Advances in Engineering Software 173 (2022) 103232

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Advances in Engineering Software

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Implementation of Buckingham’s Pi theorem using Python

Pankaj Dumka a, *, Rishika Chauhan b, Ayush Singh c, Gaurav Singh c, Dhananjay Mishra a
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology, Guna-473226, Madhya Pradesh
b
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology, Guna-473226, Madhya Pradesh
c
Department of Computer Science Engineering, Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology, Guna-473226, Madhya Pradesh

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Buckingham’s Pi theorem plays an important role in engineering, applied mathematics, and physics for
Buckingham’s Pi theorem dimensional analysis. From the given variables, it will be utilised to evaluate the set of dimensionless parameters.
Fluid mechanics It indicates that the validity of the physical law is independent of the specific unit system, and it can be expressed
Dimensional analysis
as an identity incorporating only dimensionless variables associated with the law. A python-based function has
Physical similarity analysis
Python programming
been developed and reported in this manuscript, which can be utilised to evaluate Pi terms (commonly called π
terms) for any fluid flow problem. Smaller moderation in the written function can make it capable of solving any
fundamental dimensions. Different fluid mechanics problems are utilised to test and validate the reported
function, five of which are presented in this manuscript along with code. Obtained results are in good agreement
with the theoretically obtained results.

1. Introduction
It is a well-known fact that engineering problems are complex, and
sometimes the complexity is so high that the theoretical solutions are
impossible. Therefore, researchers try to handle complex issues with the
help of computational fluid dynamics [1–4] or numerical analysis [5,6].
Still, empirical relations (i.e., the experimental information) are
required to take care of all the down-to-earth considerations in some
instances. Also, if somehow a theoretical model for some engineering
problem is developed, it must be validated with the help of experimental
data. Hence, it is proven that experiments are the actual truth, and most
problems are solved with the help of experiments [7,8].
When the experiments were performed in the laboratory to solve
some engineering problems, then due to economic constraints, time,
space, energy, etc., the experiments couldn’t be performed under an
identical set of operating conditions which prevails in the real place
[9–11]. So, to save money, time, and space, the experiments are per­
formed under an altered set of conditions than what exists. So, under
these circumstances, two pertinent questions usually arise: how the test
results from the laboratory experiments can be applied to the actual
problem. Secondly, is it possible to limit the number of experiments and
still get the same results as in the real case. The concept of physical
similarity gives a clue to answering the above questions. With the idea of
physical similarity [12–15], we can apply the test results of altered
conditions to the actual problem, provided the physics of the problem
remains the same. Furthermore, we can club the different dimensional
variables influencing a performance parameter into a single group
because of the principle of physical similarity. The influence of all the
dimensional variables as operating parameters on the performance
parameter is affected through that parameter group.
If many physical variables define a problem, so if the problem has to
be made similar to the problem of a different condition, then definitely
some dimensionless terms have to be fixed for both the problems, which
represents the criterion of similarity, mainly the dynamic similarity
[16]. Now the question comes how to find such nondimensional pa­
rameters, which are the combination of dimensional variables. The
answer to this question lies with dimensional analysis and dimensional
homogeneity [17,18]. The first instance of dimensional homogeneity is
found in the work of Fourier [19]. Lord Rayleigh [20,21] proposed an
indicial method to perform dimensional analysis to obtain a nondi­
mensional relationship between dimensional variables. An initial
ground for the π theorem was set independently by Vaschy [22] Ria­
bouchinsky [23]. Buckingham’s Pi theorem was introduced later with
the full-fledged procedure to evaluate the nondimensional πterms by
Buckingham in 1914 [24]. This paper has set a benchmark in the

Abbreviations: RV,rv, repeating variables; nrv , nonrepeating variables; BuPi , Buckingham’s Pi function; SI , International System.
* Corresponding author at: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology, JUET Campus, Raghogarh, Guna, Madhya
Pradesh 473226, India.
E-mail addresses: p.dumka.juet@gmail.com, p.dumka.ipec@gmail.com (P. Dumka).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2022.103232
Received 16 July 2022; Received in revised form 30 July 2022; Accepted 1 August 2022
Available online 7 August 2022
0965-9978/© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
P. Dumka et al.
Nomenclature
du_dx velocity gradient
dpdx pressure gradient
F force
g acceleration due to gravity
k Bulk modulus of elasticity
l length
L length
m number of physical variables
M mass
n number of fundamental dimensions
N rpm
P pressure
dimensional analysis and physical similarity principle. Several other
methods [25] exist, but how Buckingham’s π theorem deals with the
dimensional analysis is unique as it is more practical and systematic as it
uses repeating variables. But the major problem with Buckingham’s π
theorem is that the algebra involved in solving the π terms requires a lot
of hand calculations, and if the number of variables is more, then the
chances of error are more.
Here comes the importance of computer programs for tedious cal­
culations [26–28]. Python is a very easy to implement, efficient, and
user-friendly programming language [29–31]. A very attractive feature
of Python is that one does not have to write huge lines of code; instead,
very complex problems can be solved by just writing a few lines of code.
The python modules such as NumPy [32,33] and SymPy [34,35] are
very efficient in handling any type of numerical and symbolic compu­
tation. Moreover, symbolically solving simultaneous equations and
segregating the variables is an easy task with SymPy [36]. Parth et al.
[37] have developed Python modules to handle complex fluid flow
problems in a laminar flow regime. The NumPy contains array objects
which can simplify the tasks a lot. Several researchers have used Python
to solve many mathematically complex problems. PyBaMM, a python
package, has been developed by Sulzer et al. [38] for the collaboration of
cross-institutional facilitation. Python has also been used by Marowka
[39] for parallel computation. For solving heat transfer problems, a
Python implemented He’s Homotopy and Perturbation approach has
been adopted by Dumka et al. [40]. Dumka et al. [41] have also used
Python to model thermodynamic gas power cycles.
This research article presents a novel approach to handling Buck­
ingham’s Pi theorem. Buckingham’s Pi theorem has been modelled with
the help of Python, and the function developed to address π terms is
tested against some real-life problems. It has been observed that the
computer program has not only automated the task for fluid flow
problems but it can also be extended to the other branches of physics by
slight modifications. The codes and python functions are written in the
Jupyter notebook as it shows both codes and results in one place.
Moreover, its cell structure gives a better understanding of the code.
2. Buckingham’s Pi theorem
Let any physical phenomenon is described by m no of physical var­
iables (y1,y2,y3,…ym). Then one can express these variables analytically
as:
f (y1 , y2 , y3 , … ym ) = 0 (1)
According to Buckingham’s pi theorem, if these m variables are
expressed in n number of fundamental dimensions (in Fluid mechanics,
we encounter M, L and T), then the physical problem can be described by
m − n dimensional terms as [42]:
2
Advances in Engineering Software 173 (2022) 103232
Pow power
Q discharge
T time
v velocity
y physical variable
Greek
π non-dimensional Pi term
ρ density
μ dynamic viscosity
σ surface tension
ν kinematic viscosity
ω angular velocity
Δp pressure gradient
F(π1 , π2 , π3 , … πm− n ) = 0 (2)
Now the task is to form the nondimensional π terms. The method­
ology says that any suitable group (one geometric variable, one kine­
matic variable, and one fluid property for fluid mechanics problem) of n
variables out of m dimensional variables is chosen first. These n vari­
ables are referred to as repeating variables (RV) equal to the number of
fundamental dimensions. Then the nondimensional π terms can be
formed by multiplying the RVs raised to some arbitrary integer expo­
nents and the remaining dimensional variables, viz. m − n. If y1,y2,y3,…
yn are chosen as the RV’s, then the pi terms can be formed as:
π1 = ya11 × ya22 × ya33 , … × yam−n n × yn+1
π2 = ya11 × ya22 × ya33 , … × yam−n n × yn+2
πm− n = ya11 × ya22 × ya33 , … × yam−n n × ym (3)
The point to be noted here is that the exponents (a1,a2…an) are
different for different π terms. As all the π terms are dimensionless and
all the dimensional variables are written in terms of fundamental di­
mensions, so Eq. (3) just boils down to n linear equations in a1,a2…an
(for every π term), which can be solved for the unique solutions for
exponents.
For m = n, the situation represents an equilibrium state, i.e., all the
parameters have fixed values, m > n is always desired, and if m < n, the
situation becomes impossible, i.e., no physical phenomena are described
under the given condition.
3. Implementation of Pi theorem in Python
In SI units, the fundamental physical quantities are mass, time,
length, current, temperature, and luminous intensity. In fluid me­
chanics, mass (M), length (L), and time (T) are commonly used among
all the fundamental quantities discussed above. To start the computa­
tion, one must first understand the dimensions of naturally encountered
physical variables/quantities in a fluid flow problem. Table 1 shows how
the dimensional variables (for fluid flow problem) are written in terms
of fundamental dimensions (M, L, T)
Firstly the array repository of physical variables is created. The array
of elements depends on the number of fundamental dimensions involved
in the problem. For example, as we are dealing with fluid flow problems,
the number of array elements is three (as three fundamental dimensions
are involved). For using array in Python, the NumPy module (from
numpy import *) is imported, and the array (array([])) function is used
to develop the physical property array as follows:
P. Dumka et al. Advances in Engineering Software 173 (2022) 103232

Table 1 3.2. For laminar, steady, fully developed flow in a pipe of circular cross-
Dimensions of physical variables section, the pressure gradient along the length of the pipe is a function of
S. No. Physical variable/quantity Dimension pipe diameter (d), flow velocity (v), the density of the fluid (ρ), and the
dynamic viscosity of fluid (μ). The dimensionless π terms have to be
1 Mass M
2 Time L evaluated
3 Length T
4 velocity LT− 1 The dimensional terms (m) involved are 5 (dx dp
, d, μ, ρ, v). The
5 Angular velocity T− 1
6 Acceleration LT− 2 fundamental dimensions involved are 3 (refer to Table 1). So, the π terms
7 Density ML− 3 will be 2 (5 − 3 = 2). First, a list of RV and nonrepeating variables are
8 Angular acceleration T− 2 created (with the help of dimensional variables as declared above) as
9 Force, weight, thrust MLT− 2 follows:
10 Pressure, Stress ML− 1T− 2
11 Momentum MLT− 1
12 Angular momentum ML2T− 1 3.2.1. List of repeating variables
13 Torque, Momentum ML2T− 2 d=ℓ
14 Energy, work ML2T− 2 u=v
15 Rate of energy or work, power ML2T− 3
rv=[u,d,ρ]
16 Velocity gradient, vorticity T− 1
17 Stream function, velocity potential L2T− 1
18 Pressure gradient ML− 2T− 2 3.2.2. List of Non-repeating variables
19 Surface tension MT− 2 nr=[μ,dpdx]
20 Bulk modulus ML− 1T− 2 (Note: the choice of the RVs is such that one is a geometric variable,
21 Dynamic viscosity ML− 1T− 1
one is a kinematic variable, and the last one flows property. Moreover,
22 Kinematic viscosity L2T− 1
the output variable cannot be considered as the repeating variable (in
this case, pressure gradient))
3.1. Dimensional variables An empty list π[] has been created to hold the values of a, b, and c for
different pi terms. For loop is used for different π terms in which BuPi
dpdx=array([1,-2,-2]) function is solved for rv and nrv lists.
ρ=array([1,-3,0])
ℓ=array([0,1,0]) 3.2.3. Function calling for the evaluation of repeating variable indices
μ=array([1,-1,-1]) π=[]
v=array([0,1,-1]) for i,xx in enumerate(nr):
σ=array([1,0,-2]) print(f’π{i+1} >’,BuPi(rv,xx))
ν=array([0,2,-1]) π.append(BuPi(rv,xx))
ω=array([0,0,-1]) The output of the program is as follows:
Δp=array([1,-1,-2]) To write the final expression for the π term correctly, one should
Q=array([0,3,-1]) understand that the exponents are powers of terms in rv list starting from
P=array([1,2,-3]) left to right (viz. uadbρc), which are multiplied together along with the
N=array([0,0,-1]) individual term in the nrv list following the same conventions, i.e., from
g=array([0,1,-2]) left to right. So, the result shown in Fig. 1 can be interpreted as:
F=array([1,1,-2]) μ
Pow=array([1,2,-3]) π1 = ua db ρc μ = u− 1 d− 1 ρ− 1 μ =
ρud
du_dx=array([0,0,-1])
K=array([1,-1,-2]) dp dp d dp
Now two lists are created: one for RVs (total n in numbers) and the π2 = ua db ρc = u− 2 d1 ρ− 1 = 2
dx dx ρu dx
other for remaining variables (m-n). In the program, they are called rv
and nrv. In π terms, each repeating variable is raised to some unknown
exponent (a, b, and c in this case), and these are multiplied together 3.3. The Drag Force (F) on an aircraft is a function of the characteristic
along with one nonrepeating variable. As we have formed an array of length of aircraft (l), the density of air (ρ), the viscosity of air (μ), aircraft
powers of M, L, and T so, all the respective powers of individual terms velocity (u), and bulk modulus of elasticity (Es). The dimensionless terms
will add up to from equations having unknowns a, b, and c. On the RHS, involved in the problem are to be evaluated
the exponent of M, L, and T of nonrepeating variables will be there. In
the program, these are implemented with the help of a function (known Total 6-dimensional variables are involved with three fundamental
as ‘BuPi’), which accept rv and nrv as input and, in turn, returns a, b, and dimensions, so the number of pi terms will be 3. The repeating variable
c. The simultaneous equations are solved symbolically using the SymPy chosen is: u, l, and ρ.
module (from sympy import *; form sympy.abc import *). The function First, lists of rv and nrv are created as follows:
developed for Buckingham’s Pi theorem is as follows:
def BuPi(rv,x) 3.3.1. list of repeating variables
""" l=ℓ
pass on the list of repeating variable (rv) and the u=v
nonrepeating variables (x=nrv) E_s=K
""" rv=[u,l,ρ]
return solve((a*rv[0]+b*rv[1]+c*rv[2]+x),(a,b,c))
Now the use of the above-developed function to evaluate the π terms 3.3.2. list of Non-repeating variables
will be demonstrated with the help of some fluid flow problems. nr=[F,μ,E_s]
Then the function BuPi is called will return the output as shown in
Fig. 2.
Hence, the π terms are:

3
P. Dumka et al. Advances in Engineering Software 173 (2022) 103232

Fig. 1. Program output for the pipe flow problem

Fig. 2. Program output for aircraft problem

F 3.5. The power (P) required to drive a stirrer is a function of stirrer

π 1 = u− 2 l− 2 ρ− 1 F =
ρl2 u2 diameter (D), rpm of stirrer (N), the density of the fluid (ρ), and dynamic
viscosity of stirrer (μ). Therefore, the pertinent π terms have to be
μ evaluated
π 2 = u− 1 l− 1 ρ− 1 μ =
ρlu
In the problem total of 5-dimensional variables are involved, which
Es
π 3 = u− 2 l0 ρ− 1 Es = are represented in 3 fundamental dimensions, so the number of π terms
ρu2
will be 2. The repeating variables chosen are N, ρ, and D.
First, lists of rv and nrv are created as follows:
3.4. The flow velocity (U) through a circular orifice is a function of orifice
diameter (D), flow head (H), the dynamic viscosity of fluid (μ), the density
3.5.1. list of repeating variables
of the liquid (ρ), and the acceleration due to gravity (g)
D=ℓ
rv=[N,ρ,D]
In the problem, a total of 6-dimensional variables are involved,
#rvc=[’u0′ ,’h’,’μ’]
represented in 3 fundamental dimensions, so the number of pi terms will
be 3. Therefore, the repeating variable chosen is H, ρ, and g.
3.5.2. list of Non-repeating variables
First, lists of rv and nrv are created as follows:
nr=[P,μ]
By applying the BuPi function to the above rv and nr the program
3.4.1. list of repeating variables
output is shown in Fig. 4.
H=ℓ
Hence, the πterms are:
U=v
D=ℓ P
π1 = N − 3 ρ− 1 D− 5 P =
rv=[H,ρ,g] ρN 3 D5

μ
3.4.2. list of Non-repeating variables π2 = N − 1 ρ− 1 D− 2 μ =
ρND2
nr=[U,μ,D]
Now calling the function BuPi as in problem 3.1 will result in the
output shown in Fig. 3. 3.6. For a hydraulic machine, the pertinent dimensional variables
Therefore the π terms will be: involved are D (rotor diameter), N (rotor rpm), Q (volumetric discharge),
gH (per unit mass energy), P (power), ρ (density), and μ (dynamic
1 1 U
π 1 = H − 2 ρ0 g− 2 U = √̅̅̅̅̅̅ viscosity). The task is to evaluate all the π terms
Hg
In the problem in total 7-dimensional variables are involved, which
μ
are represented in 3 fundamental dimensions, so the number of π terms
3 1
π 2 = H − 2 ρ− 1 g− 2 μ = √̅̅̅̅̅̅
H ρ Hg
will be 4. The repeating variables chosen are D, ρ, and N.
D First, lists of rv and nrv created are as follows:
π 3 = H − 1 ρ0 g0 D =
H
3.6.1. list of repeating variables
D=ℓ
H=ℓ
gH=g+H
P=Pow

Fig. 3. Program output for orifice problem

4
P. Dumka et al. Advances in Engineering Software 173 (2022) 103232

Fig. 4. Program output for stirrer

rv=[D,N,ρ]

3.6.2. list of Non-repeating variables

nr=[Q,gH,μ,P]
By applying the BuPi function to the above rv and nr the program
output is shown in Fig. 5.
Therefore, the pi terms are:
Q
π 1 = D − 3 N − 1 ρ0 Q =
ND3

gH
π 2 = D− 2 N − 2 ρ0 gH =
N 2 D2
μ Fig. 5. Program output for hydraulic machine
π 3 = D − 2 N − 1 ρ− 1 μ =
ρ N D2
participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consul­
P
π 4 = D − 5 N − 3 ρ− 1 P = tancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony
ρ N 3 D5
or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as
An important thing to note in this example is that as the array carries personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs)
the power of fundamental dimensions hence, while multiplying the in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
dimensional variable, it has to be kept in mind that the arrays should be Authors Name
added (e.g. gH=g+H). Dr. Dhananjay R. Mishra
Readers of this research article are also provided with the full- Dr. Pankaj Dumka
fledged code (for problem 3.4) in the appendix. They can modify rv Mrs. Rishika Chauhan
and nrv and get the exponents within on time with minimal hassle. Mr. Ayush Singh
Mr. Gaurav Singh
4. Conclusion
Supplementary materials
In this manuscript, the use of dimensional analysis for developing
nondimensional numbers from dimensional variables has been dis­ Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in
cussed in detail. A theorem known as Buckingham’s Pi theorem has been the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.advengsoft.2022.103232.
explained in detail, along with the mathematical formulation of nondi­
mensional π terms elaborated. The hand calculation of π terms can be Appendix
very time-consuming. There as well are chances of error while solving
the equations manually. So, to remove the problem of error propagation (Full Python Program)
into the solution, a python-based function (BuPi) has been developed. from numpy import *
The function can solve any fluid flow problem with three fundamental from sympy import *
variables. Moreover, a minor modification is required to extend the from sympy.abc import *
function to any fundamental dimensions. The function and computer #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
program testing has been done on five different fluid mechanics prob­ # Buckingham’s Pi theorem function
lems. It has been observed that the program has efficiently evaluated all #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
the exponents and, ultimately, the π terms. The computer program is def BuPi(rv,x):
very robust, and in our opinion, the methodology given in this research """
article will benefit the scientific community in research and education. pass on the list of repeating variables (rv) and the
nonrepeating variables (x)
CRediT authorship contribution statement """
return solve((a*rv[0]+b*rv[1]+c*rv[2]+x),(a,b,c))
Pankaj Dumka: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Visu­ #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
alization, Investigation, Writing – original draft. Rishika Chauhan: # Dimensional variables
Software, Writing – original draft. Ayush Singh: Conceptualization, #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Methodology. Gaurav Singh: Conceptualization, Methodology. Dha­ dpdx=array([1,-2,-2])
nanjay Mishra: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing. ρ=array([1,-3,0])
ℓ=array([0,1,0])
Declaration of competing interest μ=array([1,-1,-1])
v=array([0,1,-1])
The authors whose names are listed immediately below certify that σ=array([1,0,-2])
they have No affiliations with or involvement in any organization or ν=array([0,2,-1])
entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants;

5
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