HCPA-Transmission&Access Series

PON Principle Introduction

Department: Enterprise Transmission & Access Marketing Support Group

Author: Li Peng
Date: May, 2020

HUAWEI.COM
Training Objective
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe GPON Network Architecture
 Outline GPON Basic Concepts
 Outline GPON Key Technologies
 Outline GPON Applications
 Outline 10G GPON Concepts and Technologies

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 Contents
1 Overview of Optical Access Network

2 Basic Concepts of PON

3 PON Key Technologies

4 GPON Management and Service Provisioning

5 GPON Network application

6 10G GPON Overview

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What is Access Network?
 Definition:
 An access network is that part of a telecommunications
network which connects subscribers to their immediate service
provider.
 Classification based on transmission media:
 Wired
 Twisted-pair/Coaxial-cable/Fiber
 Wireless
 Wi-Fi5/Wi-Fi6/4G/5G etc.

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Architecture of Optical Access Network—in Residential
Customer Premise
xDSL 2~20Mbps 3.5-5km Equipment
Central Office
Remote Business
DSLAM

ODN
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
Curb
FTTC OLT
DSLAM

2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up

FTTB OLT
ONU

2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up

FTTH OLT
ONT
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Architecture of Optical Access Network—in Commercial
POL: Passive Optical LAN, GPON used in Commercial use cases
WAN
POL Applications:

OLT

ODN
Hotel Office Aged Care Center

ONT

PC IP Phone AP CCTV
Entry Parking
Control Control
BMS Safe City Student Dormitory Mining Camp
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Questions

 There are two kinds of access technologies based on

transmission media, including _______ and ______. GPON
belongs to _______ access.

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Summary

 In this section, we introduced basic concepts of access

network.
 Originally GPON is designed for residential fixed access
network.
 PON based technology is used more and more in the
commercial use cases.

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 Contents
1 Overview of Optical Access Network

2 Basic Concepts of PON

3 PON Key Technologies

4 GPON Management and Service Provisioning

5 GPON Network application

6 10G GPON Overview

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What is GPON?
Passive Optical Network Optical
Network Terminal
VoIP
Passive Optical
Splitter ... ..
Internet
Optical Network
Optical Line Unit
Terminal
... ..
IPTV

 GPON: Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network

 PON is short for Passive Optical Network ;
 GPON architecture: Passive optical network featuring one-to-multiple-point;
 Optical Line Terminal (OLT) Optical Network Unit (ONU) Optical Distribution Network (ODN).
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GPON Principle: Data Multiplexing
 GPON adopts Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology, facilitating bi-
direction communication over a single fiber.
1310nm

ONU/ONT
OLT Splitter

1490nm

 To separate upstream/downstream signals of multiple users over a single fiber, GPON

adopts two mechanisms:
 In downstream direction, data packets are transmitted in a broadcast manner;
 In upstream direction, data packets are transmitted in a TDMA manner

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GPON Principle: Downstream Broadcast mode
Data for specified ONU

1
Data for specified ONU

1 2 3 1 2 3 2

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GPON Principle: Upstream TDMA mode
Data from specified user

1
Data from specified ONU

1 2 3 2 2

TDMA : Time Division Multiplex Access

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Basic Performance Parameters
Upstream Downstream
Rate(Gbps) Rate(Gbps)
1.24416 Gbit/s
The distance
up, 2.48832
between nearest
0.15552 1.24416 Gbit/s down is
and farthest ONTs
the mainstream
0.62208 1.24416 is 20 km
speed
1.24416 1.24416
Maximum logical reach 60 km
0.15552 2.48832
Maximum physical reach 20 km
0.62208 2.48832 Maximum differential fibre 20 km
1.24416 2.48832 distance

2.48832 2.48832 Maximum Split ratio 1: 128

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Power Budget: PON Transceivers

5-10km: B+

10-20km: C+

Class D: 20-30km
Long Reach
Optical Module: Class D
Huawei Unique

Optical Loss Budget

Type of OLT
Transceiver With Class B+ ONT With Class C+ ONT With Class D ONT
Class B+ 28dB 28dB(Enable FEC) 29dB(Enable FEC)
Class C+ 29dB 32dB(Enable FEC) 33dB(Enable FEC)
Class D 32dB 35dB(Enable FEC) 36dB(Enable FEC)

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ODN Attenuation
Optical power attenuation in ODN link
Attenuation
Item Type Photos
(dB)
1310 nm optical cable
0.35
Fiber(G.652 (db/km)
D) 1490 nm optical cable
0.23
(db/km)
Slicing 0.1
Movable Connector 0.3
Connector
Faster Connector 0.5
Cold shut 0.2
1: 64 20.5
1: 32 17
1: 16 13.8
Splitter
1: 8 10.6
1: 4 7.5
1: 2 3.8

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Questions

 PON system consists of _______, ______ and ______.

 WDM is short for _____________________.
 The technology which GPON controls upstream data
sending to avoid conflicts is called ___________.
 What wavelengths are used by GPON?

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Summary

 In this presentation, we introduced GPON basic concepts.

 GPON consists of OLT, ODN and ONT.
 GPON uses point to multipoint architecture.
 GPON utilizes broadcasting in downstream and TDMA in
upstream.
 Standard GPON speed is 2.5Gbps in the downstream and
1.25Gbps in the upstream.

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 Contents
1 Overview of Optical Access Network

2 Basic Concepts of PON

3 PON Key Technologies

4 GPON Management and Service Provisioning

5 GPON Network application

6 10G GPON Overview

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GPON Multiplexing Architecture: Upstream

GEM: GPON Encapsulation Mode

GEM frame is the smallest service-carrying unit and the basic
encapsulation structure. All service streams are encapsulated into
the GEM frame and transmitted over GPON lines.

Identified Identified Identified

T-CONT: Transmission Container
by ONU-ID by Alloc-ID by Port-ID T-CONT is a service carrier in the upstream direction in the GPON
system. All GEM ports are mapped to T-CONTs.
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GPON Multiplexing Architecture: Downstream
 In the downstream direction, the traffic
multiplexing functionality is centralized. The
OLT multiplexes the GEM frames onto the
transmission medium using GEM Port-ID as
a key to identify the GEM frames that belong
to different downstream logical connections.
Each ONU filters the downstream GEM
frames based on their GEM Port-IDs and
processes only the GEM frames that belong
to that ONU.
 Shaded GEM Port indicates multicast
service.

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DBA
 What is DBA?
 DBA, Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment
 Why DBA?
 It enhances the uplink bandwidth utilization of PON ports.
 More users can be added on a PON port.
 Users can enjoy higher-bandwidth services, especially those
requiring comparatively greater change in terms of the bandwidth.
 DBA operation modes
 SR-DBA: status report-DBA
 NSR-DBA: non status report-DBA
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GPON Frame Structure
Downstream Framing
125us
Physical Control Block Downstream
(PCBd) Payload
Upstream
Bandwidth Map 1ONT 1

AllocID Start End AllocID Start End AllocID Start End

1 100 200 x 300 500 y 501 650

xONT 2
OLT y
T-CONT1 T-CONT x T-CONT y
(ONT 1) (ONT 2) (ONT 2)
Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot
100 200 300 500 501 650 ONT 64
PLOu PLOAMu PLSu DBRu xPayload x DBRu Y Payload y

Upstream Framing T-CONT x T-CONT y

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Mapping of Ethernet Service in GPON

GPON system resolves Ethernet

 Ethernet Packet GEM Frame
frames and then directly maps the PLI
Inter packet gap
data of frames into the GEM 5 bytes
Port ID
Payload. Preamble PTI
SFD CRC

 GEM frames automatically DA

encapsulate header information. SA GEM

Length\Type Payload
 Mapping format is clear and it is MAC client data
easy for devices to support this
FEC
mapping. It also boasts good EOF
compatibility.

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AES Encryption in GPON
ONT 1 1 1

Decryption

1 3 2 1 3 1 1 3 2 1 3 1
OLT ONT 2

Encryption Decryption

AES: Advanced Encrypt Standard 3 3

ONT
A globally-used encryption algorithm
Decryption
 OLT applies Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 128 encryption.
 GPON supports encrypted transmission in downstream direction, such as AES128 encryption.
 In the case of GEM fragments, only the payload will be encrypted.
 GPON system initiates AES key exchange and switch-over periodically, improving the
reliability of the line.
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GPON Protection: Type B Single Homing

Protection range
ONU 1

Splitte
OLT
r
ONU N Work port
Protect port
PON port
Work-side link
Protect-side
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GPON Protection: Type B Dual Homing

Protection range OLT1

ONU 1

Splitte OLT2
r
ONU N Work port
Protect port
PON port
Work-side link
Protect-side
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GPON Protection: Type C Single Homing
Protection range
ONU 1 Protectio
Splitte
n range
r

ONU N Splitte OLT

r
Protection range Work port
Protect port
PON port
Work-side link
Protect-side
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link
GPON Protection: Type C Dual Homing
Protection range Protectio
ONU 1 Splitte n range
r OLT 1

OLT 2
ONU N Splitte
r
Protection range Work port
Protect port
PON port
Work-side link
Protect-side
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Questions
 For GPON technology, the smallest service-carrying unit is
___________.
 What is the TCONT used for?
 DBA is short for ______________________.
 What kind of encryption algorithm is used by GPON for downstream?
______________________.
 Which type of protection mechanism is mostly used in POL use case?
 Which method is used by GPON system to allocate bandwidth to ONU?

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Summary
 In this presentation, we introduced the multiplexing
architectures in both upstream and downstream of GPON.
 We talked about frame structure of GPON.
 We introduced TDM and Ethernet packets mapping method
in the GPON frame.
 We introduced the DBA principle and operation.
 We discussed T-CONT and its five types.
 We introduced AES Encryption in GPON.
 GPON utilizes Type B and Type C to protect fiber failure.
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 Contents
1 Overview of Optical Access Network

2 Basic Concepts of PON

3 PON Key Technologies

4 GPON Management and Service Provisioning

5 GPON Network application

6 10G GPON Overview

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GPON Terminal Authentication and Management
 GPON ONU main authentication:
 SN authentication(mainly)
NMS
 Password authentication(mainly),
 SN+Password authentication

 GPON system is mainly managed SNMP

through OMCI messages:
 ONU service provisioning
 ONU remote centralized management OMCI
ONU
OLT

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GPON Service Provisioning
Initial configurations (such as Application scenario
service system information 1 Subscribe for services
configuration, data configuration)
are required on terminals and
then they can be put into use. CRM Order Management Service Provisioning Billing
To finish these configurations, it
is not cost-effective to carriers. 2 Configure service network

Flexible Configuration plan of

NMS U2000
GPON

3 Send terminals to users

GPON supports zero
configuration on terminals and 1 Finish the auto-configuration of OLT
plug-and-play of terminals,
which is cost-effective. Use OMCI to finishing data
Access Network
configuration on ONT 3

2
STB ONT ONT
Start up ONT and make registration with serial number ONT
User ONT

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Questions

 GPON ONU authentication modes includes ________,

___________, and ____________.
 GPON system is mainly managed through ________
messages

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Summary

 In this presentation, we introduced GPON Terminal

Authentication: SN, Password and SN + Password.
 We introduced GPON provisioning procedure.

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 Contents
1 Overview of Optical Access Network

2 Basic Concepts of PON

3 PON Key Technologies

4 GPON Management and Service Provisioning

5 GPON Network application

6 10G GPON Overview

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Solution Application: Residential FTTx
BB service platform VoD
PC TL1/CORBA
/API Notification
Server Middle
ware
IPTV SFU Carrier’s OSS
NMS

Phone

Internet
Ethernet
CPE MDU IP Core
Splitter OLT Firewall

PC
SBU BRAS
Phone AAA Server
Softswitch

FE CBU

IP
E1
Voice

CPE ODN NSP ASP/ISP

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Solution Application: Commercial POL
A pplication
VoD Firewall IP/PBX AC NMS
Receiver

HDTV Security Voice WIFI OSS VC Education CCTV Storage

Coder/decoder 10GE Core Switch

Optical transmission
GPON Communication
CATV IP data 1310/1490nm OLT OLT Room
1550nm WDM
multiplexer

Splitter 1: Splitter 2: Splitter

8 4 2: 8

ONT AP ONU ONU ONU

CATV/IPTV PC Phone PC VC IP Phone AP NC CCTV CCTV

Safe City/
Hotel Office Education Transportation

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Questions

 What is the solution name if PON based technologies are

used in commercial use case?

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Summary

 In this presentation, we introduced GPON applications in

both residential and commercial use cases.

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 Contents
1 Overview of Optical Access Network

2 Basic Concepts of PON

3 PON Key Technologies

4 GPON Management and Service Provisioning

5 GPON Network application

6 10G GPON Overview

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 NG-PON Standards
 10G GPON is the Technology NGA2
Choice of NG PON WDM-PON Stacked 25G/50G ……

 10G GPON is the upgrade version

of GPON and inherits major
ODN co-existence (optional)
technology features of GPON
NGA1  With increase of bandwidth and
improved service supporting
10G/2.5G 10G/10G capability
 Bandwidth capability increased
XG-PON XGS-PON 4-fold and optical power budget
up to 33/35dB
ODN co-existence  10G GPON co-exists with GPON ODN
 Current equipment, EMS and OSS
GPON can be smoothly upgraded to 10G
GPON

2009 2010 2011 2012

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10G GPON vs GPON
10G GPON（G.987） GPON（G.984）
DS 1575~1580nm DS 1480-1500nm
Wave Length
US 1260~1280nm US 1260-1360nm
DS 9.95328Gbps
DS 2.48832Gbps
Bandwidth US 9.95328Gbps (Symmetrical)
US 1.24416Gbps/2.48832Gbps
US 2.48832Gbps (Asymmetrical)
NGA1: 29dB Class B: 10-25dB
Optical Power Budget NGA2: 31dB Class C: 15-30dB
Extend: 33 or 35dB Class C+: 17-32dB
Max Logical Reach 100km 60km
Max Differential Reach 40km 20km
Splitting Ratio 1: 256 1: 128
Frame Structure XGEM GEM
bidirectional authentication on One-way authentication(OLT to
Authentication
OLT and ONU ONU)
Number of TCONT each Port MAX 2048 MAX 1024
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GPON Migration to 10G PON
②NMS
upgrade GPON ONT

OLT ODF
①ODN reuse
G G 1
P P 0 ⑤ Uplink card
O O G of MDU is
N N G GPON MDU changed
splitter
③Add new ④Add ⑥Add new
10G GPON WDM 10G GPON 10G GPON
service card module ONT ONT

③ Add new 10G ⑤ Change the

② NMS GPON service ④ Add WDM ⑥ Add new 10G
① ODN reuse uplink card of
card, OLT module MDU , MDU GPON ONT
upgrade software upgrade software upgrade

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10G GPON Networking Mode
OLT
OLT
GPON 10G GPON
10G GPON

1577 1270 1490 1310 1577 1270

WDM

SPL SPL

1577 1270 1490 1310 1577 1270

10G/2.5G 10G/2.5G
ONU ONU
GPON GPON 10G/2.5G 10G/2.5G
ONU ONU ONU ONU

Independent mode Mixed mode

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10G GPON Network Application
FTTM
ONU
TL1/CORBA
Clock source /API
GPS/1588v2
NMS FTTB
Carrier’s OSS
ONU

IPTV IP Core
FTTC
splitter DSLAM
OLT

Internet BRAS
AAA Server
ONU
POL
Softswitch
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Questions

 What is the wavelength for 10G GPON ?

 What is the networking mode for 10G GPON?

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Summary

 In this presentation, we introduced GPON basic concepts,

architecture and principles.
 We also discussed about GPON terminal authentication and
management, as well as GPON service provisioning.
 We introduced GPON network application and protection.
 At last, we introduced NG PON technologies briefly and 10G
GPON network application.

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Copyright©2019 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
The information in t his document may cont ain predictive statements including, without limitation, statements regarding the fut ure financial and operating results, fut ure product
port folio, new technology, etc. There are a number of factors that could caus e actual results and developments to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the predictive
statements. Therefore, such information is provided for referenc e purpose only and constitutes neit her an offer nor an accept ance. Huawei may change the information at any time
without notice.
References
 ITU-T 984.1
 ITU-T 984.2
 ITU-T 984.3
 ITU-T 984.4
 ITU-T 984.5
 ITU-T 984.6
 ITU-T 987.X

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Abbreviations
 AAA: Authentication, Authorization and Accounting
 ACL: Access Control List
 ACS: Auto-Configuration Server
 ADSL: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
 AES: Advanced Encryption Standard.
 BFD: Bidirectional Forwarding Detection.
 BRAS: Broadband Remote Access Server.
 CATV: Cable TV
 DSLAM: Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
 GPON: Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network
 OLT: Optical Line Terminal
 ONT: Optical Network Terminal

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Abbreviations
 ONU: Optical Network Unit
 ODN: Optical Distribution Network
 POL: Passive Optical LAN
 FTTB: Fiber to the Building
 FTTC: Fiber to the Cabinet/Curb
 FTTH: Fiber to the Home
 GEM: GPON encapsulation mode/method
 TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
 T-CONT: Transmission Container
 CPE: customer premises equipment
 NSP: network service provider
 ASP: application service provider
 ISP: Independent Service Provider
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Abbreviations
 VoIP: Voice over IP
 IPTV: Internet Protocol Television
 WDM: Wavelength Division Multiplexing

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