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Book of JKR Technic Instruction Manual On Traffic Control Devices Road Marking and Delineation
Book of JKR Technic Instruction Manual On Traffic Control Devices Road Marking and Delineation
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Roads Branch
Public Works Department Malaysia
Jalan Sultan Salahuddin
50582 Kuala Lumpur
PREFACE
The purpose of this manual is to establish uniformity in design and application of all traffic signs
and control devices in Malaysia for the benefit of road users, road and traffic authorities, and man-
ufacturers of traffic signs.
This manual supersedes and forms part of the revised version of JKR/J(Rb) 0001,180, Manual On
Traffic Devices - Traffic Signs. The manual is now divided into the following parts:
1. Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85 - Standard Traffic Signs. Standard traffic signs drawings for
Regulatory, Warning and Guide signs are illustrated complete with dimensions. A colour chart
for all the traffic signs indicates acceptable colours for each sign.
3. Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2C/85 - Temporary Signs and Work Zones Control.
It consists of standard temporary signs drawings and their application in the work zones.
4. Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2D/85 - Road Marking and Delineation. Standard road line paints, road
markings and delineators are identified together with guides on their applications.
The specifications in this manual are recommended to be used for new signs and for all replace-
ments of existing signs which have outlived their usefulness.
2.0 Materials 2
3.0 Colours 2
1.1 Road markings and delineations are used Road pavements may be marked by one or
to regulate traffic or to warn or guide road more of the following materials:
users. They may be used either alone or to sup- a) Paint
plement other traffic control devices. b) Thermoplastics
c) Preformed tapes
1.2 All road markings and delineation, like
other traffic control devices should be uniform
in design, position and application so that they 2.1 Paint (reflectorised and non-
may be recognised and understood immediate- reflectorised)
ly by all road users.
Only road line paints conforming to M.S. 164:
1.3 Markings and delineators no longer appli- 1973, tested and approved by SIRIM shall be
cable which may create confusion in the mind used. Paint is best used in situations and on
of the motorist shall be removed or obliterated roads where the markings are not subjected to
as soon as practicable. Other markings and heavy traffic wear.
delineations required by road conditions or
restrictions should be remove or obliterated 2.2 Thermoplastics (reflectorised
when those conditions cease to exist or the and non-reflectorised)
restrictions are withdrawn.
Thermoplastics used shall be of the hot-applied
1.4 Markings which must be visible at night thermoplastics material conforming to B.S
shall be reflectorised unless ambient allumina- 3262 or the equivalence. This material is
tion assures adequate visibility. All markings on applied hot and sets on laying. It has good
highways shall be reflectorised. Even on well durability and is recommended to be used in
lighted town and streets it is generally desirable heavily travelled urban areas and in main high-
markings which must be visible at night be ways with high traffic densities. All road centre
reflectorised. lines shall be in thermoplastics.
1.5 In addition to reflectorised lines the use of 2.3 Preformed tape
road studs may be considered for roads with
poor alignment or at dangerous situations, for Markings in this material take the form of plas-
eg. at important junctions and intersections. tic sheet attached to the carriageway surface by
means of an adhesive. The markings must be
1.5 Pavement markings have definite limita- patterned or embossed in order secure satisfac-
tions. They may not be clearly visible when tory resistance to skidding. It can be used as
wet, and may not be very durable when sub- temporary markings because it can be removed
jected to heavy traffic. Therefore they require easily even after an extended time period.
frequent maintenance. Their effect on skid
resistance requires care in the choice of materi- 3.0 Colours
als to be used. Finally they cannot be applied
to unsealed roads. All pavement markings shall be white in
colour. Yellow paint may be used at:
a) Yellow boxes in the urban areas.
b) kerb markings showing parking prohibi- It need not be at the geometrical centre of the
tions covered by signs or ordinance. pavement as in the case of a pavement- width
c) parking bays for taxis, buses and pedes- transition where an extra uphill traffic lane is
trian crossings. provided.
d) Yellow bars at approaches to round
abouts and crosswalks.
4.1.2.1 Centre Lines on Rural Roads
The standard colour for yellow markings shall
be colour No.356 B.S. 381 C. The centre line on a 2-lane rural road shall be a
broken white line, 100mm wide. The broken
4.0 Types of Markings line shall consists of strokes of equal length
separated by uniform gaps. The speed of vehi-
Pavement markings are divided into the follow- cles on the section of road or in the area in
ing types: question should be taken into account in deter-
i) Longitudinal lines mining the length of the strokes and of the gaps
ii) Transverse lines between them.
iii) Other markings
The standard ratio of gap to stroke of 5 to 3
4.1 Longitudinal Lines shall be used. On rural roads use a gap of 7.5m
4.1.1 General with a 4.5m stroke. However, on mountainous
terrain or with short radius curves, use a 4.5m
A longitudinal line shall consists of either an gap with 2.7m stroke.
unbroken or a broken line or a combination of
both marked in the direction of travel. On 4-lane undivided rural roads, the centre line
shall consists of two unbroken white lines, each
A broken line is used to separate moving vehi- 100 mm wide and separated by a space of
cles where there is unrestricted visibility and 125 mm.
may be crossed at the discretion of drivers.
Centre lines shall be provided on all paved 2-
A single unbroken line is used where the cross- lane roadways (including bridges), 5.5m or
ing of the line is to be discouraged or is legally more in width if traffic volume is in excess of
prohibited, e.g. edge and lane lines. Double 300 vehicles (A.A.D.T.) a day. On single lane
unbroken lines or combinations of unbroken bridges centre lines shall be discontinued 30m
and broken lines are used where crossing of the from each abutment.
lines is legally prohibited unless in the latter
case where the broken line of the combination 4.1.2.2 Centre Lines on Urban Streets
as viewed by a driver is to the left of the unbro-
ken line. The centre line on a 2-way urban street having
2 lanes shall be a broken white line, and
The dimensions of longitudinal lines are shown 100mm wide. For the more busy city streets a
in Fig. 1. The thickness of the longitudinal lines continuous white line, 100mm wide, may be
should be 3 mm to 5 mm when applied by used where it is desirable to discourage cross-
SC.reeding and 1.0 mm to 1.5 mm when ing of the line.
sprayed.
The centre lines on a undivided 2-way street
4.1.2 Centre Line with 4 or more lanes shall be a continuous
double white lines, each 100mm wide and sep-
A centre line is used to designate the centre of arated by a space of 125 mm. In urban areas,
the travelled part of a roadway carrying traffic the length and spacing of the strokesshould be
in both directions. less than those used for rural areas. The strokes
may be reduced to lm with 1.7m gaps. On cer- No-passing zones shall be marked by a double
tain main urban arteries where traffic moves continuous white line or a combination of con-
fast, however, the characteristics of centre line tinuous and broken lines as described in clause
markings may be the same as for rural areas. 4.1.1 Nopassing zone markings on road pave-
ments shall be not less than 120m in length. If
4.1.2.3 Lane lines the actual no-passing distance is less than
120m, the additional length of marking shall be
Lane lines are useful in organising traffic into added at the beginning of the zone, unless the
its proper channels,thereby increasing the effi- length of road with sight distance below the
ciency of the use of the roadway. They should minimum required is less than 30m in length
therefore be used: then no barrier lines are necessary.Where
sucessive nopassing zones are less than 120m
(i) on all rural highways with 4 or more lanes, apart, the no-passing markings shall be extend-
in addition to the centre lines. ed to the two zones.
(ii) at approaches to important intersections
and crosswalks and in dangerous locations, The no-passing barrier lines should also be
both on rural highways and city streets. used on two-way roadways at pavement width
(iii) on one-way streets where maximum effi- transitions and on approaches to obstructions. It
ciency in the utilization of the roadway is may also be used on approaches to intersec-
desired. tions.
following formula:
4.2.2 Stop Lines
(i) L = 0.15V x W to 0.30V x W This shall be unbroken line 300mm wide.
for deverging or minor changes. They shall extend across the traffic lanes
(ii) L = 0.45V x W to 0.6V x W approaching traffic signals or at STOP sign. It
for merging areas. Use the higher indicates the point behind which vehicles must
value when traffic volume are high. stop when required. At STOP signs where visi-
bility is restricted, the driver's line of sight, the
where L = Length of transition (m) need for a pedestrian crossing and the clearance
V = 85 percentilespeed(km.p.h.) from traffic in the intersecting roadway should
W = Lateral off$et (m) be considered when positioning the STOP line.
STOP lines shall generally be either parallel to
provided that the length of line shall be the line of the intersecting roadway, or at right
not less than 60m in rural areas and 30m angles to vehicles approaching the line. They
in urban areas. shall ordinarily be placed 1.2m in advance of
and parallel to the nearest crosswalk line. In the
4.1.9 Turn Line absence of a marked crosswalk, the stop line
Turn line may be used within major or com- should be placed not more than 10m nor less
plex intersection to indicate the proper course than 1.2m for the nearest edge of intersecting
to be followed by turning vehicles. roadway.
They shall be broken lines 100mm wide with a
stroke of 600am and a gap of 600mm. Refer to Figures 11 and 12.
If a stop line is used in conjunction with a Stop
4.2 Transverse Lines Sign, it should normally be placed in line with
the stop line. However, if a Stop Sign cannot be
4.2.1 General located exactly where vehicles are expected to
Transvere lines are marked across the road and stop, the Stop Sign line should be placed at the
are generally associated with intersection or Stopping point.
junction controls, or traffic signals.
4.2.3 Holding Lines or Give Way
Transvere lines should be wider than longitudi- Lines
nal lines because of the narrowing which These lines are marked across the mouth of an
results from the low angle at which they are intersection when vehicles on the other arms
viewed. of the intersection have the priority of way.
They shall be of non-skid materials and shall The holding lines or give way lines are to sup-
protrude 5 mm above the level of the carriage- plement the give way sign. They should be
way. placed not more than 10m nor less than 1.2m
from the nearest edge of intersecting roadway.
The width of these lines are to be 200mm and
marked in a gap/stroke ratio of 300mm gap
300mm strip. The triangular give way marking
can be used to supplement this give way line.
Refer to Fig.13.
Crosswalk lines at intersections controlled by Word messages for use on road pavements
traffic signals or stop sign can also be of solid include the following:
white lines of 150 mm wide 1.8 to 3.6m apart. (i) IKUT KIRI
See Fig.13 (ii) LORONG LAJU
(iii) AWAS
4.3 Other Markings (iv) SAJA
4.3.1 Diagonal and Chevron (v) PERLAHAN
Markings (vi) KERETAPI
Wide diagonal markings as shown in Fig-14
may be applied to areas of pavement which are 4.3.3 Arrows
not intended for use by moving vehicles. Arrows are used to ensure correct lane usage
They define splayed island approaches,or at approaches to intersections, exit ramps and
obstructions, sealed shoulders, painted island other control points. Pavement arrows as
and medians and areas separating exit ramps shown in Fig. 19 are elongated similarly to let-
from the carriageway. An example is shown in ters or numerals.
Fig. 15. If any lane on the approach to an intersection
is to be designated by means of arrows, at least
4.3.2 Message on three arrows should be placed in that lane to
4.3.2.1 General increase the probability of recognition. A spac-
Words, numerals and symbols to convey guid- ing of 15 to 30m should be used between
ing, warning or regulatory message to drivers. repeater arrows according to the size of the
They should be elongated in the direction of arrow, larger arrows being used for higher
traffic movement in order that they may be leg- speed roads. Refer to Fig. 11.
ible at the maximum ditance. Legibility dis-
tance is increased by enlarging the length of
characters.
consist of reflector units (glass, plastic, or The recommended spacings shall be at 18m
reflective sheets) mounted on suitable supports. interval.
Post mounted delineators are beneficial for hor-
izontal curves over 5°. It should be pointed out 5.3 General requirements of Post
that whilst installation of such delineators or Mounted
markers will assist night driving, it may also 5.3.1 The top of the post mounted delineator
encourage drivers to increase speed. Unless should be 1.2m above the ground level.
other safety features are correspondingly
increased, such installation can give drivers a 5.3.2 The reflector unit should be 50mm from
false sense of security. Measures should be the top of the post.
taken to improve the superelevation of the road
at the bend. 5.3.4 Delineators should be placed at a con-
stant distance from the edge of the roadway
5.1 Materials and design except that, where a guardrail or other obstruc-
Post delineators are simply reflector units tions intrudes into the space between the pave-
mounted on suitable supports. Both the reflec- ment edge and the extension of the line of
tor units and the supports should be of types delineators, the delineators should be in line
approved by J.K.R. The reflector units may be with or inside the innermost edge of the
of the circular corner-cube prismatic lens type obstruction. See Fig. 29.
and shall be not less than 75 mm diameter.
They can also be made of glass, plastic, or 5.3.4 Spacing should be adjusted on
reflective sheetings. Reflective sheetings should approaches and throughout horizontal curves
be of rectangular shape 180mm x 50mm and so that several delineators are always visible to
should be of the high intensity retro-reflective the driverso that several delineators are always
material. visible to the driver. Table 1 below shows a
These reflector units must be capable of suggested spacing on curves.
clearly reflecting light under normal atmos-
pheric conditions from a distance of 300 meters Spacing for specific, radii not shown may be
when illuminated by the upper beam of stan- interpolated from the table. The minimum
dard automobile lights. Timber posts should be spacing should be 6 m. The spacing of the first
of hardwood timber painted with stripes of delineator approaching a curve is 2S, the sec-
black and orange. Detail of the delineator posts ond 3S and the third 6S but not to exceed 90
is as shown in Fig. 27. m. This is as shown in Fig.28.
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