Ke ie study the flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, vee and birds), @ & ' /Nousp wn \ Maize Flowers (Anemophilous or Wind Pollinated Flowers) ‘he flowers of maize show following adaptations for pollination by wind. ‘The maize plant is monoecious and bears unisexual flowers. The male flowers are born in terminal inflorescence while the female flowers are born in axillary inflorescence. Flowers are small and inconscipicous ‘The flowers are colourless, odourless and nectarless. Flowers are produced above the foliage or placed in hanging position. Both the stigmas and anthers are exerted (j.e., hang outside the perianth). Anthers are versatile, and pollen grains are light, small and dusty. ‘The pollen grains are produced in very large numbers.Core Experiments eo g, Stigma is hairy, feathery or branched to catch wind born pollen grains. fp Male flowers Versatile anther Elongated syies > Feather \ stigma Pollen grains. or ry of another plant Stigmas Fig. 9.1. Anemophily in maize, Fig. 9.2. Feathery stigmas and versatile 2 anthers in a flower of grass. G> Salvia Flowers (Entomophilous or Insect Pollinated Flowers) ‘The flowers haa sete adaptations for pollination by insects. 1. The flowers are showy or brightly coloured for attracting pollinating insects. 2. The flowers are born in verticellaster inflorescence to become conspicuous. 3. Flowers secrete nectar to feed visiting insects. Nectar glands are placed in such a position that an insect must touch both the anthers and stigmas. 4, The flowers have landing platform for the insects. 5. The flowers are protandrohs with bilipped corolla and have turn pipe or lever mechanism. 6. Each stamen has long connective which bears a fertile anther lobe at the upper end and sterile Plate like anther lobe at the lower end. The two sterile anther plates block the path of insect. 7. Astheinsect moves inward a young flower in search of nectar, its head pushes, the anther plates and forces the fertile anther lobes to strike against its back. 8. In older fowers the style brings the stigma in such a position that it brushes against the back of insect and collect pollen grains brought by the insect from a young flower.‘Shedding of pollen grains fon the back of insect Stigma - A receiving EI’ Nectariferous 5 = pollen grains disc y \y from the back f pee of insect co withering anther ed stigma and short style. Flower with mature anthers, C. Flower with mature stigma and withering Fig. 9.3. Pollination in Salvia. A he back of entering insect. 8, shedding of pollen grains on the back of enterita insect. | Pehers. D. stigma receiving pollen grains from tI Jowers (Ornithophilous or Bird Pollinated Bignonia/Callistemon (Bottle brush) FI Flowers) ‘The flor 1. The flowers are usually brightly coloure ‘The floral parts are commonly leathery. wers of Bignonia show following adaptations for pollination by birds. .d-red, orange, yellow or blue. Humming bird Fig. 9.4. Pollination in Bignonia, Hi i 2 . . Humming bi i Bignonia flower and thus eit cae eanCore Experiments 61 In some cases, the corolla are leathery. ‘The flowers secrete abundant watery nectar or have edible parts. The nectar is secreted in such abundance that drops of it can be brought down by shaking branches. ‘The flowers are generally odourless or without fragrance.Core Experiments 69 EXPERIMENT 12.1 AIM: To study meiosis in onion bud cells through permanent slide. REQUIREMENTS Permanent slide of different stages of meiosis in onion bud cells, microscope. PROCEDURE 1, Fix the permanent slide under the microscope. 2. First observe the slide under the low power and then under high power of the microscope. OBSERVATIONS Under the high power of microscope, following stages of meiosis are distinctly observed : A. Meiosis | 1. Prophase I. It is of long duration and has five sub stages : (a) Leptotene @ Chromatin fibres condense and form thick thread like structures called chromosomes. (i) Nuclear envelop and nucleolus are distinct. (®) Zygotene (@ Homologous chromosomes form pairs called bivalent. This Pairing is called synapsis. (ii) The individual of a pair are similar in length and in position of their centromere. (©) Pachytene (@ ‘The two chromatids of each chromosome become visible, so that a bivalent ‘becomes a tetrad. Gi) Crossing over (exchange of chromatid segments between homologous chromosomes) takes place between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. (d) Diplotene (® ‘The two chromosomes of each bivalent move away and homologues are held together at one or more points called chiasmata. (e) Diakinesis (i) Homologous chromosomes appear thick and ring shaped. i) Nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear and spindle begins to be formed. 2. Metaphase I ( ‘The bivalent (homologous chromosomes) arrange themselves at the equator of the spindle. i) The spindle get attached to the centromere of the chromosome. 3. Anaphase I The two chromosomes of each bivalent move to the opposite pole. (ii) Each pole has half the number of chromosomes with two chromatids each.Comprehensive Laboratory Manual in Big, Oy, 70 vy 4, Telophase I () ‘The chromosome at each pole uncoil, and nucleolus and nuclear envelope reap . Pee (ii) Cytokinesis occurs to form two haploid daughter cells. ‘a, i} Interkinesis ‘A very short interphase may intervene between meiosis Tand meiosis IL. DH d EB Leptotene Zygotene Pachytene Metaphase-II Anaphase-Il Telophase-l! Fig. 12. ric ig. 12.1. Various stages of meiosis in onion floral bud.its core Experiments "1 B meiosis I! It includes following four stages : 1. Prophase II ( The chromosomes of daughter cell begin to condense and become thick. (ii) Nuclear envelope and nucleolus begin to disappear. 2. Metaphase II ( The chromosomes are arranged on the equator of the spindle. (ii) Bach chromosome is held by the spindle at the centromere to both the poles. 3. Anaphase II () The sister chromatids (daughter chromosomes) of each chromosomes separate and migrate towards the opposite poles. (ii) Bach pole, thus receives haploid number of chromosomes. 4, Telophase II ( ‘The chromosomes begin to uncoil and become thin. (ii) The nuclear envelope and nucleolus are reconstituted. Cytokinesis occurs and four daughter cells are formed, each with haploid number of chromosomes.AIM: To study meio: is in grasshopper t h permanent slide. REQUIREMENTS Permanent slide of different stages of meiosis in grasshopper testis, microscope. PROCEDURE 1. Fix the permanent slide under the microscope. 2. Observe the slide under the low power of the microscope and then high power of the microscope. OBSERVATIONS 1 Spherical cells with various stages of meiosis can be observed. 2 Locate different stages of meiosis with the help of diagram.Camprehensive Laboratory Manvalin gi, 72 Nuclear ead Nucleolus aren ©) Leptotene Zygotene Pachytene Chromatids Spindle Equatorie plate Diplotene Prophase-I Anaphase-t! PRECAUTIONS 1. Grasshopper should be dissected from dorsal side. 2. Preserved testis should be Properly washed before use. 3. Do not heat the testis tubules, 4 Proceed for squash preparation Only when testis has taken sufficient ‘nt stain,hs, study of Blasty, EXPERI), ONILYS (wrropuction 7 1 Soon after fertilization, the zygote undergoes repeated divisions called cleavage. 2... Cleavage includes a series of successive and rapid mitotic divisions which transform si celled zygote into a multicellular structure called blastula (blastocyst). 3. Cleavage occurs in the upper portion of the Fallopian tube. It results into a solid mass of ce} called morula, 4, At the next stage of development which produces an embryo with about sixty four cells all blastula or blastodermic vesicle. To study T.S. of blastula through permanent slide. REQUIREMENTS Permanent slide of blastuia, PROCEDURE microscope. Fix the slide oF TS, of bh : : “S. of blastula under mi i i then under high power cf mlcroscona MTOSOPE. Fist observe the aide under low power (Formative cells) i a Inner cell mass r 184.7, of blast,75 RVATIONS > Z,ycis aspherical mass of about sixty four cells. eis composed of an outer envelope of cells, the trophoblast or troph i 2 Recompandofan yphoectoderm and inner cell g, Within the envelope there is a Guid filled cavity called blastocoel, 4, The side of the blastocyst to which the inner cell mass is attached is called the embryonic or animal pole, while the opposite side is the abembryonic pole, 5, Theinner cell mass is the precursor of the embryo.1. Emasculation Mentification. Forceps or scissors method of emasculation. Comment : i i: tt () This method is employed in the crops having flowers of sufficiently large size lint cotton i , scalpel, (t) The instrument used in this method include pocket lens, forceps, needle, scissors, Ip camel hair brush etc. ir maturation. Gi) In this Process anthers are removed from the flowers before thei ‘*) The anthers are cut with the help of sterilized forceps or scissors.86 Comprehensive Laboratory Manual in Boj, : Xt Transfer of Pollen (Pollination) Fig. 16.2. Forceps or scissors method of emasculation,core Experiments 87 jdentification. Hot or cold water and alcohol emasculation, Comments () This method of emasculation is employed th i etc. ployed the crops having small flowers like paddy, sorghum (i In this method the penicles (clusters of flowers) are di 1-10 minutes to kill the anthers. pped in hot water (40°C-45°C) for (ii) In the same way emasculation is done with cold water or alcohol Fig. 16.3. Methods of emasculation. A. Single spikelet of paddy, B. Removal of anther after opening of a flower; C. Emasculation by hot water. 2. Tagging and Bagging Identification, Bagging, tagging and labelling. Comment Q (i After emasculation, the flowers are covered with small bags to prevent pollination with undesired pollen grains. (i) These bags are made up of polythene, paper, muslin cloth or parchment paper. (ii) The bags are punctured or made perforated so as to provide aeration to the flowers. (iv) The flowers of male parents are also protected in bags to prevent mixing of their pollen grain with foreign pollens. (X) After dusting of the desired pollen grains on the emasculated flowers, the bags are retagged. (Vi) Alabel of paper is tagged on the plant which displays the date of emasculation, crossing and brief account of the parents.