be taught TO BEHAVE more politely. (behave)
7) My neighbour helped us MOVE to our new house. (move)
8) She’s a very interesting person. I always enjoy TALKING to her. (talk)
9) After WASHING the dishes, she watched TV. (wash)
10) LIVING in the countryside is a very peaceful option. (live)
11) He hoped TO BE accepted for the summer job. (be)
12) Please remind me TO WASH the dog this afternoon. (wash)
13) You can switch the lights by PRESSING that button. (press)
14) Our neighbour threatened TO CALL the police if we kept SMOKING in the hall. (call / smoke)
15) Hurry up! I don’t want to risk MISSING the train. (miss)
16) I’m not in a hurry- I don’t mind WAITING (wait)
17) They don’t have much money. They can’t afford TO GO out very often. (go)
18) Would you like TO HAVE a look at my wedding ring? (have)
19) I’m afraid of planes. I don’t like FLYING (fly)
20) The boy’s father promised TO PAY for the window his son had broken. (pay)
21) I refuse TO ANSWER any more questions. (answer)
22) The baby began CRYING in the middle of the night. (cry)
23) Don’t leave without CLOSING the door. (close)
24) His parents always encourage him TO STUDY hard. (study)
25) We expect TO GET on the midnight flight. (get)
26) He doesn’t want anybody TO KNOW the truth. (know)
27) STUDYING hard will make you succeed at school. (study)
28) My mother always told me to avoid TALKING to strangers. (talk)
29) Have you ever considered LIVING in a different city? (live)
30) They have decided TO SELL their house. (sell)
31) There was a lot of traffic but we managed TO GET to the airport in time. (get)
32) They denied STEALING the money. (steal)
33) Can you teach me TO DRIVE ? (drive)
34) Sarah persuaded me TO APPLY for the job. (apply)
35) I was warned NOT TO TOUCH the switch. (not touch)
36) I regret SAYING that now, but I know it is too late. (say)
37) I’m in a difficult position. What do you advise me TO DO ? (do)
38) I don’t fancy GOING to that party tonight. (go)
39) They gave up SMOKING a long time ago. (smoke)
40) Would you prefer TO WAIT for me outside? (wait)

2) Complete the sentences. Use a to infinitive or –ing.

1. Nick practises PLAYING (play) the guitar every night because he wants TO BE (be) famous.
2. Alex is learning TO DRIVE (drive). His parents help PAY (pay) the lessons.
3. Joel arranged TO MEET (meet) Emily after she had finished DOING (do) her homework.
4. Kate agreed TO GO (go) by bus because she didn’t want TO PAY (pay) for a taxi.
5. Max offered TO TAKE (take) Hannah to the party but she didn’t fancy GOING (go) with him because she
is fed up with MEETING (meet) his posh friends.
6. I don’t really mind MAKING (make) my bed but I definitely don’t enjoy TIDYING (tidy) my room.
PG 36
3) Practise the uses of the –ing. Complete the sentences and then write the use of the –ing form.

Example: I love..GOING….(go) to the beach: ( verbs of likes and dislikes)

eat / live / speak / take / wait / wash / win

1. WASHING your face in cold water wakes you up (Subject)

2. 2. He hates WAITING for the bus (Verbs of likes and dislikes)
3. Are you worried about TAKING your exams? (after prepositions)
4. I often practise SPEAKING English with tourists (practise+ ing)
5. EATING salad is good for your health (Subject)
6. I dream of WINNING the league (verbo + preposición)
7. I like LIVING in this town. There is a lot to do. (Verbs of likes and dislikes)

4) Practise the uses of the to-infinitive. Complete the sentences and then write the use of the to-infinitive (as
in the previous exercise): apply / build / express / feel / pass / win / write

1. Maria has decided TO APPLY for a place at university decide+ to infinitive

2. I’ll try TO WRITE a better essay next time try + to infinitive
3. I felt too embarrassed TO EXPRESS my true feelings adjetive + to infinitive
4. They’re planning TO BUILD a new cinema near here plan + to infinitive
5. We won’t be fast enough TO WIN the race adjetivo + to infinitive
6. Everybody needs TO FEEL happy need + to infinitive
7. I always try TO PASS my exams try + to infinitive

5) Complete the text. Use the -ing form of the verbs in the box.
travel / sleep / meet / stay / work / go / use / have / see / talk

(1) TRAVELLING by train with an Inter-Rail ticket is a cheap and interesting way of (2) SEEING Europe. (3)
USING the same ticket, you can visit countries and cities all over the continent. Last year, after (4) WORKING
in a shoe shop for six weeks, Tasmin Cooper had enough money to buy a ticket. She left London with her
friend Claire. Tasmin always enjoyed (5) TALKING to people and she soon found that the Inter-Rail is a
wonderful way of (6) MEETING other young people like herself. They also found that by (7) SLEEPING on
the train instead of (8) STAYING in hotels they saved a lot of money. After 4 weeks they dreamed of (9)
HAVING a hot shower and a comfortable bed. However, they didn’t regret (10) GOING by train- they’d
visited 11 countries and 22 cities in only 31 days!

6) Error correction. Underline the mistakes and correct them.

1. Three months ago, I decided getting a mobile phone. TO GET
2. I asked my dad giving me one. He said I couldn’t afford to pay for all my calls. TO GIVE
3. I kept to try to persuade him but he wouldn’t listen- he can’t stand to argue. TRYING - ARGUING
4. So then I asked my mum. I told her I needed getting one for my own safety. TO GET
5. In fact, I wanted have one because all my friends have one. TO HAVE
6. She agreed buying me one when I said that I didn’t mind to pay for all my calls. TO BUY - PAYING
7. I’ve had a mobile phone for a month and I can’t imagine not to have one. NOT HAVING
8. The problem is, I enjoy to talk but I’m learning keeping my conversations short. TALKING - TO KEEP

PG 37
7) Expand the sentences as in the example.
Example: We want / Kate / come home = We want Kate to come home

1.Kate / want / her parents / understand her - Kate wants her parents to understand her
2.We / expect / her / phone /us yesterday - We expected her to phone us yesterday
3.Her mother / advise / Kate / go to university next year- Her mother advises Kate to go to university next year
4.I not allow / her /live in a squat - I don’t allow her to live in a squat
5.The owner /order / the students / leave /the squat. - The owner ordered the students to leave the squat.

8) Complete the text with the correct form of want and the verbs below: act / be / become / play / stop

Ana and Eric’s parents (1) WANT their children TO BE successful. They (2) WANT them TO BECOME doctors,
but neither Ana nor Eric are interested in medicine. When Ana was little, her mother (3) WANTED her TO ACT in
films; Eric’s father (4) WANTED him TO PLAY football for Barça. Now, Ana wants to be a journalist, while Eric
wants to become a teacher. They both (5) WANT their parents TO STOP deciding their future for them.

9) Correct these sentences.

1. I don’t want that he ask me any questions. I don’t want HIM TO ASK me any questions.
2. Do you expect that I help you? Do you expect ME TO help you?
3. She orders that you listen to her. She orders YOU TO listen to her.
4. He advised she to go to the party. He advised HER to go to the party
5. She didn’t allow that I knew the truth. She didn’t allow ME TO KNOW the truth
6. Did they want that they won? Did they want THEM TO WIN ?

10) Complete the text with the –ing or to-infinitive form of the verbs in brackets.

When I finish school, I’d like (1) TO TRAVEL (travel) for a year. I’ve contacted a student travel agency and
they’ve promised (2) TO SEND (send) me some information. I can’t face (3) GOING (go) on my own, so I’m
trying (4) TO PERSUADE (persuade) a friend to come with me. When I stop (5) TO THINK (think) about it, I’m a
bit scared. I can’t imagine (6) LIVING (live) without my parents. When I’ve finished (7) TRAVELLING (travel),
I’ll begin (8) STUDYING (study) at university.

11) Cross out one word in each sentence to make it correct.

1. Please don’t make me to get angry.
2. He begged her she to stay with him.
3. I’d like you to can come with me.
4. My father wanted that Eric to play for Barça.
5. I’m sure that I saw a man to steal a watch.
6. The police arrested him, but later they let him to go.

12) Complete the sentences with the –ing or to-infinitive form of the verbs in brackets.

1. In France, many people stopped SMOKING (smoke) when cigarette taxes were raised.
2. None of us remembered TO BRING (bring) our workbooks to class, which made the teacher angry.
3. We saw a car accident and stopped TO HELP (help) the people who were hurt.
4. We regret INFORMING (inform) you that you have not been accepted to this university.
5. I really regret WATCHING (watch) that programme on ghosts, because I’ve had bad dreams ever since!
6. I remember READING (read) about the bank robbery, but I forgot which bank it was at.

PG 38
 UNREAL TIME AND SUBJUNCTIVES

** I WISH/ IF ONLY/ HOPE

1. Para referirse a situaciones presentes:

I Wish / if only + subject + past simple . Note the relationship with the second conditional!

I wish he were here. If he were here, I would be happy.

I wish I didn’t have to go to school If I didn’t go to school I would be happy

2. Para referirse a situaciones pasadas. Note the relationship with the third conditional.
I Wish / if only + subject + past perfect

I wish/ If only he had been there. If he had been here, I’d invite him for dinner

3. Para referirse a situaciones futuras:

I Wish / if only + subject + would / could + infinitive

I wish he could /would be here tomorrow.

El sujeto de wish y de would debe ser distinto: estaría mal decir I Wish I would: deberíamos decir I
wish I could fly

Estas oraciones expresan deseos, de la misma manera que “ojalá + subjuntivo” en castellano: Usamos
“If only” para enfatizar nuestro deseo

I wish he were here / If only he were here. ( Ojalá estuviera aquí )

Cuando utilizamos la forma would / wouldn’t expresamos una crítica o queja sobre el comportamiento de alguien:

If only he would shut up! ( ¡Si por lo menos se callara! / ¡Ojalá se callara!)

4. Si el deseo es positivo usamos Hope + present simple or will

I hope you have a good time at the party —- I hope the weather will be fine tomorrow

1. Match situations 1 - 6 with wishes and regrets A – F.

1) Sarah’s parents are worried because she has a bad diet. D. “If only she ate more fresh food!”
2) Jane can’t give up junk food. C. “If only I could stop eating cheeseburgers!”
3) James’s mum is cooking him a healthy dinner. F. “I wish she was making me a burger”
4) Angela wants Philip to lose weight. E. “I wish he would cut out cheeseburgers”.
5)Tim has seen his favourite chocolates in a shop window but he’s got no cash. B. “If only I’d remembered my
wallet”.
6) It’s only 10 in the morning and I am starving. A. “I wish I’d had a bigger breakfast”.
A. “I wish I’d had a bigger breakfast”. x
B. “If only I’d remembered my wallet”. x
C. “If only I could stop eating cheeseburgers!” x
D. “If only she ate more fresh food!” x
E. “I wish he would cut out cheeseburgers”. x
F. “I wish she was making me a burger”.

2) Write wishes (W), regrets (R) and complaints (C). Use the phrases in brackets.
1. I can’t resist chocolate. W ( I wish )_I wish I could resist chocolate!
2. My dad cooks with so much salt. C ( I wish )I wish he wouldn’t use so much salt!
3. School meals aren’t tasty. W ( if only ) If only school meals were tasty!
4. I was late for the meal. R ( I wish ) I wish I hadn’t been late!
5. I spent too much money yesterday. R ( if only ) If only I hadn’t spent so much money yesterday!
6. My mum cooks pasta every day. C ( I wish ) I wish she wouldn’t cook pasta every day!
7. The restaurant closed early. R ( if only If only it hadn’t closed so early
8. Good food is expensive. W ( if only ) If only good food wasn’t expensive PG 39

PG 40
3) Write R, W or C after each sentence.
R. a regret about the past W. a wish for the present C. an annoying situation which could change
I wish I hadn’t said that. R

1. I wish you’d won the league. R

2. I wish I could sing like him. W
3. I wish those people would stop shouting. C
4. I wish I had a more interesting life. W
5. I wish I knew her phone number. W
6. I wish I’d passed my maths exam. R
7. I wish he wouldn’t give me orders. C
8. I wish she’d listened to my advice. R
4) Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs.
1. 1. I can’t dance. I wish I could dance ( dance ).
2. 2. I hate exams. I wish I didn’t have to ( not have to ) do exams.
3. 3. I lied, but now I wish I had told ( tell ) the truth.
4. 4. She’s always late. I wish she would arrive ( arrive ) on time.
5. 5. I’m not very tall. I wish I were ( be ) taller.
6. 6. The weather’s awful. I wish it stopped ( stop ) raining.
7. 7. I never knew my grandmother. I wish I had known ( know ) her.
5) Express sentences 1 – 7 as wishes or regrets.
I haven’t got much
money. I wish I had more
money.
1. He never thinks before he gives an opinion. I wish he thought / would think before he gives an opinion
2. I feel tired all the time. I wish I wouldn’t felt tired
3. We didn’t bring a map. I wish he had brought a map
4. Our neighbours shout all the time. I wish the didn’t shout/ wouldn’t shout all the time
5. I don’t know how to play like that. I wish I knew how to play like that
6. I said something stupid. I wish I hadn’t said something stupid
7. People are never careful. I wish people were careful

** IT’S TIME - IT’S HIGH TIME ( Es hora de )

Va seguido de pasado simple o continuo : It’s time we left - It is high time we were leaving

** I’D RATHER Va seguido de

PASADO ( irreal) cuando expresa preferencia por determinadas acciones de otras personas: I’d rather you didn’t
speak in here (preferiría que no hablaras aquí)

TIEMPO REAL cuando compara nombres o se refiere al propio hablante

I’d rather be a teacher than a doctor - I’d rather go

FORMAL SUBJUNCTIVES: con DEMAND - INSIST - SUGGEST - REQUIRE. Detrás de estos verbos
se usaría INFINITIVE . No habría -S en 3a persona del singular ni se usa pasado:

They demanded that he leave at once - The teacher suggested that she be awarded the medal. Si queremos usar una
estructura más informal para estos verbos, debemos usar SHOULD:

They demanded that he should leave at once - The teacher suggested that she should be awarded...

1. Rewrite using the word given

1. I should be making dinner now (time) It’s time I made dinner/ I was making dinner

2. I would prefer you to stay ( rather) I ‘d rather you stayed

3. The doctor said it was important to wear the masks ( insisted) The doctor insisted that we wear the mask /
that we should wear the mask

4. Why doesn’t she finish her degree? (suggested formal) He suggested that she finish her degree
PG 40
USED TO / BE USED TO / GET USED TO
1 Sujeto + USED TO + Infinitivo: ‘solía’. Se utiliza para hablar sobre hábitos en el
pasado. En esta construcción used es un verbo en pasado simple, por lo que se necesita
el auxiliar did para formar la negativa y la interrogativa.

She used to smoke cigars

She didn’t use to smoke
cigars Did she use to smoke
cigars?

Used to no se utiliza para hablar sobre hábitos en presente. Para esto, se pone el
verbo en presente simple acompañado de un adverbio de frecuencia como usually, often,
generally…

2 Sujeto + BE USED TO + Ing / Nombre o pronombre: ‘estar acostumbrado a’. Aquí used
hace de adjetivo y no se puede cambiar su forma. El verbo to be se conjuga para ponerlo
en el tiempo que se precise.

I am not used to living in a small town

My dad was used to his old car and now he misses it

3 Sujeto + GET USED TO + Ing / Nombre o pronombre: ‘acostumbrarse a’. Used es de

nuevo un adjetivo. El verbo get se conjuga para ponerlo en el tiempo que se precise.

We are getting used to our new life

abroad She can’t get used to such a small
house.

1) Rewrite the sentences about an old man’s life 50 years ago. Use used to.
1. He went out with girls. He used to go out with girls
2. He played football every morning.He used to play football every morning
3. He rode a powerful motorbike.He used to ride a powerful motorbike
4. Did he wear glasses?Did he use to wear glasses?
5. He didn’t drink alcohol.He didn’t use to drink alcohol

2) Sam was a volunteer in South Africa last year. Complete the text. Use used
to and the verbs below.
enjoy get up have not sleep make sit not go work

Sam (1) used to get up every morning at 6 am. He (2) didn’t use to sleep longer because it
was too hot in his tent. Then he (3) used to have breakfast with the other volunteers. After
that, they (4) used to work until about 4 pm in the afternoon. In the evening they (5) used to
make their own dinner and then they (6) used to sit around the camp fire and talked, usually
in English. This was the part of the day that Sam
(7) used to enjoy most. They (8) didn’t use to go to bed until very late.

3) Match the sentences (1-3) with the meanings (a-c).

1 B 2 C 3 A
James is a volunteer working in Somalia.
1. At first he wasn’t used to working all day.
2. But soon he got used to working all day.
PG 41
3. Now he is used to working all day.

a. He finds working all day normal and familiar.

b. He found working all day strange and unfamiliar.
c. He became accustomed to working all day.

4) Complete the sentences with used to or be / get used to.

1. When I was a child, I used to dream of becoming a model.
2. Supermodels are used to people recognising them on the streets because of their famous
faces.
3. I can’t get used to the warm weather. I always feel tired.
4. Tom used to smoke, but he stopped last year.
5. We used to have a dog but it died two years ago.
6. It’s taking time but they are getting used to their new life in Britain.
7. I am used to the customs of this country because I’ve lived here for a long time.
8. They used to be our neighbours before they moved to another area of the city.

5) Write sentences about Louise’s life as a child compared to her life now. Use
used to.
I don’t live in London > She used to live in London
1. I don’t watch cartoons. She used to watch cartoons
2. I don’t have to go to bed at nine o’clock. She used to go to bed at nine
3. I’ve got a mobile phone.She didn’t use to have got a mobile phone
4. My parents allow me to stay out late. Her parents didn’t allow her to stay out late
5. I don’t play with dolls.She used to play with dolls
6. I buy my own clothes. She didn’t use to buy her own clothes

PG 42
 CONNECTORS / LINKERS (LOS CONECTORES)

Los conectores son palabras que empleamos para señalar las relaciones entre ideas. A continuación vamos a
ver los más frecuentes.

1. CONTRAST OR OPPOSING IDEAS

A) BUT y YET tienen el mismo sentido. Se traducen por ‘pero’ y van seguidos de una oración
completa (una oración con, al menos, sujeto y verbo).
The book is short, but it’s interesting.

B) IN SPITE OF y DESPITE significan ‘a pesar de’. Van seguidos de –ing o de un nombre o pronombre.
In spite of the rain, they played the
match. Despite being rich, he’s not
happy.

También pueden ir seguidos de una oración completa pero en ese caso hay que ponerles the fact that detrás.
In spite of the fact that she hadn’t studied, she passed

C) ALTHOUGH, THOUGH y EVEN THOUGH significan ‘aunque’. Van seguidos de una

oración completa.

Although she was a good employee, she was fired.

She gets on with her new boyfriend quite well even though they are very different.

D) HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS, EVEN SO, ON THE ONE HAND, ON THE OTHER HAND y
ON THE CONTRARY van seguidos por una coma y después por una oración completa y delante
suelen llevar un punto, a veces una coma.

HOWEVER y NEVERTHELESS significan ‘sin embargo’.

She was quite ill. However, she went to work.
EVEN SO puede traducirse por ‘aun así’.
They don’t live too far. Even so, they never come to visit.
ON THE ONE HAND y ON THE OTHER HAND significan respectivamente ‘por un lado’ y ‘por otro
lado’.
On the one hand, the beach is fun. On the other hand, I don’t like the sand.
ON THE CONTRARY significa ‘por el contrario’. Suele aparecer en un diálogo, para expresar un
contraste ante lo que alguien acaba de decir.
- “I thought you liked classical music”
- “On the contrary, I hate it”

E) WHILE y WHEREAS pueden traducirse por ‘mientras que’ y van seguidos por una oración completa.
I love the city, whereas my brother prefers the countryside.

PG 43
1) Underline the linkers in these sentences and add commas where necessary.

1. Although she was ill she went to work.

2. Their car broke down; nevertheless, they managed to get to the garage.
3. They wanted to move to a nicer neighbourhood; however, they couldn’t afford it.
4. This child is very independent despite his young age.
5. Despite the low price, I didn’t buy the suit.
6. Rosie is always making jokes , yet I don’t find her very funny.
7. - “Did the stain come out easily?”
- “On the contrary, it became more noticeable.”
8. She won’t go to the theatre even though she has a free ticket.

2) Fill in the blanks with a suitable linker. There may be more than one correct answer.

1. I won’t forgive you despite/ in spite of your apology.

2. They haven’t found a house to buy even though/although they have looked at quite a
few. 3.Even though Andrew knew the risks, he decided to travel alone.
4. Despite/ in spite of her hard work, Maria didn’t pass her exam.
5. The speed limit on the highway is 90 mph; However, people often drive much faster.
6. Despite/ in spite of her skiing accident last year, Eliza is going skiing again this year.
7. Even though/ although he had planned the project very carefully, he had several problems along the way.
8. My sister doesn’t have a job Even though/ although she’s a very talented person.
9. She’s quite happy Despite/ in spite of all the problems she has.
10. Even though/ although she’s not very tall, she’s a brilliant basketball player.

3) Fill in the blanks with a suitable linker. There may be more than one correct answer.
1. Some students don’t mind taking tests, however/ on the contrary, others get really nervous.
2. It’s wonderful to have my grandparents spend the summer with us ,but/yet it’s a bit
uncomfortable because our flat is quite small.
3. - “She must have a very interesting job as a travel agent.”
- “However , she says it is quite routine.”
4. The new car is very economical, on the contrary the old one was not.
5.On the one hand, you could rent a flat instead of buying one.
On the other hand, you spend all this money and you still don’t own a flat.
6. Jane really hates rock music, however, I love it.
7. We took our holiday in Spain. On the contrary, our neighbours went abroad.
8. - “You seem to be bored.”
- “On the contrary , I’m having a wonderful time.”

4) Complete these sentences using your own words and ideas.

1. Although she hadn’t prepared for it , her first job interview was successful.
2. Jack often takes his car to work in spite of the traffic/ being more expensive
3. Even though I have dinner ready, we have decided to eat out tonight.
4. Despite having dinner ready, we have decided to eat out tonight.
5. It was terribly cold at the beach, yet there were many people.
6. I’m not really hungry. Nevertheless, I’ll have dinner with you.
7. Our flight will be delayed for half an hour. In spite of that, we will be on time for our connection to Paris
PG 44
8. She’s always in a hurry. However, she doesn’t have a job
9. This ad is excellent. However, the product doesn’t sell well.
10. Although our financial situation is not very good right now, we should buy new computers
monica.listan.sev@spain.burlingtonbooks.com
5) Fill in the blanks with a suitable linker. There may be more than one correct answer.

1. Despite/ in spite of the high price, many people buy these jeans.
2. Bill is quite clever . However/ Nevertheless, his brother is just average.
3. - “Wasn’t the concert last night terrific?”
- “. On the contrary, I found it rather boring.”
4. It was hot and humid. However/ Nevertheless, we really enjoyed our holiday.
5. Forests are important to our planet.However/ Nevertheless, people are destroying them.
6. Even though/ Although there are laws against pollution, cars and factories continue to pollute the air.
7. We like travelling. However/ Nevertheless, travelling can be really expensive.
8. … Even though/ Although I can’t speak Japanese, I managed on my trip to Tokyo.

6) Complete these sentences using your own words and ideas.

1. I’m very interested in opera, whereas classical music doesn’t attract me.
2. Some people love pets. However, many are abandoned every day.
3. Even though they were broke, they went on holiday anyway.
4. In spite of their success , we were disappointed.
5. - “He probably gets on well with everyone.”
- “On the contrary, I don’t ”
6. Some people eat out every week, while others can’t afford it once a month
7. The book was very long, but I couldn’t stop reading it
8. On the one hand, I love little children. On the other hand, I don’t feel like having any.

2. CAUSE AND PURPOSE

A) BECAUSE, AS, SINCE y SEEING THAT tienen todos el mismo significado y van seguidos de una
oración completa. Indican la razón o la causa de algo. Si comienzan la frase, la oración de causa irá seguida
de una coma.
As we were tired, we finally stayed at home.

Como ya sabemos, BECAUSE significa ‘porque’. Su uso al principio de la oración no es muy idiomático.
She sold her house because she needed money.

AS se traduce por ‘como’ y suele aparecer al principio de la oración.

As it’s late, we should all go home

La mejor traducción para SINCE es ‘ya que’.

We stayed at home since it was raining.

SEEING THAT no es tan común como los otros tres. Podría traducirse como ‘dado que’.
Seeing that the sales had gone down, the shop had to close.

B) BECAUSE OF, ON ACCOUNT OF, OWING TO Y DUE TO van seguidos de un nombre o

pronombre. Al igual que hemos dicho más arriba, si son ellos los que comienzan la frase, ambas oraciones
irán separadas por una coma. PG 45

Because of the weather, the race was postponed.

BECAUSE OF y ON ACCOUNT OF significan ‘a causa de’.
He was punished on account of his nasty behaviour.

OWING TO y DUE TO significan ‘debido a’.

Due to the high price of petrol, travelling is more and more expensive.

C) IN ORDER TO, SO AS TO y TO expresan propósito (purpose) o finalidad. Van seguidos de infinitivo y

se traducen por ‘para’ (+infinitivo).
She bought an mp3 player to listen to music.
In order to pass your exams, you must study hard.

Si queremos poner en negativa el propósito, podemos usar SO AS NOT TO o IN ORDER NOT TO, pero
nunca NOT TO.
She is studying hard in order not to/so as not to fail.

D) IN ORDER THAT y SO THAT (más común) también expresan finalidad y también se traducen por
‘para’ pero en este caso no van seguidos por un infinitivo, sino que detrás llevan un sujeto y un verbo modal
(will o can para presente y would o could para pasado, normalmente).
They bought a car so that their son could go to University.
Students get advice so that they will choose the best option.

7) Fill in the blanks with a suitable linker. There may be more than one correct answer.

1. Doctors believe that some new diseases have appeared because we take too many antibiotics.
2. Brad decided to travel to Madrid by train because he could read on the way.
3. In order to/ so as to/ to turn on this machine, press the power button.
4. Since/ as so many pupils failed, there will be another test tomorrow.
5. Many roads need repair because of the unusually heavy rainfall.
6. Since/ as she has used up all her savings, she’ll have to borrow some money from her parents.
7. I’ve been reading a lot in order to/ so as to/ to improve my vocabulary.
8. Because of the heavy traffic in cities, more people have started taking the underground train.
9. We were angry because they hadn’t kept their promise.
10. Since / as you’re not very busy, why don’t you come to the meeting?

8) Complete these sentences using your own words and ideas.

1. Anna has stopped eating sweets in order to lose weight
2. I am writing this letter because I love him
3. We bought a computer in order to word at home
4. Since she hadn’t studied, she failed the test.
5. Because of the snow, many people were stuck in the traffic jam.
6. Mel bought a car so that his son could go to word
7. They always go to this restaurant because sushi is delicious here
8. Because of the transport strike, many people have to use their cars to get into town.

PG 46
3. GIVING EXAMPLES AND ADDING INFORMATION

A) Las expresiones FOR EXAMPLE, FOR INSTANCE y SUCH AS pueden emplearse

indistintamente. Se utilizan para proporcionar uno o varios ejemplos. Las dos primeras significan ‘por
ejemplo’ y van seguidas de una coma, mientras que la tercera significa ‘tales como’ y no lleva coma
detrás.
Vegetables are a good source of vitamins; for example, pepper has vitamin C.
Singers such as Elton John are popular throughout the world.

B) Para añadir más información usamos MOREOVER, FURTHERMORE, IN ADDITION y BESIDES

Todas ellas van seguidas de coma y significan ‘además’.
I’m busy to take a holiday. Moreover / In addition / Furthermore / Besides, I don’t have the
money.
Nota: no debes confundir BESIDES con BESIDE, que significa ‘al lado de’.
Who’s that chap sitting beside Jane?

C) IN ADDITION TO, AS WELL AS y APART FROM se usan para añadir información, pero
van seguidos de un nombre, un pronombre o un verbo acabado en -ing. Significan ‘además de’.
In addition to classical music, she likes jazz.
The city has several main roads as well as a ring road around it.

D) EXCEPT FOR (a excepción de) se emplea para indicar que algo es una excepción a la idea
general expresada en la frase. Va seguido por un nombre o pronombre o por un verbo acabado en –ing.
He eats nothing except for fruit and vegetables

9) Fill in the blanks with a suitable linker. There may be more than one correct answer.

1. Fruits provide us with vitamins; for example/ for instance, oranges have lots of vitamin C.
2. This is a wonderful museum for children. Apart from having wonderful exhibits, they allow the
children to touch everything.
3. Spain exports wine and olives as well as cars.
4. Apart from Mary, no one from our class went to the meeting.
5. Why don’t you do something with your life? For example/ for instance , get a job.
6. Some opera singers, such as Pavarotti and Domingo, are well known even to people who don’t go to the
opera.
7. All the students enjoyed the mountain climb except for Brian, who fell and broke his leg.
8. Volleyball is my favourite sport. Besides/ moreover, I also enjoy tennis.
9. Apart from being a lawyer, John Grisham is also an author.
10. What other languages do you know apart from English and German?
11. TV offers a wide variety of programmes, for example/ for instance, news, sport and music.
12. It’s often quicker to travel by train than by car. Besides/ moreover, it’s usually cheaper too.

10) Complete these sentences using your own words and ideas.
1. She’s a brilliant student; besides, she is very friendly to everybody
2. Young people should do something useful with their free time. For instance, practising charity
3. In addition to some pizzas and sweets we bought soft drinks.
4. Everyone was invited except for her
5. American actresses such as Angelina Jolie get millions for each film they take part in.
6. Smoking should be banned because it is unhealthy. Moreover, people get addicted
PG 47
4. SEQUENCE AND RESULT

A) Las siguientes expresiones indican sucesión de hechos y se utilizan para poner en orden lo que estamos
diciendo.
FIRST OF ALL (=lo primero de todo) / TO BEGIN WITH (=para comenzar) / FIRST / FIRSTLY (=en
primer lugar).
First, we should speak to the manager.

SECOND / SECONDLY (=en segundo lugar) / THEN (=después).

Secondly, we must make a detailed plan.

FINALLY (=finalmente) / IN SHORT / TO SUM UP (=para resumir) / IN CONCLUSION (=en

conclusión) / LASTLY (=por último).
In short, we need to have good ideas before we present our plan to the whole company.

B) THEREFORE (=por tanto), AS A RESULT (=como resultado), CONSEQUENTLY (=por

consiguiente) y FOR THIS REASON (por esta razón) señalan la conexión entre la acción y su
resultado. Van seguidos de una coma y a continuación una oración completa.
Dave keeps his car in good condition. Therefore, it always passes its annual road test.

C) AS A RESULT OF tiene el mismo sentido que los conectores del apartado

anterior; significa ‘como resultado de’ y va seguido por un nombre o pronombre.
As a result of his brave action, he was awarded a military medal.

11) Complete these sentences using your own words and ideas.
1. As a result of pollution increase , the government has decided to lower the speed limit.
2. Two pupils damaged property at school. As a result, they were expelled
3.Smoking has been banned in all public places in the USA. Therefore, you can’t smoke in schools
4. The price of clothing in the sale was very cheap. As a result, everything was sold out
5. Dan was driving at 150 kph. Consequently, the got a fine
6. The students didn’t study hard enough for their final tests. Therefore, they failed
7. As a result of a serious illness, he can’t walk.
8. Pupils’ marks have been very low recently. For this reason, teachers have given then extra classes.

12) Rewrite the following sentences without changing the meaning of the original sentences.
1. Owing to my illness, I cancelled my holiday. (as)
As I was ill, I cancelled my holiday
2. In my family, we all have long conversations on the phone. Consequently, our phone bills are
high. (result) As a result of our family long conversations on the phone, our bills are high
3. Although the jacket was expensive, he bought it.
In spite of the price, he bought the jacket.
4. My brother is very busy at work. My sister is on holiday. (whereas)
Whereas my sister is on holiday, (Whereas) my brother is very busy at
work
5. There is a shopping centre in this town and many small shops as well.
In addition to a shopping centre there are many small shops in this town as well.
6. Despite his age, he’s very active.
Although he is old, he is very active
7. Despite the doctor’s advice to give up smoking, she hasn’t stopped.
Even though the doctor advised him not to smoke, he hasn’t PG 48

stopped
8. I took a cookery course in order to be able to make special dishes. (so that)
I took a cookery course so that I was able to make special dishes
9. Contrary to me, my sister is an excellent swimmer.
(whereas) I can’t swim, whereas my sister is an excellent
swimmer
10. He drove through a red light and was fined.
As a result of driving through a red light, he was fined
11. There are many methods of communicating nowadays, for example, telephone, letters, faxes and e-mail.
(such) There are many methods of communicating nowadays, such as telephone, letters, faxes and e-mail.
12. Everyone arrived at school on time. Only Jack didn’t. (except
for) Everyone arrived at school on time except for Jack
13) Choose the correct answer.
1. Sometimes new drivers are careful, (whereas / because / because of) experienced drivers are not. (Since /
However /Yet) there are so many accidents, the government is looking for solutions, (for example / so as to
/ therefore) rising the driving age.

2. Alan wanted to move from his village to the big city, (except for / but / moreover) he didn’t have money
to pay rent. (Therefore, Since, In addition to), he came up with a plan. (Yet / First / However), he would get
a job, and (on the other hand / nevertheless / then) he could save up the money for rent.

3. (Despite / Although / However) pets are cute, many people don’t want one. They say that (as / besides
/ apart from) pets are dirty, they don’t like them in their house. (In addition to / Nevertheless /
Moreover), they think pets are too noisy.

14) Complete these sentences using your own words and ideas.
1. I love the Beatles although they played long ago
2. Despite the bad news, she felt strong
3. We’ve been learning French for two years. However, I can hardly hold a conversation
4. As the driving age is 18, you can’t drive a car at 17
5. I think that everyone should learn how to use a computer because it is useful for working
6. I walk to school every day so that I make some exercise
7. My parents allow me to stay out late. However, they don’t allow my younger sister do the same.
8. I’d do anything for a friend except (for ) committing a crime
9. I love to go dancing. First of all, I like dancing rock. Second, I like hip hop.
10. I can’t go shopping with you tomorrow. I have to baby-sit. Besides, I don’t have money to spend.

15) Translate these sentences into English.

1. Teníamos hambre, pero no había nada en el
frigorífico. We were hungry, but there was nothing in
the fridge
2. Odio los caramelos, mientras que a mi hermano le encantan.
I hate sweets, whereas my brother loves them
3. Aunque llegué tarde al colegio, mis padres no se enfadaron.
Although I was late for school, my parent didn’t get angry
4. Tenía que llamar a su mujer. Por tanto, usó mi móvil.
He had to phone his wife, therefore, he used my
mobile.
5. Nos quedamos en casa ya que estaba lloviendo.
We stayed home as it was raining
6. Van a tener un hijo a pesar de su
edad. They are having a baby despite
their age
7. Compré un diccionario para encontrar las palabras que no sé.
I bought a dictionary so as to find the words I don’t know
8. Dejaron el coche en casa. Por tanto, tuvieron que andar para ir al trabajo. PG 49
They left the car at home. Therefore, they had to walk to work.
 QUESTIONS

1) YES / NO QUESTIONS

1) Yes / No questions con verbos que no son auxiliares.

1. Cuando hacemos preguntas del tipo Yes / No ( es decir, que su contestación lógica es sí o no
), si el verbo es el presente simple o el pasado simple ( tiempos que solo tienen una palabra )
debemos emplear el auxiliar do, does, did, seguido del sujeto y el verbo con su forma base.

They play tennis --- Do they play tennis? ( presente simple )

He reads music --- Does he read music? ( presente simple )
You danced all night --- Did you dance all night? ( pasado simple )

2. El verbo to be no necesita auxiliar. Tampoco lo necesita have got ni los modales.

Are you an actor? Was she glad to see you?

2 ) Yes / No questions con uno o más verbos auxiliares.

Es el primer auxiliar el que se coloca al principio de la oración. No hay cambios en el resto de los
verbos.
She has gone out --- Has she gone out?
He is playing football --- Is he playing football?
She can come to the office --- Can she come to the office?
He will have done it by tonight --- Will he have done it by tonight?

2) WH- QUESTIONS

2.1) Wh- questions que interrogan sobre el sujeto

1 Cuando hacemos una pregunta sobre el sujeto, el orden de la pregunta y de la respuesta es el

mismo. Colocamos en el lugar del sujeto la palabra who ( para personas ) y what ( para cosas ).

Pregunta: Who has broken the window?

Respuesta: The boys have broken the window.

2 Cuando hacemos una pregunta sobre el sujeto, el verbo tiene que estar en tercera persona singular.

Pregunta: Who is shouting?

Respuesta: John and Mary are shouting.

Pero puede haber indicadores en la pregunta que sugieran que va a haber un sujeto plural, en ese caso
se puede preguntar en plural.

Pregunta: Who are your friends at school?

Respuesta: Jack and Jill are my friends at school.

3 Cuando hacemos una pregunta sobre una parte del sujeto normalmente
Utilizamos las partículas interrogativas which y whose. PG 50
 Pregunta: Whose cousins are coming to dinner?
Respuesta: Paul’s cousins are coming to dinner.

Sin embargo, hay otras como when, where, why y how, que no se utilizan con las
preguntas sujeto.

Pregunta: How many students were absent today?

Respuesta: Ten students were absent today.

2.2) Wh- questions que no interrogan sobre el sujeto.

Question word

Who: Who did you see?

Whom: Who(m) have you told?/ To whom did you write the

letter? Whose: Whose clothes are these?

What
What are you listening to? What are you doing this weekend? What is Italy like?
What does your brother look like? What kind of food do you prefer?

Why: Why do you leave the party early?

Where: Where were you born?

When: When is she going to arrive?

Which: Which colour do you prefer?

How: How did you get home last night?

How much: How much patience does he have?

How many: How many cars do you own?

How far: How far is it from London to Bristol?

How long: How long does a lesson last?

How often: How often do you play squash?

How big: How big is your house?

How old: How old is this car?

How + adverb (or adjective) How fast does he drive? - How rude can you get?
1) Write questions for the underlined words.

1. Peter and Jennifer became friends when they left school. When did Peter and Jennifer become
friends
2. Somebody screamed in the darkness. Who screamed in the darkness? PG 51
3. Andrea is visiting the dentist for the first time. Who is Andrea visiting for the first time? PG 51
PG 52
4. Sara lost her wallet. What did Sara lose?
5. I can’t find her phone number now. What can’t you find now?
6. The people were shouting very loudly. How were people shouting?
7. He gave up smoking in 1993. When did he give up smoking?
8. Joe ate a hamburger. What did Joe eat?
9. I met Paul in town yesterday. Where did you meet Paul?
10. He used to have thick, black hair when he was young. When did he use to have thick, black Hair?
11. No, I saw nobody at home. Did you see anybody at home?
12. Yes, there was somebody in the other room. Was there anybody in the room?
13. My daughter bites her nails when she has exams. Who bites the nails when there are exams?
14. Paula disappeared several weeks ago. When did Paula disappear?
15. Diana goes for a walk in the park three times a week. How often does Diana go for a walk?
16. Ed and Liz have lived in Nottingham for ten years. How long have Ed and Liz lived in
Nottingham?
17. Yes, she enjoys her job. Does she enjoy her job?
18. No, we won’t buy a car. Will you buy a car?
19. I bought a new house ten years ago. When did you buy a new house?
20. My new coat has cost Є200. How much has your new coat cost?
21. The students finally took their exams last month. What did the students take last month?
22. They are going to go to Scotland on holiday. Where are they going to go on holiday?
23. Henry gave me a present. Who did Henry give a present to ?
24. She started studying English eight years ago. When did she start studying English?
25. John will get a new flat because the old one is too small. Why will John get a new flat?
26. I heard the bell when I was having a bath.What did you hear when you were having a bath?
27. Something fell on the floor. What fell on the floor?
28. Cotton is grown in Egypt. Where is cotton grown?
29. It costs Є23. How much does it cost?
30. We have to print this book in Italian. What do we have to print in Italian? Which book do we have
to print in Italian?
31. They have never played computer games. What have they never played?
32. Tom meets Jane everyday after school. How often does Tom meet Jane after school?
33. Jill and I grew up together. Who grew up together?
34. Roy went to Germany with Peter. Who did Roy go to Germany with? With whom did Roy go to
Germany?
35. Bill was coughing badly last night. How was Billy coughing?
36. Sonia’s eyes were red because she had been peeling onions. Why were Sonia’s eyes red?
37. Lunch has been ready for an hour. What has been ready for an hour?
38. Wendy drank white wine with her dinner. What did Wendy drink with her dinner?
39. The manager has called Nick to his office. Who has the manager called to his office?
40. You may use a pencil in this exam. What may I use in this exam?
41. She will be able to leave the hospital next week. When will she be able to leave the
hospital?
42. Patrick was excited because he was going to the concert. Why was Patrick excited?
PG 52
43. He might like to join us for dinner. Who might he like to join for dinner?
44. I am visiting my friend tomorrow. Who are you visiting tomorrow?
45. You must try that restaurant because it’s excellent. Why must I try that restaurant?
46. She will arrive by train tomorrow. How will she arrive tomorrow?
47. The gardener had been watering the grass. What has the gardener been watering?
48. Her jewellery had been taken before they got home. When had her jewelry been taken?
49. The student council should have organized the party. What should he student council have
organized? PG 52

50. His careless driving terrified me. What terrified you? PG 53

51. John has written to me for years. Who has John written to for years?
52. I’ll be attending a meeting at 10.00 a.m. What time will you be attending the meeting?
53. I have had this car for years. What have you had for years?
54. She has been waiting for the last two hours. How long has she been waiting ?
55. He has taken David’s car to his house. Whose car has he taken to his house?
56. He is always making mistakes. What is he always making?
57. I was sleeping when the alarm went off. Who was sleeping when the alarm went off?
58. She had forgotten her biology book at school. What had she forgotten at school?
59. I have lived in France since 1974. How long have you lived in France?
60. She is living with her parents. Who is she living with?
61. When she had saved enough money, she bought a car. When did she buy a car?
62. My brother is 1.80 metres tall. How tall is your brother?
63. They are going to the theatre at 7.30 tonight. What time are they going to the theatre?
64. We had been diving for one hour when we ran out of oxygen. How long had you been diving
when you ran out of oxygen?
65. She hasn’t phoned because his phone is out of order. Why hasn’t she phoned ?
66. The bridge club will be open three times a week. How often will the bridge club be open?
67. Mr Adam’s car has been repaired by an expert. What has been repaired by an expert?
68. If I were rich, I would buy a castle. What would you buy if you were rich?
69. The municipality is building a new park in our neighbourhood. Where is the municipality
building a new park?
70. We flew for 16 hours when we went to Hong Kong. How long did you fly when you went to Hong
Kong?
71. I’ll be waiting at the entrance of the cinema at 7.00 tonight. Where will you be waiting at 7
tonight?
72. He has owed me Є1000 for over six months now. How much has he owed you for over 6 months?
73. I started playing when I went to junior high school. When did you start playing?
74. I was given two hours because I had to make my decision. Why were you given 2 hours?
75. She started studying English eight years ago. When did she start studying English?
76. They have been thinking about going to Greece on holiday. What have they been thinking about?
77. We are going to apply for the job on Friday. What are we going to apply for on Friday?
78. They travelled by underground. How did they travel?
79. They have been married for fifteen years. How long have they been married?
80. The date of the meeting has been changed. What has been changed? PG 53
USE THE WORDS IN THE BOXES TO MAKE A MEANINGFUL SENTENCE. USE ALL AND ONLY
THE WORDS IN THE BOXES WITHOUT CHANGING THEIR FORM.

1. His arms weren’t strong enough to lift the weight

weren’t lift the arms enough to his weight strong

2 I ought to get my tattoo removed

get I tatoo to my ought removed

3 Can your older brother afford to go on holiday every summer?

? go holiday to your brother can on elder afford summer every

4 If the police had intervened, someone would have been killed

had intervened the been have killed police someone would If ,

5 Those who attended the party had a good time

a had those good attended party time who the

6 The food we ate in the restaurant was excellent

restaurant we excellent the ate in the was food

7 Girls don’t attend private sports lessons because the school hasn’t got showers

lessons hasn't girls sports because the showers school attend got private don’t

8 They have just been told to wait

just told to they wait been have

9 A huge variety of genes has been identified

identified been has of variety huge a genes

10 It took Peter hundreds of hours to improve his English

Peter hundreds improve took English to hours his of it

PG 54
11. Old people from the city normally live in nursing homes

people homes old in live nursing normally from city the

12 It was quite easy for the small dog to jump the wall

easy dog jump for was it to the quite small wall the

13 Mary’s cat wanted to drink water from the river

wanted drink Mary the river cat water ‘s to from

14 I asked my father to buy me a new last-generation mobile

me buy I my asked to mobile father a new last-generation

15 Authorities ordered the French people not to buy alcohol in the street

people alcohol in the buy ordered to authorities not street the French

16 The good driver got his car repaired well

his the got driver car repaired good well

17 The European Union makes the European currency stronger

European stronger the makes Union currency the European

18 Social problems are extremely difficult to solve

solve difficult social are extremely problems to

19 Many people around the world consider space exploration useless

useless around the exploration consider many people world space

20 Her sad story made me and everybody cry

cry sad her and made everybody story me

PG 55
 INVERSION

There are 2 ways of causing inversion:

1- By using a question form of the main verb: Never have I had so much fun!
2- By changing the position of verb and subject: Into the room came in a foreigner

TIME INVERSION
It happens when the adverbial appears at the beginning of the sentence:
-Never has he had a better job! He has never had a better job)
-Rarely could he imagine such a situation ( He could never imagine such a situation)
-Hardly had the president arrived, when the explosion happened (The president had hardly arrived,
when the explosion happened)
-Only after putting the phone down did I realized that I had made a mistake ( I realized I had made a
mistake only after putting the phone down)

INVERTED CONDITIONAL
They drop “IF”.
Inversion makes the conditional more formal and less likely
-If he had been discovered, police would have arrested him: Had he been discovered, police…
-If they were to stay, everybody would be happy: Were they to stay, everybody would be happy.

1. USE INVERSION TO REWRITE

a. It was only when the manager phoned me that I found out the mistake ( find)
Not until the manager phoned me did I find out the mistake
b. Jane bought a car, and also invested in a new house ( buy- but)
Not only did Jane buy a car, but also invested in a new house
c. As soon as I arrived home, I noticed the house had been broken into ( had)
No sooner had I arrived home I noticed the house had been broken into
d.Nobody from this town has ever got so far ( has - anyone)
Never has anyone from this town got so far

PG 56
 EMPHASIS
PASSIVE

The elements placed first get more emphasis: All exits were blocked

FRONTING
The order of clauses is changed: I didn’t realized what he was plotting: What he was plotting, I
didn’t realized

INVERSION
Normal word order is altered, usually to emphasize a prepositional phrase: The car went down the
street: Down the street went the car

TIME PHRASES
They are placed at the beginning to make time important: 3 hours later, Jane decided to give up

CLEFT SENTENCES

They are introduced by “it is” , “ it was”, “What…”

Eliott lent me his car yesterday : It was Eliott who lent me his car
It was yesterday that Eliott lent me his car
It was his car that Eliott lent to me.
What Eliott lent me yesterday was his car.

EMPHATIC WORDS

OWN: It was my OWN money

VERY: It is the same as exactly or precisely: At the very same moment, he actor was leaving.

VERY….INDEED: It was very expensive indeed

EMPHASIS OF NEGATIVE: AT ALL , THE LEAST/ THE SLIGHTEST , WHATSOEVER

-It was not at all predictable / It was not predictable at all.

-He was not the least interested

-There were no food left whatsoever

DO/ DID
I do study a lot / I did study a lot

ADVERBIALS : ACTUALLY , SO , EVEN , BY NO MEANS.

He actually abandoned the country

PG 57
It is by no means true that he abandoned the country
He was even thinking about abandoning the country.

ADJECTIVES: SHEER , UTTER

That novel is sheer / utter rubbish

1. REWRITE USING THE WORD GIVEN

a. The bike doesn’t need anything except new brakes (needs)

All the bike needs is new brakes

b.The girl who told me about the restaurant was Frances ( who)

It was Frances who told me about the restaurant

c.My daughter spent every cent of her money ( absolutely)

My daughter spent absolutely every cent of her money whatsoever.

d. I think you must have seen a ghost (that)

It must have been a ghost that you saw

e.I know you are tired, but I think you must help me (do)
I know you are tired, but I do think you must help me

f. I really enjoy in winter a cup of hot chocolate (what)

What I really enjoy in winter is a cup of hot chocolate.

g. Steven was upset by our turning up so late ( actually)

Steven was actually upset by our turning up so late.

PG 58