KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO-2

MINNIE BAY, PORT BLAIR

2022-23

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
 NAME: MUSKAN SINGH
 CLASS: XII B
 ROLL NO.:
 SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY

Teacher’s signature Principal’s signature

 Certificate

This is to Certify that MUSKAN SINGH of

class XII”B”of KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.2
School has successfully completed the
Chemistry Investigatory project on the topic
"Enviromental pollution "as prescribed by
the CBSE Board for the Academic Year 2022
-23.It is further certified that the project is
Individual Work of the Candidate.

External’s Signature

Internal's Signature

Principal’s Signatu
 Acknowledgement

In the accomplishment of this project successfully,

many people have best owned upon me their
blessings and the heart pledged support, this time I
am utilizing to thank all the people who have been
concerned with project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to

complete this project with success. Then I would
like to thank my Chemistry teacher Mrs.Meena
Kumari ma'am whose valuable guidance been the
ones that helped me patch this project and make it
full proof success his suggestions and his
instructions has served as the major contributor
towards the completion ofthe project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my

classmates who have helped me a lot
 CONTENTS

What is pollution?
Modern Awareness
Forms of pollution
Sources & causes
Effects
Pollution control Devices
Bibliography
 What is pollution?
pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a
natural environment that causes instability,
disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e.
physical systems or livingorganisms. Pollution can
take the form of chemical substances or energy,
such as noise, heat, or light.Pollutants, the
elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or
energies, or naturally occurring; when
naturally occurring, they are considered
contaminants when they exceed natural levels.
Pollution is often classedas point source or non
point source pollution. TheBlacksmith Institute
issues an annual list of the world'sworst polluted
places. In the 2007 issues the ten top nominees are
located in Azerbaijan, China, India, Peru,Russia, Ukraine,
and Zambia
 Modern Awareness

Pollution became a popular issue after World War II,

due toradioactive fallout from atomic warfare and
testing. Then anon-nuclear event, The Great Smog of 1952
in London,killed at least 4000 people. This
prompted some of the first major modern
environmental legislation, The Clean Air Actof 1956.
Pollution began to draw major public attention in
theUnited States between the mid-1950s and early
1970s,when Congress passed the Noise Control Act,
the Clean AirAct, the Clean Water Act and the National
Environmental Policy Act

Dumping in the Hudson River resulted in a ban by the

EPAon consumption of its fish in 1974. Long-term
dioxincontamination at Love Canal starting
in 1947 became anational news story in 1978
and led to the Superfundlegislation of 1980. Legal
proceedings in the 1990s helpedbring to light
Chromium-6 releases in California--thechampions of
whose victims became famous.
The pollution of industrial land gave rise to the
nameBrownfield, a term now common in city
planning. DDT wasbanned in most of the
developed world after thepublication of Rachel
Carson's Silent Spring
. The development of nuclear science introduced
radioactivecontamination, which can remain
lethally radioactive forhundreds of thousands of
years. Lake Karachay, named bythe World watch
Institute as the "most polluted spot" onearth,
served as a disposal site for the Soviet
Unionthroughout the 1950s and 1960s. Second
place may go tothe area of Chelyabinsk U.S.S.R.
as the "Most pollutedplace on the planet".Nuclear
weapons continued to be tested in the Cold War,
sometimes near inhabited areas, especially in the
earlierstages of their development. The toll on the
worst affectedpopulations and the growth since then
in understandingabout the critical threat to human
health posed byradioactivity has also been a
prohibitive complicationassociated with nuclear
power.
International catastrophes such as the wreck of the
AmocoCadiz oil tanker off the coast of Brittany in 1978 and
theBhopal disaster in 1984 have demonstrated
theuniversality of such events and the scale on which
effortsto address them needed to engage. The
borderless natureof atmosphere and oceans inevitably
resulted in theimplication of pollution on a planetary
level with the issueof global warming. Most recently
the term persistentorganic pollutant (POP) has come
to describe a group of chemicals such as PBDEs and
PFCs among others. Thoughtheir effects remain
somewhat less well understood owingto a lack of
experimental data, they have been detected invarious
ecological habitats far removed from industrialactivity
such as the Arctic, demonstrating diffusion
andbioaccumulation after only a relatively brief period of
widespread use.Growing evidence of local and
global pollution and anincreasingly informed public
over time have given rise toenvironmentalism and the
environmental movement,which generally seek to limit
human impact on the environment
 Forms of Pollution
1.The major forms of pollution are listed below
along with theparticular pollutants relevant to
each of them:Air pollution, the release of chemicals
andparticulates into the atmosphere. Common
gaseouspollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur
dioxide,chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen
oxidesproduced by industry and motor vehicles.
Photochemical ozone and smog are created
asnitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to
Sunlight

.2.light pollution, includes light trespass, over-

illuminationand astronomical interference.

3.Litterig

4.Noisepollution, which encompasses roadway

noise,aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-
intensitysonar.

5.Soil contamination occurs when chemicals

arereleased intentionally, by spill or underground
leakage
6.Radioactive contamination, resulting from
20thcentury activities in atomic physics, such as
nuclearpower generation and nuclear weapons
research,manufacture and deployment. (See alpha
emitters andactinides in the environment.)
7.Thermal pollution, is a temperature change
innatural water bodies caused by human influence
, suchas use of water as coolant in a power plant.
8.Water pollution, by the discharge of
wastewaterfrom commercial and industrial waste
(intentionally orthrough spills) into surface
waters; discharges of untreated domestic sewage
, and chemicalcontaminants, such as chlorine,
from treated sewage;release of waste and
contaminants into surface runoff flowing to
surface waters (including urban runoff
andagricultural runoff, which may contain
chemicalfertilizers and pesticides); waste disposal
and leachinginto groundwater; eutrophication and
littering
 Sources And Causes
Air pollution comes from both natural and man-
madesources. Though globally man made
pollutants from combustion, construction,
mining, agriculture and warfareare increasingly
significant in the air pollution equation.Motor
vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of
air pollution. China, United States, Russia,
Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air
pollution emissions.Principal stationary pollution
sources include chemicalplants, coal-fired
power plants, oil refineries, petrochemicalplants ,
nuclear waste disposal activity, incinerators, l
Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean
acidification, the on going decrease in the pH
of the Earth's oceans as CO2 becomes
dissolved.
livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.),
PVCfactories, metals production factories,
plastics factories,and other heavy industry.
Agricultural air pollution comesfrom
contemporary practices, which include clear
fellingand burning of natural vegetation as well as
spraying of pesticides and herbicides
Ordinary municipal landfills are the source of
manychemical substances entering the soil
environment (andoften groundwater), emanating
from the wide variety of refuse accepted,
especially substances illegally discardedthere, or
from pre-1970 landfills that may have beensubject to
little control in the U.S. or EU. There have
alsobeen some unusual releases of
polychlorinateddibenzodioxins, commonly called
dioxins for simplicity,such as TCDD(2,3,7,8-
Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin).
Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural
disaster.For example, hurricanes often involve
water contaminationfrom sewage, and
petrochemical spills from ruptured boatsor
automobiles. Larger scale and environmental
damage isnot uncommon when coastal oil rigs or
refineries areinvolved. Some sources of pollution,
such as nuclear powerplants or oil tankers, can
produce widespread andpotentially hazardous
releases when accidents occur.In the case of
noise pollution the dominant source class isthe
motor vehicle, producing about ninety percent of
allunwanted noise worldwide
 Effects
Human health:
Adverse air quality can kill many organisms
includinghumans. Ozone pollution can cause
respiratory disease,cardiovascular disease, throat
inflammation, chest pain,and congestion. Water
pollution causes approximately14,000 deaths per day,
mostly due to contamination of drinking
waterby untreatedsewageindevelopingcountries. An
estimated 700 millionIndianshave no accessto a
proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of
diarrhoeal sickness every day.

Environment:
Pollution has been found to be present widely in
theenvironment. There are a number of effects of
this:Biomagnificationdescribes situations where
toxins (such asheavy metals) may pass
throughtropic levels, becomingexponentially more
concentrated in the proces Carbon dioxide
emissions cause ocean acidification, the on going
decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO2
becomes dissolved. ntamination
 Pollution Control Devices
Dust collection systems
1.Baghouses
2.Cyclones
3.Electrostatic precipitators
Scrubbers
1.Baffle spray scrubber
2.Cyclonic spray scrubber
3.Ejector venturi scrubber
4.Mechanically aided scrubber
5.Spray tower
6.Wet scrubber
Sewage treatment
1.Sedimentation(Primary treatment)
2.Activated sludge biotreaters(Secondary
treatment;also used for industrial wastewater)
3.Aerated lagoons
4.Constructed wetlands(also used for urban runoff
Industrial wastewater treatment
1.API oil-water separators
2.Biofilters
3.Dissolved air flotation(DAF)
4.Powdered activated carbon Treatment
5.Ultrafiltration
Vapor recovery systems
 Bibliography

https://www.seminarsonly.com
/wikipedia.org
Google.com
Sciendaily.com
Chem4kids.com
Sciencedirect.comDir.yahoo.com
/Sciencechemistry
Newspapers/Magazines