Quick Revision Primer: MAINS 2022

QUICK REVISION PRIMER
MAINS 2022
Topic - Wise Most Important
Government Initiatives
MK Yadav
QUICK REVISION PRIMER – GOVT. INITIATIVES: TARGET MAINS 2022
Under the Guidance of M K YADAV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. ECONOMY 2.1.3 Higher Education 18

1.1 FINANCIAL INCLUSION 2 2.1.4 Digital Initiatives in Education 18
1.2 INFRASTRUCTURE 2 2.2 SKILL DEVELOPMENT 19
1.2.1 Logistics & Freight 2 2.3 LABOUR & EMPLOYMENT 20
1.2.2 Roadways 3 2.4 HEALTH 20
1.2.3 Railways 3 2.4.1 Health Related Major Schemes 20
1.2.4 Ports, Shipping & Waterways 5 2.4.2 Mother & Child Health 20
1.2.5 Civil Aviation 5 2.4.3 Digital Initiatives In Health 21
1.2.6 Urban Development 6 2.4.4 Nutrition 21
1.2.7 Affordable Housing 6 2.5 WOMEN RELATED 22
1.3 ENERGY SECTOR 7 2.6 CHILDREN RELATED 23
1.3.1 Power Sector 7 2.6.1 Child Development & Protection 23
1.3.2 Petroleum & Natural Gas 8 2.6.2 Child Labour 23
1.3.3 Renewable Energy 8 2.7 SENIOR CITIZENS 23
1.3.4 Mines 9 2.8 SCHEDULED CASTE & SCHEDULED 24
1.4 INDUSTRY & COMMERCE 9 TRIBES
1.4.1 Ease of Doing Business 9 2.9 PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES (PwD) 25
1.4.2 MSME 10 2.10 TRANSGENDER PERSONS 25
1.4.3 Start Up 10 2.11 YOUTH 26
1.4.4 Electronics Industry 10
1.4.5 Semiconductor Industry 11 3. ENVIRONMENT
1.4.6 Telecom 11 3.1 COMBATING POLLUTION 27
1.4.7 E-Commerce 11 3.1.1 Air Pollution 27
1.4.8 Tourism 12 3.1.2 Ocean/Marine Pollution 27
1.4.9 Exports 12 3.1.3 Solid Waste Management 27
1.4.10 Fintech 13 3.1.4 Plastic Waste Management 28
1.5 AGRICULTURE & FARMER WELFARE 13 3.1.5 E-Waste Management 28
1.5.1 Millet Production: Super Food For 13 3.2 FORESTRY 28
Future 3.3 COUNTERING DESERTIFICATION 29
1.5.2 Irrigation 13
3.4 SUSTAINABLE FUEL ECONOMY 29
1.5.3 Agriculture Marketing 14
3.4.1 Hydrogen Based Economy 29
1.5.4 Farm Mechanisation 14
3.4.2 Methanol Based Economy 29
1.5.5 Horticulture 14
1.5.6 Animal Husbandry & Dairying 14
1.5.7 Fisheries 15 4. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
1.5.8 Sweet Revolution (Bee Keeping) 15 4.1.1 Drone Technology 30
1.5.9 Food Processing 15 4.1.2 Defence Indigenisation 30
1.5.10 Agriculture Exports 15
1.5.11 Organic Farming 16 5. POLITY & GOVERNANCE
1.5.12 Digital Initiatives in Agriculture 16 5.1.1 Digitizing Indian Judiciary 31
1.5.13 Farmer Social & Income Security 16 5.1.2 Combating Corruption 31
5.1.3 Prison Reforms 31
2. SOCIAL ISSUES 5.1.4 Strengthening Panchayati Raj 32
2.1 EDUCATION 17 5.1.5 Indian Diaspora 32
2.1.1 Pre-Primary Education 17
2.1.2 School Education 17
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1 ECONOMY
1.1 FINANCIAL INCLUSION
BANKING SERVICES
• PM Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): Ensure access of financial products & services at an affordable cost.
• Stand Up India Scheme: to facilitate bank loans between 10 lakh and 1 Crore to at least one Scheduled
Caste (SC) or Scheduled Tribe borrower and at least one women borrower per bank branch.
• PM Mudra Yojana (PMMY): for providing loans upto 10 lakh to the non-corporate, non-farm
small/micro enterprises.
• Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana: saving scheme targeted at the parents of girl children.
INSURANCE
• Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana(PMJJBY): Government-backed Life insurance scheme in India
• Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY): Government-backed accident insurance scheme
PENSIONS
• PM Vaya Vandana Yojana (PMVVY): for senior citizens aged 60 years and above
• Atal Pension Yojana (APY): for to all citizens of India.
• PM Laghu Vyapari Maan-dhan Yojana - for shopkeeper's/ retail traders and self-employed persons
• PM Shram Yogi Maandhan - for Unorganized workers.
• National Pension Scheme
DIGITALISATION
• Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile (JAM): linking Jan Dhan bank accounts with Aadhaar and mobile numbers.
• Aadhaar-based Biometric Authentication and Digital Payments Solutions
• Jan Dhan Darshak: mobile application that helps citizens locate and view banking touchpoints such as
ATMs, bank branches, bank mitras, post offices and common services centres (CSCs).
FINANCIAL LITERACY
• Project Financial Literacy: to familiarise users with role & functions of RBI and banking concepts.
• 'RBI Kehta Hai' campaign to educate public about banking regulations & safe banking practices.
• FAME (Financial Awareness Messages): tailored financial literacy content for 5 target groups' viz.
Farmers, Small entrepreneurs, School children, Self Help Groups and Senior Citizens
1.2 INFRASTRUCTURE
1.2.1 LOGISTICS & FREIGHT

ADMINISTRATIVE MEASURES
• Logistics Division created in Dept. of Commerce for integrated development of logistics sector.
• Draft National Logistics Policy launched
• National Logistics Portal, a single online window to link all stakeholders.
• Ratification of Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA).
TAXATION & PRICE DE-REGULATION
• GST: The Government has introduced E-way bill under GST to streamline the logistics sector.
• Diesel & Petrol Deregulation: logistics costs have become more accurate.
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INTEGRATED INFRASTRUCTURE & TRANSPORTATION NETWORK

• PM Gati Shakti Programme & National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP)
• Unified Logistics Interface Platform (ULIP): Real-time data exchange among all mode operators
• Logistic Efficiency Enhancement Programme (LEEP): to enhance the freight transportation through
infrastructure, procedural and IT interventions
• Identification of the initial 10 cities to be developed as ‘Freight Smart Cities’.
• Sagarmala, Bharatmala & Jal Vikas Marg Project (JVMP) to improve last mile connectivity.
• Dedicated rail freight corridors and Multimodal Logistics Parks facilities along these networks.
• Focus on e-mobility solutions for clean, cost effective and sustainable logistics.
1.2.2 ROADWAYS
ROAD SAFETY
• Passage of Motor Vehicle (Amendment) Act 2019 covering entire gamut of road safety.
• Project iRASTE (intelligent Solutions for Road Safety through Technology and Engineering).
• National Road Safety Policy and Constitution of the National Road Safety Council as the apex body to
take policy decisions in matters of road safety.
• Integrated Road Accidents (IRAD) Project: Under World Bank Assistance that will enable capture of road
accidents & their geotagging through a tablet provided to first responder ie. police.
• SukhadYatra App (for information on tolls) and Toll-Free Emergency Number.
• Quick response ambulances: in every 50 kms on National Highways by the NHAI.
• Good Samaritans Guidelines – to prevent harassment of those who help road accident victims.
• Advocacy/Publicity campaign on road safety For eg. Comic books like Swachha Safar & Surakshit Yatra,
• Setu Bharatam: it aims to make all National Highways free of railway level crossings.
IMPROVED CONNECTIVITY
• Bharatmala Pariyojana
• Parvatmala - National Ropeways Development Programme: improve connectivity for commuters with
preferred, ecologically sustainable alternative in place of conventional roads in difficult hilly areas.
• Char Dham Highway Project: to improve connectivity to the Char Dham pilgrimage centres in the
Himalayas i.e. Gangotri, Yamunotri, Kedarnath and Badrinath.
GOVERNANCE
• Bhoomi Rashi: To expedite the process of publication of notifications for land acquisition.
• VAHAN: App under e-Transport Mission Mode Project for Vehicle Registration, Permit, Taxation, Fitness
• Bidder Information Management System (BIMS): To streamline process of pre-qualification of bidders
for Engineering, Procurement & Construction (EPC) mode of contracts for National Highway works.
SUSTAINABILITY
• Green Highways (Plantation, Transplantation, Beautification & Maintenance) Policy 2015: for greening
of Highway corridors with participation of community, farmers, private sector, NGOs, and government.
1.2.3 RAILWAYS
FINANCE & ADMINISTRATION
• Introduction of dynamic pricing of railway fares and Merger of Rail Budget and Finance Budget.
• Railway Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) – to finance Rail Infrastructure.
• Rail Drishti Portal - That brings key information from various sources on a single dashboard to promote
transparency and accountability.
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ORGANISATIONAL RESTRUCTURING
• Unification of the existing eight Group A services of the Railways into a Central Service called Indian
Railway Management Service (IRMS)
• Re-organisation of Railway Board on functional lines
• Reforms in HR Management System: aims to bring all HR activities on a digital platform.
INFRASTRUCTURE
• National Rail Plan (NRP) 2030: Build infrastructure by 2030 to cater to traffic requirements up to 2050.
• Vision 2024 document (based on NRP) - To enhance modal share of Railways in freight transport to >
40% and Upgrade speed of important routes to 130 - 160 Kmph (currently 110 Kmph).
• Electrification of Railways: 100% electrification of entire broad-gauge network by 2023.
• Mission Greening: Net-zero emitter of carbon by 2030.
• Atmanirbhar Bharat in Railways: More than 95% of Electric Locomotive components sourced
indigenously.
• Train 18 or Vande Bharat Train: indigenously manufactured Semi High Speed (160 Kmph), Self-Propelled
FREIGHT
• Freight on Priority policy: push for an aggressive customer-centric approach to expand the freight.
• Time-tabled parcel services: to provide reliable services to courier services, e-commerce companies.
• Kisan Rail Services - Enable dispatch of farmers produce pan India with enhanced speed & reduced cost.
• Gati Shakti Cargo Terminal Policy: Launched to fast track the approvals and ease of establishing Cargo
Terminals to increase the freight loading share of Indian Railways.
GOVERNANCE
• RailMadad: The Complaint Management Portal for redressal of customers’ grievances.
• ‘SAMANVAY’ Portal for co-ordination with State Governments
• “Rail Good Work Portal” - to record the innovations and good work done by its employees
• SHRAMIK Special: “Trains of Hope in Adversity” in context of COVID-19 pandemic & related lockdown.
SKILL DEVELOPMENT
• Rail Kaushal Vikas Yojna: For technical training to the unemployed youths in various trades.
• ‘Project Saksham’ - massive training programme, competence building of all Indian Railway employees.
TOURISM
• Bharat Gaurav scheme: is a theme-based tourist circuit trains scheme
SAFETY & SECURITY
• Establishment of Railway Safety Fund (RSF) for conversion of all unmanned level crossing.
• Rashtriya Rail Sanraksha Kosh (corpus of 1 lakh cr) for completion of critical safety related works.
• Replacement of Old Mechanical Signalling with Electronic Signalling, installation of CCTVs etc
• Production of ICF Coaches stopped from 2018 ➔ Complete switchover to safer LHB Coaches. Adding
Vistadome coaches with Panoramic view.
• Mission Zero Accidents - All Unmanned level crossings have been eliminated on Broad Gauge.
• Railway Commando Battalion ‘CORAS’: to tackle menace of terrorism/naxalism in Railways launched.
• “MeriSaheli” initiative taken for focused action on security of women travelling in trains.
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1.2.4 PORTS, SHIPPING AND WATERWAYS

LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES
• Recycling of Ships Act, 2019 – To make India a prime destination for green ship recycling by setting
certain regulations in line with international standards (Hong Kong Convention for Ship Recycling).
• Draft Coastal Shipping Bill, 2020 - to have a separate legislation on coastal shipping.
• Major Ports Authority (MPA) Act, 2020 - to allow greater autonomy to Major Ports in India.
• Draft Indian Ports Bill, 2020 – to replace the Indian Ports Act, 1908. Aims at creation of improved,
comprehensive regulatory frameworks for the creation of new ports and management of existing ports.
TRADE AND LOGISTICS
• Sagarmala project & Coastal Economic Zones (CEZs)
• Maritime India Vision 2030: contains Targets to be achieved by Maritime Sector over the next decade.
• Port Community System: It is a cloud based technology that seamlessly integrates all stakeholders from
the maritime trade on a single platform.
• Forum of Cargo-Owners & Logistics-Operators (FOCAL) to connect cargo owners & shippers online
INLAND WATER TRANSPORT

• Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP): It is a National Waterways development project on river Ganga, between
Haldia-Varanasi (phase 1) stretch of National Waterway-1 (NW-1).
• Ro-Ro Ferry Services – in Gujarat, Assam, Andhra Pradesh etc.
GOVERNANCE
• Project Unnati global benchmarks adopted to improve the efficiency of major ports.
• Digitization: Digitized processes introduced such as Electronic Invoice (e-Invoice), Electronic Payment
(e-Payment) and Electronic Delivery Order (e-DO) for physical release of cargo by custodians.
• One Time Settlement Scheme (OTSS): to facilitate and expedite recovery of pending dues of Major Ports
• ‘SAROD-Ports’ (Society for Affordable Redressal of Disputes - Ports) - A dispute redressal institutional
mechanism to advise and assist in settlement of disputes through arbitrations in the maritime sector.
SAFETY & SECURITY

• Mercantile Marine Domain Awareness Centre (MM-DAC): It is an information system to enhance
maritime safety, search, rescue capability and environment protection was also launched.
• Biometric Seafarers Identity Document (BSID): to capture the facial biometric data of seafarers
TOURISM
• Cruise Shipping: A national roadmap for development of cruise tourism has been made. E-visa facilities
for cruise passengers arriving in India, and concessional tariff rates for cruise ships.
• Ramayan Cruise: Ramayan Cruise Tour on the Saryu river in Ayodhya will be launched soon.
• Luxury cruise - first private premium luxury cruise liner ‘KARNIKA’.
1.2.5 CIVIL AVIATION

GOVERNANCE
• National Civil Aviation Policy,2016
• eGCA - DGCA on an online platform to provide faster delivery of services & regulation oversight.
• Asset Monetisation, Liberalised FDI Policy, & Strategic Sale of Air India and Pawan Hans in 2021-22.
• Air Sewa: Integrated web portal and mobile app for customer grievance redressal.
• DigiYatra initiative - seamless and hassle free passenger travel using biometric technologies.
• Project DISHA to enhance non-aeronautical revenue, operational efficiency & customer experience.
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CONNECTIVITY & INFRASTRUCTURE

• UDAN Scheme (Regional Connectivity) & UDAN 4.0 – improved & affordable connectivity to tier 3 & 4
towns, NE & hilly states, island etc. and introduction of helicopters and seaplanes.
• Lifeline UDAN: An initiative, in view of COVID-19 pandemic, to ensure a steady supply of essentials as
well as medical supplies, PPEs (Personal Protective Equipment), test kits etc. to all parts of the country.
• Air Bubble agreements with various countries (Maldives, US, UK, France, UAE, Japan etc.) to continue
commercial passenger services when regular international flights are suspended due to pandemic.
• Krishi Udaan Scheme - assist farmers in transporting agri products on international & national routes
• NABH Nirman - To expand airport capacity more than 5 times to handle a billion trips a year
DRONE REGULATIONS
• Drone Rules 2021: To make India a global hub for R&D, testing, manufacturing and operations
• DigiSky online portal to meet the requirement laid down by Drone Rules, for flying Civil Drones.
• Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM) Policy framework, 2021: to enable
complex operations of drones and increase the overall safety in the UTM airspace.
1.2.6 URBAN DEVELOPMENT

• Smart cities & Academia towards Action & Research (SAAR): 15 premier architecture & planning
institutes to work with Smart Cities to document landmark projects undertaken by Smart Cities Mission.
• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban)-PMAY (U)
• Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) Mission: Providing basic services
(e.g. water supply, sewerage, urban transport) to households.
• National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY): To preserve and revitalize
the soul and unique character of the heritage cities in India.
• Jal Jeevan Mission (Urban): To provide universal coverage of water supply to all households through
functional taps in all statutory towns in accordance with SDG goal- 6.
• Climate Smart Cities Assessment Framework: provides a roadmap for Indian cities towards combating
climate change and inculcates climate-sensitive approach to urban planning & development.
1.2.7 AFFORDABLE HOUSING

• Affordable Rental Housing Complexes (ARHCs): A sub-scheme under PMAY-U to provide ease of living
to urban migrants/ poor
• Light House Projects (LHP) - Model housing projects built with innovative construction technologies.
• Special Window for Completion of Affordable and Mid-Income Housing (SWAMIH fund) to provide last
mile funding to stressed affordable and middle-income housing projects.
• Granting of ‘infrastructure status’ to the affordable housing sector.
• Increase in Priority Sector Lending for Affordable Housing Projects
• Setting up of Affordable Housing Fund in National Housing Bank (NHB).
• Reduced GST on under-construction AH projects.
• Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016
• Model Tenancy Act, 2021
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1.3 ENERGY SECTOR
1.3.1 POWER SECTOR

POWER GENERATION
• Development of Ultra Mega Projects (UMPPs) using Supercritical Technology to achieve faster capacity
addition and to minimize the cost of power to consumers due to economy of scale.
• Augmentation of Indigenous Equipment Manufacturing Capacity - Advisory issues to all the Central
and State power generating companies for sourcing of supercritical units from indigenous manufacturer.
• PRAAPTI (Payment Ratification and Analysis in Power procurement) - A Web portal and an App for
bringing Transparency in Invoicing of generators.
• Privatization of Commercial Coal Mining
• SHAKTI (Scheme for Harnessing and Allocating Koyala (Coal) Transparently in India): It provides for
allocation of coal among thermal power plants in a transparent and objective manner.
• PRAKASH (Power Rail Koyla Availability through Supply Harmony) portal - To bring better transparency
and coordination for coal supplies among all stakeholders
POWER DISTRIBUTION
• Power for All - for providing 24x7 Power for All to all households, industrial & Agri consumers
• Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) ➔ For 24X7 power supply to rural areas
• Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS) ➔ For Urban areas
• PM Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana (SAUBHAGYA): To achieve universal household electrification by
providing last mile electricity connections to all remaining un-electrified households.
• UDAY Scheme – Debt Restructuring scheme for DISCOMs
• Reforms-based and Results-linked, Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme - To provide assistance to
DISCOMS for infrastructure creation, including pre-paid smart metering and feeder separation,
upgradation of systems, etc., tied to achieving basic minimum benchmarks.
• One Nation-One Grid-One Frequency: To enable inter-regional transfer of power.
• Smart Meter - Guidelines issued to all States to convert all existing consumer meters into Smart meters
• Market Based Economic Dispatch (MBED) – To ensure that DISCOMs have access to cheapest power
generating resources across India.
• Real Time Market (RTM) and Green Term Ahead Market (GTAM)
- RTM would enable Discoms and other buyers to procure power nearer to delivery time.
- GTAM would enable procurement of renewable power from Power Exchanges and facilitate
achievement of green energy targets in a most efficient and cost optimized manner.
• Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules, 2020 - DISCOM inefficiencies not to burden consumers.
Standards of Service and associated penalties for DISCOMs will be defined, prompting Discoms to ensure
adequate power and avoiding load-shedding.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
• National LED Programme - For promoting use of most efficient lighting technology at affordable rates.
- Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LED for All (UJALA) providing LED bulbs to domestic consumers with a
target to replace incandescent bulbs with LED bulbs.
- Street Lighting National Programme (SLNP) to replace conventional street lights with smart and
energy efficient LED street lights.
• ECO-NIWAS Portal: for promoting energy efficiency in residential building sector
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• Simplified Digital Hands-on Information Energy Efficiency in MSMEs (SIDHIEE): A knowledge portal
with variety of resources - case studies, best operating practices, details of latest energy efficient
technologies etc.
• National E-Mobility Programme
• Building Energy Efficiency Programme (BEEP)
• Retrofit of Air-conditioning to improve Indoor Air Quality for Safety and Efficiency (RAISE) programme
• Bureau of Energy Efficiency is taking up number of programmes for energy conservation -
standardisation & labelling of appliances, buildings, passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles etc.
1.3.2 PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS

• Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) - Revenue Sharing Contract (RSC), single License
for exploration, Pricing and Marketing Freedom, Open Acreage Licensing Policy etc.
• Policy Framework for Exploration & Exploitation of “Unconventional Hydrocarbons”
• National Gas Grid and North East Region (NER) Gas Grid
• Pradhan Mantri Urja Ganga natural gas pipeline - To connect Eastern part with National Gas Grid.
• Pratyaksh Hanstantrit Labh (PAHAL) - A well-targeted system of subsidy delivery to LPG consumers
through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT).
• Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana - Providing universal LPG connections in the name of women in BPL
households, replacing unclean cooking fuels, especially in the rural India.
1.3.3 RENEWABLE ENERGY

WIND ENERGY
• National Offshore Wind Energy Policy, 2015: Use of offshore area within Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
• National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy, 2018 - To provide a framework for promotion of large grid connected
wind-solar PV hybrid system for efficient utilization of wind and solar resources, transmission
infrastructure and land.
SOLAR ENERGY
• National Solar Mission - The solar power capacity target principally comprises
- 40 GW Rooftop Solar Power Projects - Ministry has tied up with ISRO for Geo tagging of all the
Rooftop plants using ISRO’s VEDAS Portal.
- 60 GW through Large and Medium Scale Grid Connected Solar Power Projects.
• Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM): To provide energy and
water security, de-dieselise the farm sector.
• Atal Jyoti Yojana (AJAY) - To provide Solar Street Lighting Systems for public use.
• Solar Parks Scheme - To facilitate large scale grid connected solar power projects.
• Solar Cities - To support urban local bodies to prepare a road map to guide their cities in becoming
renewable energy cities or solar cities.
• Skill Development - Surya Mitra Scheme for training solar photovoltaic technicians.
• Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme - To promote manufacturing of high efficiency solar PV
modules ➔ Self Reliant India (Aatmanirbhar Bharat)
• Global Forums – International Solar Alliance (ISA) and One Sun, One World, One Grid
BIOFUELS
• National Biofuels Policy, 2018
• National Bio-diesel Mission (NBM) - It aims to replace 20% of India’s diesel requirement with biodiesel.
• Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme
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• Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana – To set up commercial projects and to boost R&D in 2G Ethanol sector.
• RUCO (Re-purpose Used Cooking Oil) – Launched by FSSAI to encourage production of biodiesel from
Used Cooking Oil (UCO).
• Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT): Oil & Gas Marketing Companies
invited Expression of Interest (EoI) from potential entrepreneur to procure Compressed Bio Gas (CBG).
• GOBAR (Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources) DHAN scheme
OTHER CLEAN & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY INITIATIVES

• Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid & Electric Vehicles (FAME India): - To promote eco
friendly vehicles, the Government has been offering incentives on electric and hybrid vehicles.
• National Hydrogen Mission: To make India a global hub for Green Hydrogen production and export.
• Promotion of Methanol Economy & Circular Economy
RENEWABLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT
• Renewable Energy Management Centre (REMC): To enable forecasting and scheduling of renewable
resources and efficient management of intermittent & variable renewable generation.
• Green Energy Corridor: Aims at synchronizing electricity produced from renewable sources, such as
solar and wind, with conventional power stations in the grid.
• Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) and Renewable Generation Obligation (RGO).
• National Energy Storage Mission (NESM) - focuses on demand creation, indigenous manufacturing,
innovation and necessary policy support for proliferation of Energy Storage in India.
• IREDA - Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) has been awarded Mini Ratna Status.
1.3.4 MINES
• Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2021: Aims to give boost to
mineral production, improve EoDB and increase contribution of mineral production to GDP.
• Mining Surveillance System (MSS): It is a satellite-based monitoring system which aims to curb instances
of illegal mining activity through automatic remote sensing detection technology.
• Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL): It is a joint venture of NALCO, HCL & MECL established under the
aegis of Ministry of Mines. Aims to ensure mineral security of the country.
• National Mineral Inventory: It provides valuable database that enables planning, development and
judicious management of the country’s mineral resources.
• PM Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana (PMKKKY): For welfare of areas and people affected by mining related
operations. Implemented through the funds collected under District Mineral Foundation (DMF).
1.4 INDUSTRY & COMMERCE
1.4.1 EASE OF DOING BUSINESS

• Regulatory – Integration of processes through eBiz portal
• Contract enforcement - Amendments to Arbitration and Conciliation Act & Commercial Courts Act,
Amendments in Companies act, Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code (IBC) etc.
• Ease of Doing Business Grand Challenge – To invite innovative ideas based AI, IoT, Big Data Analytics,
Blockchain and other cutting edge technology to reform Government processes.
• Simplification of Taxation – Fine tuning of GST, Transparent Taxation (Faceless & seamless assessment),
Acceptance of Easwar Committee for Tax laws simplification, removing retrospectives taxation etc.
• Boost to credit & investments - Liberalization of FDI policy, Invest India, Recapitalization of PSBs, GeM
• Calibrated disinvestment to unlock values in various sectors - Railway, power, defence, space
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1.4.2 MSME
• New MSME Definition: a composite criterion of classification of MSMEs based on investment in plant &
machinery/equipment and turnover of MSMEs.
REVISED MSME CLASSIFICATION
Composite Criteria: Investment & Annual Turnover
Classification Micro Small Medium
Manufacturing Investment < Rs. 1 crore Investment < Rs. 10 crore Investment < Rs. 50 crore
& Services Turnover < Rs. 5 crore Turnover < Rs. 50 crore Turnover < Rs. 250 crore
• Encouraging enterprise & employment - PM Employment Guarantee Program, ‘Sampark’ job portal etc.
• Ensuring Credit Access – MUDRA Yojana, PSB 59 Minute Loan, Udyamimitra loan Portal, TReDS portal
• Enhance Productivity & innovation – ASPIRE (Rural industries), SFURTI (traditional industries), ARISE-
ANIC Initiative (innovation & research in MSME), etc.
• Improve access to Technology - Credit Linked Capital Subsidy Scheme for Technology Upgradation, Zero
Defect, Zero effect scheme (to deliver quality products using clean technology), Digital MSME scheme
• Professional support & Training - Champions Portal, Udhyami Mitra Yojna, National SC/ST hub, Udhyam
Sakhi (women entrepreneur), Udyam Abhilasha (youth in aspirational districts), PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana
• Grievance Redressal - MSME Samadhaan (delayed payments).
• Improving Govt. interface - Udyam Registration, MSME Sambandh (Public Procurement), etc.
1.4.3 START UP
• Start up Ranking and ‘Prarambh’ Startup India International Summit.
• AIM-PRIME to promote and support science-based deep-tech startups and ventures across India.
• AIM-iCREST – to encourage and enable holistic progress in the incubator ecosystem across India.
• RKVY-RAFTAAR Agribusiness Incubators (R-ABIs) – to promote agri-entrepreneurship.
• Aatmanirbhar Bharat ARISE-ANIC – To spur applied research & innovation in MSMEs and start-ups.
• Grand Challenges - Swachh Bharat Challenge, Agriculture Grand Challenge, “Amrit Grand Challenge
Program” etc
• “GeM Startup Runway‟ for startups to showcase their innovative products to Government.
• National Startup Advisory Council to advise the Govt. on measures needed to build a strong ecosystem
• Innovation Focused Programs for Students – for eg. Atal Tinkering Labs (ATL), NIDHI (National Initiative
for Development and Harnessing Innovations), MANAK (Million Minds Augmenting National Aspirations
& Knowledge), Uchhattar Avishkar Yojana (UAY) etc.
1.4.4 ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY

• National Policy on Electronics (2019)
• 4 Key Schemes for Electronic Sector
- Production Linked Incentive Scheme (PLI) for Large Scale Electronics Manufacturing
- Production Linked Incentive Scheme (PLI) for IT Hardware
- Scheme for Promotion of Manufacturing of Electronics Components & Semiconductors (SPECS)
- Electronics Manufacturing Clusters (EMC) 2.0
• Electronics industry is listed as a priority sector under Make in India campaign.
• 100% FDI under automatic route in EDSM sector.
• Electronic Development Funds (EDFs) for R&D and innovation in electronics sector to support start-ups
• Skilling: New Electronics & IT Academies & Manpower Development Program for VLSI & Chip Design.
• State level initiatives: States such as AP, Karnataka & UP have come up with State Electronics Policies
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1.4.5 SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY

• Semicon India Program (Program for Development of Semiconductors and Display Manufacturing
Ecosystem in India) with four schemes.
• India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) set up as an Independent Business Division within Digital India
Corporation to drive India’s long term strategies for developing semiconductors.
• Chips to Startup (C2S) Programme - To train 85,000 high-quality and qualified engineers in the area of
Very large-scale integration (VLSI) and Embedded System Design.
• Modified Special Incentive Package Scheme (M-SIPS) to boost semiconductor industry.
1.4.6 TELECOM
GOVERNANCE MEASURES
• National Digital Communications Policy -2018 to cater to the modern technological advancements such
as 5G, IoT, M2M etc. in the Telecom Sector.
• Revival of BSNL & MTNL: Revival plan includes reduction of staff cost, monetization of BSNL/MTNL
assets, debt restructuring, in-principle approval of merger of BSNL and MTNL.
• SARAL SANCHAR portal by DoT for issuing Licenses & Registration Certificates for Other Service
Providers.
• TARANG SANCHAR portal by DoT for details on mobile towers & electromagnetic field Emission
Compliances.
INFRASTRUCTURE & TECHNOLOGY

• Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (TII)
• National Broadband Mission: To fast track growth of digital communications infrastructure, bridge
digital divide, facilitate digital empowerment and inclusion and provide universal access of broadband
• Infrastructure Sharing - DoT has amended the Unified Licence for telecom operations which will allow
sharing of telecom infra like antenna, feeder cable and transmission systems between operators.
• Green Telecom – Proposal for a joint task force between the MNRE &DoT to promote green technology.
• BharatNet project - Connecting all the Inhabited Villages of the country, approx. 6.5 lakhs.
• Submarine Optical Fiber Cable Connectivity: between Chennai-Andaman Islands & Kochi -
Lakshadweep.
DIGITAL INCLUSION & CONSUMER PROTECTION

• Prime Minister's Wi-Fi Access Network Interface (PM-WANI): to provide public Wi-Fi service
• Skill Development - National Action Plan for Skill Development in Telecom Sector launched.
• Consumer Protection - TRAI has directed the telecom companies or mobile operators to compensate the
consumers in the event of dropped calls with a view to reduce the increasing number of dropped calls.
1.4.7 E-COMMERCE
• Consumer Protection (E-commerce) Rules, 2020: For preventing unfair trade practices in e-commerce.
• Open Network For Digital Commerce (ONDC), to democratise e-commerce sector and reduce
dominance of online retail giants (like Amazon, Walmart-owned Flipkart etc.).
• Draft E-commerce policy & Draft National Retail Policy (For administration of offline retail & e-
commerce).
• Liberalised access to Indian markets - 100% FDI in B2B and marketplace model of B2C E-commerce.
• ‘Digital India’ campaign – GoI aiming to create a trillion-dollar digital economy by 2025.
• Investment in future technology: For E.g. GoI is planning a roadmap for rolling out fiber network for 5G.
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1.4.8 TOURISM
• Boosting Tourist Place Attractiveness - Swadesh Darshan, PRASAD scheme, HRIDAY, Paryatan Parv etc.
• Draft National Strategy for 4 sub sector – Rural, Sustainable, Health & wellness, and MICE Tourism.
• Branding & marketing initiatives - such as India Tourism Mart, Incredible India! & Athiti Devo Bhava etc.
• ‘Focus on Cleanliness
- Swachh Bharat Swachh Pakwan (Hunar Zaika): Converges 2 initiatives: ‘Skill India’ & ‘Clean India’.
- Swachhta Pakhwada Awards - to those who have contributed maximum to the cause of sanitation.
• Safety and Security Initiatives - 24x7 Toll Free Multilingual Tourist Info-Helpline, ‘Stranded in India’
portal, Guidelines issued by Ministry on Safety and Security, ‘Atithi devo Bhava’ social media campaign
• Skill Development
- Hunar Se Rozgar Tak to impart employable skills to youth.
- SAATHI (System for Assessment, Awareness & Training for Hospitality Industry) in association
with the Quality Council of India (QCI)
• Digital Initiatives –
- Draft report on the National Digital Tourism Mission (NDTM).
- Others: e–Visa facility, Web based E-Ticketing, National Integrated Database of Hospitality Industry
(NIDHI), Incredible India mobile App (with features like Maps, Emergency response, Favourite
destinations, etc.), Swachh Paryatan Mobile App etc.
1.4.9 EXPORTS
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1.4.10 FINTECH
NPCI Initiatives Government Initiatives

• Bharat Bill Payment System (BBPS) • JAM (Jan Dhan Yojana, Aadhar, Mobile) Scheme
• Payment Banks and Small Finance Banks • India Stack Project
• Unified Payments Interface (UPI) • Start up India
• RuPay • Digital India Campaign
RBI Initiatives • Gujarat International Finance Tech-City (GIFT)
• Regulatory relaxation for start-ups • Removal of surcharges & provision of Tax
• Regulatory Sandbox for FinTech benefits on e-payments.
• RBI fintech innovation competition
• Simplification of KYC norms
1.5 AGRICULTURE & FARMER WELFARE
1.5.1 MILLET PRODUCTION: SUPER FOOD FOR FUTURE

• UNGA 2023 as the International Year of Millets (India’s Proposal).
• National Food Security Mission (NFSM) – Nutri-cereals
• Integrated Cereals Development Programmes in Coarse Cereals based Cropping Systems Areas
• Special Programme for Promotion of Millets in Tribal Areas (2017): Odisha
• Akshaya Patra - the mid-day meal implementing agency in Karnataka, launched a pilot with a millet-
based diet in Bengaluru and has started distributing a millet-based snack to schoolchildren in Telangana.
• Implementation of NITI Aayog’s recommendation of including millets in PDS & mid-day meal schemes.
1.5.2 IRRIGATION
• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY): to enhance physical access of water on farm & expand
cultivable area under assured irrigation. Programme Components:
A. Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme (AIBP): under the Ministry of Jal Shakti focuses on
faster completion of ongoing Major and Medium Irrigation including National Projects.
B. Har Khet Ko Paani (HKKP): under the Ministry of Jal Shakti focuses on Command Area Development
(CAD), Repair, Renovation & Restoration (RRR) of Water Bodies, Surface Minor Irrigation (SMI)
schemes, and Ground Water Development.
C. Per Drop More Crop: under the Ministry of Agriculture focuses on water conveyance and precision
water application in the farm (Jal Sinchan).
D. Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP): under ministry of Rural Development
focuses on development of rainfed portions and culturable wastelands.
• Rainfed Area Development Programme: it is a sub-scheme of Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)
• Irrigation Funds: Long Term irrigation fund & Micro Irrigation Fund (MIF)
• National Water Mission (NWM) has taken up Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain & Sahi Fasal campaigns.
• Polavaram Irrigation Project: in Andhra Pradesh was declared as National Project.
• Ken-Betwa Interlinking of Rivers Project approved
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1.5.3 AGRICULTURE MARKETING

• Major schemes: SAMPADA, Operation Greens, ‘TOP to TOTAL’, Formation and Promotion of FPOs
scheme etc.
• Launch of e- NAM, and e-marketing portal for Organic Products.
• State governments have been advised to exempt fruits and vegetables from the purview of APMC act.
• Setting up of Agriculture Funds to boost market infrastructure – for eg. Agri-Market Infrastructure Fund
• NITI Aayog’s ‘Agriculture Index’ to sensitise states about the need to undertake reforms.
1.5.4 FARM MECHANISATION

• Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization” (SMAM)
• CHC (Custom Hiring Centres) - Farm Machinery Mobile App: A multilingual app that connects farmers
with Custom Hiring Service Centres situated in their locality.
• National Portal on Mechanization &Technology – To make farmers aware of various schemes &
subsidies.
• Agricultural Mechanization for In-Situ Management of Crop Residue scheme – To address air pollution
caused by stubble burning, by subsidizing machinery required for in-situ management of crop residue.
• Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) - Assistance for large equipment (tractors, combine harvesters,
sugarcane harvesters, cotton pickers, etc.) is available for establishing custom hiring centres (CHCs).
1.5.5 HORTICULTURE
• Focussed Missions - Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH), Floriculture Mission,
Aroma Mission & Purple Revolution.
• Price Stabilisation - Operations green, Price Stabilization Fund and Market Intervention Scheme (MIS)
• Credit push through Agri Infra Fund.
• Insurance - Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) insurance cover at the rate of 5%.
• Marketing - APMCs reformed in many states esp. to denotify fruits and vegetables under its ambit.
• Exports - Merchandize Exports from India (MEIS) to incentivize exports fruits/vegetables etc.
• HORTINET app - by APEDA, providing online services such as farm registration, testing and certification
of fruits and vegetables, real time details of farmers, farm location, etc., to all the stakeholders.
• Extending GI tags to various horticulture crops, especially from the North-East region.
1.5.6 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY & DAIRYING

• Special Livestock Sector Package - Merger of Schemes into three broad categories:
- Development Programmes: It includes Rashtriya Gokul Mission, National Programme for Dairy
Development (NPDD), National Livestock Mission (NLM), Livestock Census etc. as sub-schemes.
- Disease Control Programme: It is renamed as Livestock Health and Disease Control (LH & DC)
- Infrastructure Development Fund: The Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development fund
(AHIDF) and the Dairy Infrastructure Development Fund (DIDF) are merged.
• Kisan Credit Card (KCC) For Animal Husbandry & Dairying
• e-Gopala App - A comprehensive breed improvement marketplace & information portal for farmers.
• For Ensuring Milk Quality: Unified Dairy Mark developed by Bureau of Indian Standards
• Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme - being implemented through NABARD
• Gopal Ratna Award 2021 – To encourage farmers, artificial insemination technicians and Dairy
cooperatives.
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1.5.7 FISHERIES
• PM Matsya Sampada Yojana - to bring about Blue Revolution through sustainable and responsible
development of fisheries sector.
• Creation of a separate Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying in the Union Government
• Setting up a new and dedicated Department of Fisheries with independent administrative structure.
• New Initiatives -
- “Matsya Setu” - Online Course Mobile App to disseminate the latest freshwater aquaculture
technologies to the aqua farmers of India.
- e-SANTA - A completely paperless, electronic trade platform between Farmers and exporters.
- ‘Shaphari’ – Certification scheme for aquaculture products to prevent rejection of seafood exports.
- Sagar Parikrama Program - To know the problems of Coastal Fisherfolk.
• Credit - Creation of Fisheries & Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF), Kisan Credit Card
• Draft National Fisheries Policy (2020)
• Draft Blue Economy Policy by Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES)
1.5.8 SWEET REVOLUTION (BEE-KEEPING)

• National Beekeeping and Honey Mission (NBHM) - Launched as part of Aatmanirbhar Bharat scheme
• Honey Mission program: by Ministry of MSME to promote Bee Keeping activities and provide self-
sustaining employment opportunities among farmers, Adivasis, and unemployed youth in rural India.
• Mobile Honey Processing Van:To process beekeepers’ honey at their doorsteps
• Madhukranti Portal: For online registration to achieve a traceability source of Honey and other beehive
products on a digital platform.
1.5.9 FOOD PROCESSING
• National Manufacturing Policy (2011) & Draft National Food Processing Policy
• PM Formalisation of Micro food processing Enterprises (PMFME) Scheme - Scheme adopts One District
One Product (ODOP) approach.
• Other Schemes: National Food Processing Mission, PM SAMPADA Yojana, Matsya Sampada Yojana,
National Horticulture Mission, Dairy Development Programme, Production linked incentive etc.
• Marketing reforms - Operation Greens (‘Top to Total’), Developing & upgrading existing rural haats into
Gramin Agricultural Markets (GrAMs), Agri Law Reforms, e-NAM etc.
• Food Standards - rationalization of food laws & enactment of Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006.
• Investment facilitation - Nivesh Bandhu portal, developed by the MoFPI to assist investors.
• Credit & finance - Special ‘Food processing Fund’ in NABARD to make available affordable credit.
• Focus on infrastructure - Setting up of Agri Export Zones, Mega Food Parks, etc.
• Start-ups in food-tech - NIFTEM Technology Innovation and Business Incubation Foundation (NTIBIF)
• Awareness programmes on Social media - like United by Food and Ann Devon Bhava
1.5.10 AGRICULTURE EXPORTS

• Agriculture Export Promotion Plan Scheme of APEDA & Marine Exports schemes of MPEDA
• Export Clusters – Fresh vegetables from Varanasi, black rice from Chandauli, oranges from Nagpur,
bananas from Theni & Ananthpur, mangoes from Lucknow etc.
• Other initiatives – Market Access Initiative (MAI) Scheme, Market Development Assistance (MDA)
Scheme and Merchandise Exports from India Scheme (MEIS).
• Digital initiatives to promote ease of Agri-exports - Safe Food Export Traceability Portal, "One Lab One
Assessment" portal, Monitoring Export Alerts Portal, Farmer Connect Portal etc.
• National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) - encourages organic exports
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• Agri Udaan programme – for mentoring agri startups

• International negotiation – India’s proactive role in the WTO negotiations
1.5.11 ORGANIC FARMING

• Organic Farming Policy, 2005
• Schemes include: National Programme for Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF): Government
Organic Production, Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Initiatives
Yojna, Mission Organic Value Chain • ZBNF was initially launched in 2015 under the
Development for NE region (MOVCD), One Centre’s Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY).
District One Product (ODOP), GOBAR-DHAN • Revised guidelines of Paramparagat Krishi Vikas
scheme, City Composting Scheme etc. Yojana (PKVY), in 2018, gave flexibility to states to
• Promoting use of Bio fertilizer- Centre has adopt any model of Organic Farming, including
notified bio fertilizers like Rhizobium, ZBNF.
Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Acetobacter, and Zinc • AP has rolled out an ambitious plan to become
Solubilizing bacteria under Fertilizer Control India’s first State to practise 100% natural farming
Order (FCO). by 2024.
• Regulations for Organic Food Products, 2017 • Himachal Pradesh is implementing State funded
issued by FSSAI. scheme ‘Prakritik Kheti Khushal Kisan’.
• Organic certification under ‘Large Area • ICAR has initiated a study to evaluate the viability of
Certification’ scheme. ZBNF in Basmati/ coarse rice-wheat system at 4
• Jaivik Bharat/PGS Green logo given by FSSAI to locations: Modipuram, Pantnagar, Ludhiana,
chemical free produce under transition to Kurukshetra.
‘organic’.
• Organic e-commerce platform www.jaivikkheti.in for directly linking farmers with retail & bulk buyers.
• Institutes: National Organic Farming Research Institute, Sikkim & National Centre of Organic Farming,UP
1.5.12 DIGITAL INITIATIVES IN AGRICULTURE
• Precision farming [using GIS-based soil, weather and water data]
• Mobile & Internet based farm-extension and information services eg. m-Kisan, Kisan Rath App, Kisan
Suvidha App, Kisan TV, ITC- e-choupal, Aaqua, IFFCO agri portal, Mahindra Kisan Mitra, e Agriculture
project (by eKutir in Odisha), Kisan Call Centres, etc.
• Online trading platforms such as e- NAM and e-commerce platforms can ensure access to price
information, national and international markets, commodity trading markets etc.
• DBT: To plug subsidy leakages - PM Kisan Samman Nidhi, PM Kisan Maandhan Yojana, PM Fasal Bima
Yoaja etc can be provided in a more streamlined, ICT enabled crop loss assessment, real time online
monitoring of fund allocations etc.
• Digitization of land records for better maintenance and transfer of land titles, Svamitva scheme for
digital land ownership documents etc.
• Agri Tech –For eg. Agri UDAAN, RKVY—RAFTAR Agribusiness Incubators (R-ABIs), etc.
1.5.13 FARMER SOCIAL & INCOME SECURITY

• PM Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
• PM Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) - provides for transfer of an amount of Rs. 6000/- per year in 3
equal instalments, of Rs. 2000/- each
• PM Kisan Maan Dhan Yojana (PM-KMY) - provides for payment of pension of Rs.3000/- per month to
the eligible small and marginal farmers on attaining the age of 60 years.
• PM Annadata Aay SanraksHan Abhiyan PM-AASHA: to ensure a robust procurement mechanism, such
that an increase in Minimum Support Price (MSP) will be translated to higher farmer’s income.
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2 SOCIAL ISSUES
2.1 EDUCATION
2.1.1 PRE-PRIMARY EDUCATION

• Vidya Pravesh - A 3-month play-based school preparation module for Grade 1 students.
2.1.2 SCHOOL EDUCATION

POLICY LEVEL INITIATIVES & FLAGSHIP SCHEMES
• National Education Policy, 2020
• Samagra Shiksha – An Integrated Scheme for school education, extending from pre-school to class XII
• Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA)
IMPROVING LEARNING OUTCOMES & CREATIVITY

• NIPUN Bharat Mission - National Initiative for Proficiency in reading with Understanding and Numeracy.
• Mid Day Meal Scheme (PM Poshan Shakti Nirman) - now includes Children of pre-schools or Bal Vatika.
• Khele India Khile India - Physical Education component of Samagra Siksha.
• Kala Utsav programme - to promote arts in education
• “DHRUV”: PM Innovative Learning Programme to identify and mentor talented Students from classes
9-12, in their specific areas of interest - science, performing arts, creative writing, etc.
• Swachh Vidyalaya Campaign for the provisions of separate toilets for girls and boys in every school.
PERFORMANCE GRADING
• Data collection - National Achievement Survey (NAS), UDISE+ etc.
• Performance Grading Index (PGI) - grading States/UTs on their performance on school education.
• SAFAL (Structured assessment for analysing learning) - A Competency-based assessment for grades 3,
5, and 8, introduced by CBSE.
TEACHER TRAINING
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2.1.3 HIGHER EDUCATION

FLAGSHIP SCHEMES
• Rashtriya Ucchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)
• Scholarship schemes - Ishan Vikas and Ishan Uday Scheme, Saksham scholarship scheme etc.
QUALITY FOCUS
• National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) - evaluates each higher education institution
• Institutions of Eminence (IoEs) status accorded 10 Public Sector and 10 from Private Sector HEIs.
• Global Initiative for Academics Network (GIAN) - To facilitate the partnership between HEIs of India
and other foreign universities.
• Margadarshan - Institutions having good accreditation record (highly performing institutions) will
mentor relatively newer 10 - 12 potential institutions (mentees), to encourage best practices.
FACULTY TRAINING
• Annual Refresher Programme in Teaching (ARPIT) - online professional development of higher
education faculty using the MOOCs platform SWAYAM.
• Leadership for Academicians Programme (LEAP) - Flagship leadership development training
programme for second level academic functionaries in public funded higher education institutions
ASSESSMENT REFORMS
• National Testing Agency (NTA) - An autonomous and self-sustained premier testing organization to
conduct all entrance examinations for higher education institutions in the country.
CREATING “CULTURE OF INNOVATION”
• UNNAT Bharat - It will connect IITs/NITs and other higher education institutes with local communities
• Ucchtar Aavishkar Abhiyaan: IITs encouraged to work with the industry to identify areas of innovation
• National Educational Alliance for Technology (NEAT) Scheme - To use Artificial Intelligence to make
learning more personalised and customised, as per the requirements of the learner (Adaptive Learning).
• Others: Smart India Hackathon, Atal Ranking of Institutions on Innovation Achievements (ARIIA) etc.
PROMOTING RESEARCH IN HIGHER EDUCATION

• Scheme For Trans-Disciplinary Research For India’s Developing Economy (STRIDE) - envisages creation
of trans-disciplinary researchers among graduate, post-graduate doctoral and post-doctoral student
• Scheme for Transformational and Advanced Research in Sciences (STARS) - Inter-disciplinary and
transformative research in the field of science by allowing educational institutions in the hinterland to
collaborate with established research centres in science. Coordinated by IISc, Bangalore.
• Scheme for Promotion of Research Collaboration (SPARC) – facilitating academic and research
collaborations between Indian Institutions and the top global academic institutions.
• Impactful Policy Research in Social Sciences (IMPRESS) – To identify and fund research proposals in
social sciences, with maximum impact on the governance and society.
• Impacting Research Innovation and Technology (IMPRINT) India - It is a Pan-IIT and IISc joint initiative
to develop a roadmap for research to solve major engineering and technology challenges
FINANCING HIGHER EDUCATION
• Higher Education Financing Agency (HEFA) and MUSK Fund (for secondary and higher education)
2.1.4 DIGITAL INITIATIVES IN EDUCATION

SCHOOL LEVEL
• DIKSHA (‘Digital Infrastructure Knowledge Sharing’) Portal - one nation-one digital platform
• VidyaDaan – Launched on DIKSHA Portal, for individuals & organizations to donate/contribute e-
learning resources for both school and higher education.
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• PM eVidya: To facilitate learning of the children, it offers multifarious educational resources in multi-
platform mode viz., digital / online, TV, radio, community radio, podcast, etc.
• Operation Digital Board (ODB)- To convert a classroom into a digital classroom.
• ePathashala: Online portal by NCERT for student, teacher, parent to access education resources.
• ShaGun Portal - To monitor the progress in implementation of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan.
• Shala Siddhi - An online portal for schools to conduct self evaluation on a set of standards.
• ASMITA portal - To track the educational journey of school students from Class I to Class XII.
• Digital Gender Atlas for advancing Girls’ Education
• National Digital Education Architecture (NDEAR) – Launched under NEP, to support teaching and
learning activities, educational planning, administrative activities of the Centre and the States/ UTs.
• National Education Technology Forum (NETF): a platform for the free exchange of ideas on the use of
technology to enhance learning, assessment, planning, administration.
HIGHER EDUCATION LEVEL
• SWAYAM (online courses) & SWAYAM Prabha (DTH channels).
• e-Shodh Sindhu: To provide access to quality e-resources including full-text, bibliographic and factual
databases to academic institutions, at a lower rate of subscription.
• Shodhganga: A national repository of all M.Phil/Ph.D thesis and dissertations by universities of India.
• National Digital Library (NDL)
• National Academic Depository - Online store house of all academic awards viz. certificates, diplomas,
• Campus Connect programme – All the Central Universities connected through WIFI - classrooms,
libraries, laboratories, hostels - 24*7 access to educational resources.
• Free and Open Source Software for Education (FOSSEE): promoting the use of open source software.
2.2 SKILL DEVELOPMENT
• Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) – Flagship scheme

• Skill development for
- Minorities: Seekho aur Kamao, ,USTTAD Hunar Haats, Nai Manzil, Nai Roshni etc.
- Tribals: Van Dhan Internship Programme – for Tribal Youths
- Environment and forest sector - Green Skill Development Programme (GSDP)
- Textile sector - SAMARTH (skill development & capacity building): Placement-oriented programme
• Apprenticeship - National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS)
• Skill counselling - Skill-based career counselling to potential candidates
• Digital Skills –
- We Think Digital’ programme – Launched by Facebook in partnership with National Commission
for Women (NCW) to provide digital literacy training to one lakh women.
- Google India's 'Internet Saathi' program - To empower rural women on how to use the internet.
- YouthSpark by Microsoft to develop digital skills of unemployed youth & marginalised women.
- Future Skill PRIME: “Aggregator of Aggregator framework” to provide ‘one stop re-skilling/ up-
skilling solution’ in new and emerging IT technologies.
• Skill Institutions / Platforms
- Jan Shikshan Santhans (JSS) - vocational training to non-literate, neo-literate, & school dropouts.
- Indian Institute of Skills - Advanced skills in specialized areas viz defence, aerospace, oil & gas etc.
- Global Skills Park: Advanced job-ready skills of international standards, in emerging sectors.
- eSkill India platform - A multilingual e-learning aggregator portal for skilling Indian youth.
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2.3 LABOUR & EMPLOYMENT
• Credible Annual Data - Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)

• Labour reforms
- Simplification, amalgamation & rationalization of multiple laws - into 4 Labour codes
- Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Shramev Jayate Karyakram - Shram Suvidha Portal, Apprentice
Protsahan Yojana, Revamped Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana etc.
- Pradhan Mantri Rozgar Protsahan Yojana - where the Government provides the 8.33% of employer
contribution to the Employees' Provident Fund.
- SAMADHAN Portal - An e-dispute portal for filing industrial disputes by workmen/employer.
• Entrepreneurship promotion - Startup India, Standup India, MUDRA, ASPIRE, Atal Innovation Mission,
Pradhan Mantri Yuva Yojana etc
• Social Security
- Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan Yojana – Pension scheme for unorganized workers.
- PM Laghu Vyapari Maan-Dhan Yojana - Pension Scheme for Traders, Shopkeepers & Self-Employed
- Atal Beemit Vyakti Kalyan Yojna - compensation to insured persons when rendered unemployed.
• Gender related measures: Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act
• Other Initiatives (to overcome COVID Crises)
- ‘AtmaNirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping (ASEEM)’ portal to bridge the demand-supply
gap of skilled workforce across sectors.
- SVANidhi Scheme launched to facilitate collateral free working capital loan upto Rs.10,000/- of
one-year tenure, to approx 50 lakh street vendors to resume their businesses.
- Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana to help poor, needy and unorganised sector workers.
- Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyan - to facilitate employment of migrant workers who
have gone back to their Home State.
2.4 HEALTH
2.4.1 HEALTH RELATED MAJOR SCHEMES

• Ayushman Bharat & Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY)
• National Health Policy, 2017: raising public health expenditure progressively to 2.5% of GDP by 2025
• National Health Mission (NHM) – Urban & Rural
• PM Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM): Strengthening healthcare infra.
• PM Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY): It envisages creation of tertiary healthcare capacity.
• National Tele Mental Health Programme
• Mission Parivar Vikas (MPV): increasing access to contraceptives and family planning services
2.4.2 MOTHER & CHILD HEALTH

• Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) & Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK) - Promoting institutional
delivery among poor pregnant women to reduce MMR & IMR.
• LAQSHYA (Labour Room Quality Improvement Initiative) - Safe Delivery Mobile Application (mhealth
tool) for health workers who manage normal and complicated deliveries in the peripheral areas.
• Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA) - Providing assured, comprehensive and quality
antenatal care (ANC), free of cost, universally to all pregnant women on the 9th of every month.
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• Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan (SUMAN) Initiative - Assured, dignified and respectful delivery of quality
healthcare services at no cost. Zero tolerance for denial of services to any woman & child.
• Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act & Rules 2021: Safe, affordable, & legal abortion
to woman who needs to terminate a pregnancy on certain therapeutic or humanitarian grounds
• National Creche Scheme: Day care facilities to children (6 months- 6 years age) of working mothers.
• For Children – ICDS, India Newborn Action Plan, Mission Indradhanush, Rashtriya Bal Swasthya
Karyakram (RBSK), Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK), National Deworming Initiative etc.
2.4.3 DIGITAL INITIATIVES IN HEALTH

• Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) - Creation of a digital health technology eco-system aiming
at developing an integrated health information system (in accordance with NHP, 2017)
• Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) - To strengthen the disease surveillance in India.
• National Health Portal (NHP) - A single point access for information on Health including on Regulations,
Policies, Programs, Commissions etc; Directory Services – Hospitals, Blood Banks, Ambulances.
• Hospital Information System (HIS) for automation of processes to achieve better efficiency and service
delivery in Public Health facilities upto CHC level.
• National Telemedicine Service "eSanjeevani"
• Drugs and Vaccines Distribution Management System (DVDMS) - ‘eAushidhi’ - deals with purchase,
inventory management and distribution of various drugs.
• SUGAM by Central Drugs Standards Control Organisation (CDSCO) enables online submission of
applications, their tracking, & grant of approvals online mainly for drugs, clinical trials, etc.
• Kilkari application - to deliver free weekly audio messages about pregnancy, child birth and care.
• Mother and Child Tracking System (MCTS) – to facilitate timely delivery of antenatal and postnatal care
• Mera Aspataal – A Patient Satisfaction System (PSS) for public and empanelled private hospitals.
• ANM on Line (ANMOL) - a tablet based application that allows Auxillary Nurse Midwives to enter and
update data for beneficiaries of their jurisdiction.
• eRakt Kosh - for all the licensed blood banks in public and private health facilities
• NIKSHAY - It is a case based web based reporting system to capture and monitor all TB cases in the
public health system and provide financial assistance (DBT) for nutrition support to TB patients.
2.4.4 NUTRITION
DIRECT MEASURES
• Eat Right India Movement; National Nutrition Mission; Poshan Maah; Bio fortification of wheat, maize,
rice, to increase micronutrient components of zinc, iron, & vitamin A; Anaemia Mukt Bharat (Iron folic
tablets to children, women, & adolescent); de-worming; promotion of iodized salt; R&D on GM crops;
midday meal scheme and Food security Act has a micronutrient component for children (vitamin, iron,
protein), promotion of appropriate Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices etc.
ANCILLARY MEASURES
• RMNCH+A strategy, PM Matru Vandana Yojana, ICDS, Swachh Bharat & clean drinking water campaign,
Jal Jeevan Mission, NREGA, reforms in PDS, Bharatiya Poshan Krishi Kosh (BPKK) and Poshan Atlas;
Mission Indradhanush, Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram etc.
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2.5 WOMEN RELATED
EDUCATION
• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Abhiyan & Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana
• Swachh Vidyalaya - functional separate toilet for girls and boys.
• UDAAN & PRAGATI - to enhance enrolment of girls in prestigious technical education institutions.
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT- SKILL DEVELOPMENT AND EMPLOYMENT
• Skilling:
- Support to Training and Employment Program for women (STEP)
- Mahila Shakti Kendra Scheme - empower rural women via community participation and training.
- Trade Related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development (TREAD) scheme- Economic
empowerment of women through trade related training, information and counselling activities.
• Employment: NRLM (women SHGs), MGNREGA, Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Yojana
• Entrepreneurship –
- Stand up India Scheme
- Special Entrepreneurship Promotion Drive for Women - "SAMARTH": By Ministry of MSME
- Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) - acts as a dedicated resource and knowledge base.
- Mahila E-haat - direct online e- marketing platform to support Women entrepreneurs
- Women Cooperative schemes: Assist women in agro-based industries like dairy, horticulture etc.
- Financing - Mahila Vikas Nidhi, Rashtriya Mahila Kosh, MUDRA Yojana, MSME Credit Guarantee etc.
WOMEN IN SCIENCE
• Vigyan Jyoti Scheme: encourages girl students of Class 9 to 12 to pursue education and career in S&T
• Knowledge Involvement in Research Advancement through Nurturing (KIRAN): aimed at bringing
gender parity in S&T sector by inducting more women talent in R&D domain.
• Consolidation of University Research through Innovation and Excellence in Women Universities
(CURIE): Support to women Universities for development of state of art research infrastructure.
• Women Entrepreneur’s Quest (WEQ) Programme: Initiated by DST in partnership with Anita Borg
Institute, USA for scouting and supporting Women Entrepreneurs in Technology.
• Biotechnology Career Advancement and Re-orientation Programme (BioCARe)
• SERB - POWER (Promoting Opportunities for Women in Exploratory Research): Research funding
• SERB Women Excellence Award: For women Academy Awardees to expand their research horizon.
• Draft Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP) 2020: mandates at least 30% women in all
decision-making bodies, including in scientific selection and evaluation committees.
• Gender Advancement for Transforming Institutions (GATI) - Comprehensive framework for assessing
Gender Equality in STEM.
SECURITY & AWARENESS
• SHe-Box (Sexual Harassment Electronic Box), One Stop Sakhi Centre, Women Helpline (181), Mahila
Police Volunteer, Nirbhaya Fund, Ujjwala, Swadhar Greh, eNational Database on Sexual Offenders,
• Cyber Crime Prevention against Women and Children scheme.
OTHER SCHEMES
• Awareness - NARI Portal that provides easy access to information on government schemes etc.
• Recognition – Nari Shakti Puraskar
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2.6 CHILDREN RELATED
2.6.1 CHILD DEVELOPMENT & PROTECTION

• National Policy for Children, 2013
• National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)
• Mission VATSALYA: Child Protection Services and Child Welfare Services.
• Adoption related:
- Jan Sampark Program - To enable people to have interaction with Central Adoption Resource
Authority (CARA) officials to seek information related to Adoption and flagging their concerns.
- CARINGS: Online registration portal
- Ratification of Hague Convention on Inter-country Adoption, 1993
• PM CARES Fund for children in distress due to COVID-19
• POCSO Act, 2012 (Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act) & POCSO e-Box (anonymous
complaint)
• Khoya-Paya Portal - posting of information on missing or sighted children
• Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Baal Puraskar
2.6.2 CHILD LABOUR

STATUTORY & POLICY INITIATIVES Other Initiatives
• Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act • National Child Labour Project
• Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) of Children Act, 2015 (NCLP)
• Right of Children to Free & Compulsory Education Act, 2009 • ‘PENCIL’ Portal - Platform for
• National Policy on Child Labour (1987) Effective Enforcement for No
INSTITUTIONAL Child Labour.
• National commission for protection of child rights: Inquires into • Engaging with NGOs such as
violation of child rights like child labour and recommend initiation of Bachpan Bachao Andolan,
proceedings in such cases. Pratham.
INTERNATIONAL
• Sustainable Development Goals: SDG 8 - target to eliminate the child labour in all forms by 2025.
• United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: sets out the civil, political, economic, social, health
and cultural rights of children.
• ILO Convention 138 and 182: regarding admission of age to employment and worst forms of Child Labour.
India has ratified both the Core Conventions.
2.7 SENIOR CITIZENS
FLAGSHIP INITIATIVES
• National Policy on Older People (NPOP), 1999
• Atal Vayo Abhyuday Yojana - umbrella scheme for welfare of Senior Citizens
• Integrated Programme for Older Persons
• Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana - Physical Aids and Assisted-living Devices for BPL Senior citizens
• Vayoshrestha Samman: To recognize efforts of eminent senior citizens and institutes.
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ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SECURITY

• Senior Able Citizens for Re-Employment in Dignity (SACRED) Portal – IT portal to bring together the
employment seeker senior citizens and employment providers on one platform.
• SAGE portal: “one-stop access” of elderly care products & services by credible start-ups (Silver Economy)
• Social Security - PM Vaya Vandana Yojana, Senior Citizen Welfare Fund, Indira Gandhi Old Age Pension
Scheme (IGNOAPS) etc.
• Elder Line: The first Pan-India toll-free helpline number (14567) for Senior Citizens.
INSTITUTIONS & LEGISLATIONS – (1) National Council for Senior Citizens, (2) Maintenance and Welfare of
Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 & amendment bill.
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
• Article 41 – Right to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement.
• Article 46 - Promotion of educational & economic interests of SC/ST & Other weaker sections.
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION & INITIATIVES – “Madrid International Plan” on ageing in 2002, Decade of
Healthy Ageing (2020-2030) by WHO etc.
2.8 SCHEDULED CASTE & SCHEDULED TRIBES
EDUCATIONAL EMPOWERMENT
• Pre-Matric & Post Matric Scholarships: for SC & ST children to minimise incidence of dropouts.
• SHRESTHA: Scheme for Residential Education for Students in High Schools in Targeted Areas (service
deficient scheduled caste dominant areas).
• Babu Jagjivan Ram Chhatrawas Yojna: to provide hostel facilities to SC boys and girls.
• Eklavya Model Residential Schools for ST students: to provide quality middle and high level education
• Digital Transformation of Tribal Schools: It is a joint initiative of Ministry of Tribal Affairs and Microsoft.
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
• Credit & Financing
- National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development Corporation (NSFDC)
- Venture Capital Fund for Scheduled Castes: to promote entrepreneurship
- National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation (NSKFDC)
- Vanchit Ikai Samooh Aur Vargon Ki Aarthik Sahayta (VISVAS) Yojana – interest subvention scheme
for OBC led SHGs.
• Entrepreneurship & Marketing
- Ambedkar Social Innovation & Incubation Mission (ASIIM) - To promote entrepreneurship among
the Scheduled Caste (SC) Youth esp. Divyangs.
- Van Dhan Yojana - A Market Linked Tribal Entrepreneurship Development Program.
- Tribes India e-Marketplace & Scheme of Marketing Development of Tribal Products or Produce
• Skilling
- PM-DAKSH (Dakshata Aur Kushalta Sampann Hitgrahi) Yojana- National Action Plan for skilling of
marginalized persons covering SCs, OBCs, EBCs, DNTs, Sanitation workers, including waste pickers.
- Tech for Tribals - Training program for tribal MSMEs for holistic development with a focus on
entrepreneurship development, soft skills, IT, and business development through SHGs.
- GOAL (Going Online as Leaders): Joint initiative of Tribal Ministry with Facebook for digitally
enabled mentorship and empowering tribal youth to become leaders in their area of interest.
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SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT
• Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
• Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013
• PM Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAGY): integrated development of Scheduled Castes (SC) majority villages
having SC Population concentration > 50%.
• SEED (Scheme for Economic Empowerment of Denotified/Nomadic Tribes) - Umbrella scheme for
welfare of De-notified, Nomadic & Semi Nomadic Communities.
• Tribal Health Collaborative ‘Anamaya’: to enhance the health & nutrition status of the tribals
• 1000 Springs Initiative - A project of Springs Rejuvenation which aims at improving access to safe and
adequate water for the tribal communities living in difficult and inaccessible part of rural areas.
2.9 PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES (PwD)
POLICIES & SCHEMES

• The National Policy for Persons with Disabilities, 2006
• Schemes - Sugamya Bharat Abhiyaan, Unique Disability ID (UDID) Card, Assistance for Differently Abled
scheme, ADIP Scheme, Deendayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme, Scholarships for PwD, etc.
• Divyangjan Swavalamban Yojna: concessional loan for economic and overall empowerment
• KIRAN Helpline: The 24x7 Toll-Free Mental Health Rehabilitation Helpline
• EKAM Fest: by National Handicapped Finance Development Corporation (NHFDC) to Promote
Craftsmanship & Products of Divyang Artisans & Entrepreneurs.
• National Awards for Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities
LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK
• Right of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 to fulfil obligation under UNCRPD
• Rehabilitative Council of India (RCI) act, 1992
• Mental Health Act 1987
• National Trust for the Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple
Disabilities Act, 1999
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
• ALIMCO (Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India), a Mini Ratna Company under aegis of Min
of Social Justice & Empowerment was setup to provide aids, appliances and components.
• National Handicapped Finance and Development Corporation (NHFDC)
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION/TREATIES SIGNED/RATIFIED BY INDIA
• United Nations Convention on Rights of Persons with Disability (UNCRPD) in 2008.
• ‘Declaration on the Full Participation and Equality of People’ with Disabilities in the Asia-Pacific Region’
• Biwako Millennium Framework working towards an inclusive, barrier free and rights-based society.
2.10 TRANSGENDER PERSONS
• Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2019 - mitigate the stigma, discrimination and abuse
against this marginalized section and bring them into the mainstream of society.
• National Council for Transgender persons (NCT) – established under 2019 Act
• National Portal for Transgender Persons: To help transgenders get the I-Card without visiting any office.
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• “SMILE: Support for Marginalized Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise” – for Beggars &
Transgenders.
• Garima Greh - A Shelter Home for Transgender Persons established by government.
OTHER INITIATIVES
• Transgender people were included in India's RELEVANT CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
Census Survey of 2011 for the first time • Article 14, 15, 15, 19, 21 for protection of
• In 2009, Election Commission amended the Transgenders’ rights.
format of registration forms to include an option IMPORTANT SUPREME COURT VERDICTS
of “others”. • NALSA vs. Union of India (2014)
• In 2015, India elected its first transgender mayor. - Self perception of identity - Held that each person
• Karnataka has become the first state to provide has the right and autonomy to decide their own
1% reservation for TGs in all the government gender.
services. - Reservation: transgender people to be treated as
• Kerala became the first state to have a policy for socially and economically backward classes
transgenders. (SEBC).
• Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Chattisgarh, • Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India - Decriminalised
Karnataka, and West Bengal have setup IPC section 377 (same-sex relations between
Transgender Welfare Boards. consenting adults).
• Odisha became the first state to confer the Below • Supreme Court had held that 'Yogyakarta Principles
Poverty Line (BPL) status to transgenders. on the Application of International Law in Relation to
• Khudol (gift) – Crowdfunded initiative of Ya All, Issues of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity’
an Imphal-based NGO that created India’s first should be applied as a matter of national law.
transgender football team.
2.11 YOUTH
• National Youth Policy, 2014: Holistic development of youth by identifying 11 priority action areas
• Rashtriya Yuva Sashaktikaran Karyakram - Flagship programme for the empowerment of the youth.
• National service scheme (NSS) & National Cadet Corps
• National Programme for Youth and Adolescent Development aims to channelise their energy in nation
building process by promoting leadership qualities, spirit of national integration, unity in diversity etc
• Education and Skill Development - Skill India, USTAAD Scheme (minority youth), Scholarships to Young
Artistes in Different Cultural Fields, Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), SWAYAM (Distance learning) etc
• Entrepreneurship - Start-up India and Stand up India
• Sports - Khelo India Programme
• Health - SABLA, Rashtriya Kishore Swathya Karyakram, National Nutrition Mission, Immunization and
vaccination at early stages to build immunity, health awareness programme at school levels etc.
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3 ENVIRONMENT
3.1 COMBATING POLLUTION
3.1.1 AIR POLLUTION

• Legislations
SPECIFIC MEASURES AGAINST
- Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State
VEHICULAR POLLUTION
Pollution Control Boards (SPCB) are implementing the
• Odd-even policy - in Delhi
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 to
• Introduction of cleaner/alternate fuels
restore air quality.
like gaseous fuel (CNG, LPG etc.), Bio-
- Comprehensive amendments to various Waste
ethanol, Bio-Diesel, etc
Management Rules including Municipal Solid Waste,
• Taxing polluting vehicles (for eg. Diesel
Plastic Waste, Hazardous Waste, Bio-medical Waste and
Vehicles) and incentivizing hybrid and
Electronic Waste notified.
electric vehicles.
• Monitoring Air Quality – NAMP (National Air Quality
• NGT’s direction of banning entry of
Monitoring Programme), NAAQs (National Ambient Air
diesel vehicles older than 10 years.
Quality Standards, National Air Quality index, SAFAR etc.
• Promotion of public transport network
• Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) to deal with different
of metro, buses, e-rickshaws and
levels of pollution.
promotion of carpooling.
• Air pollution Mitigation
• Decision taken to leapfrog directly
- National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) (to achieve a
from BS-IV to BS-VI fuel standards.
national-level target of 20-30% reduction of PM2.5 and
PM10 concentration by 2024.
- Others: WAYU (Wind Augmentation PurifYing Unit), Anti-smog guns (at large construction sites),
'Oxygen Parlour' (at Nashik railway station), ban on pet coke & furnace oil etc.
• Regional project on ‘Climate Resilience Building among Farmers through Crop Residue Management’,
focussing on tackling issue of stubble burning in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan
3.1.2 OCEAN/MARINE POLLUTION

AT NATIONAL LEVEL:
• Legislations - Maritime Zones of India Act 1976, Coast Guard Act 1978, Merchant Shipping Rules, 2009
• Samudrayaan mission: To improve the understanding of oceans, their biodiversity, climate change etc.
• India, signatory to MARPOL: main international convention to fight marine pollution from ships.
• Real-time information on coastal water quality: National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR)
AT GLOBAL LEVEL:
• Global Programme of Action for Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA)
• The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)
• The "Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 1972"
or the "London Convention":
• UN Decade of Ocean Science (2021-2030)
3.1.3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Notification of various rules (under Environmental Protection Act, 1986) including Solid Waste
Management Rules, 2016
• Swachha Bharat Mission, Swachha Survekshan, Swachchta App, ODF, ODF+ &ODF++ initiatives
• Government Mandate: Power DISCOMs to buy electricity from power plants fuelled by solid waste.
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• CPCB guidelines on maintaining buffer zones around landfills.

• GOBAR-DHAN scheme – to convert cattle dung & solid waste in farms to compost, bio-gas & bio-CNG.
• Policy on Promotion of City Compost, 2016 and Star Rating Protocol for Garbage Free Cities.
3.1.4 PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Plastic Waste Management Rules & Amendment Rules, 2021
• National Dashboard on Elimination of Single Use Plastic (SUP) and Plastic Waste - by MoEFCC to bring
all stakeholders at one place and track the progress made for elimination of SUP.
• Monitoring module for Single Use Plastics (SUPs) by CPCB – for local bodies, SPCB/CPCB to inventorize
details of SUP production/ sale & usage
• Mobile App for Single Use Plastics Grievance Redressal by CPCB
• India Plastics Pact – To bring businesses, governments and NGOs across the whole value chain.
• Sikkim is the First State to Ban Plastic Bottles & Disposable Foam Products.
• States like Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Himachal Pradesh are front runners in implementing
a ban on single-use plastics.
• Measures taken against Microbeads by India - Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) has already declared the
use of microplastics unsafe in personal products.
OTHER GOOD INITIATIVES

• Operation Blue Mountain in Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu - campaign led by Supriya Sahu, district collector, for banning
use of Plastic in the Nilgiris.
• Plastic for Road Construction - Plastic Bitumen road in Bengaluru by Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palika +
Pvt Partner reusing non-recyclable plastics.
• Plastic For Schools - Tetra Pak India’s “Go Green Initiative” ➔ ‘Cartons le aao, Classroom banao’ Campaign
• Rice For Plastic - Andhra Pradesh - Youth Group Mana Peddapuram - Buy Wholesale Rice ➔ exchange Rice
for Plastic ➔ Handover Plastic to Sanitation workers for recycling ➔ Tackles 2 problems: Nutrition & Sanitation
• Indira Canteens, Karnataka - selling cup of tea for four plastic bottles
• Garbage Café – Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh
3.1.5 E-WASTE MANAGEMENT

• E-waste Management Rules, 2016 (amended in 2018) & Draft E-Waste Management Rules, 2022
• The Central Government drafted the Hazardous Material (Management, Handling and Transboundary
Movement) Rules, 2007 to prohibit transboundary movement of hazardous waste.
• Ratification of Basel Convention on Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes &
their Disposal (Basel Convention).
• India’s first e-waste clinic in Bhopal.
3.2 FORESTRY
• Constitutional Provisions:
- 7th Schedule: 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 transferred Forests and Protection of Wild Animals & Birds
from State to Concurrent List.
- Directive Principles of State policy (DPSP): Article 48 A
- Fundamental Duty: Article 51 A (g)
• Legislative Measures: Indian Forest Act 1927, Forest Conservation Act, 1980, National Forest Policy,
1988, Forest Rights Act 2006, Wildlife Protection Act 1972.
- Notification of New Forest (Conservation) Rules, 2022 (under Forest Conservation Act, 1980).
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• Other Programmes: National Afforestation Govt Initiatives to Promote Sustainable Agriculture

Programme (NAP), National Mission for Green • National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA).
India (GIM), Nagar Van (Urban Forests) Scheme, • Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana
Forest Fire Prevention & Management Scheme • Soil Health Card
(FFPM), National Agro-Forestry policy, REDD • National Bamboo Mission
plus policy, Joint Forest Management (JFM), • Sub Mission on Agro forestry (Har Medh pe Pedh)
Funds under Compensatory Afforestation to • PM KUSUM – Solar Pumps
States, Van Dhan Yojana etc • Per Drop More crop – PM Krishi Sinchai Yojana
3.3 COUNTERING DESERTIFICATION
AT NATIONAL LEVEL:
• Earliest member of UNCCD.
• Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas of India by ISRO.
• Great Green wall of India: to create a 1,400km and 5km-wide green corridor from Panipat in Haryana
to Porbandar in Gujarat. It would be modelled on the s Great Green Wall of Africa.
• Others: National Action Programme to Combat Desertification, National Afforestation Programme
(NAP), National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS), National Mission for a Green India (GIM),
Integrated watershed management programme (IWMP)
AT GLOBAL LEVEL:
• SDG 15: to protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage
forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.
• Awareness: 2010-2020 was declared as UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight Against Desertification.
• UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021-2030): implemented by UNEP, in collaboration with FAO.
• Great green wall: It is a mosaic of land restoration activities stretching from Senegal to Djibouti in Africa.
3.4 SUSTAINABLE FUEL ECONOMY
3.4.1 HYDROGEN BASED ECONOMY

• Ministry of Road Transport and Highways recently allowed the use of Hydrogen enriched Compressed
Natural Gas ie. H-CNG (18% mix of hydrogen) in CNG engines.
• Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) developed specifications of H-CNG for automotive purposes, as a fuel.
• Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Program by Ministry of S&T, to support research on Hydrogen and Fuel Cell.
• India H2 Alliance (IH2A) - To tap the opportunities in India’s hydrogen economy and supply chain, a
number of industries have come together to commercialize hydrogen technologies under IH2A.
• NTPC pilot to run hydrogen fuel cell-based electric buses & fuel cell electric cars in Leh & Delhi.
3.4.2 METHANOL BASED ECONOMY

• NITI Aayog released a road map for Methanol Economy.
• Methanol Economy Research Programme (MERP) – by Department of S&T.
• Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has notified 20% DME blending with LPG.
• Assam Petro-chemicals has launched Asia’s first canisters-based methanol cooking fuel program.
• Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd. has converted a 5 KW generator set to run on 100% methanol.
• Railways working towards blending of 5-20% methanol through direct fuel injection in locomotives.
• Boats and cargo vessels are being built by Cochin Shipyard Limited to use Methanol as a marine fuel.
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4 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AND DEFENCE
4.1.1 DRONE TECHNOLOGY

• Drone Rule 2021: Notified by Ministry of Civil Aviation (MCA) that abolished a slew of approvals with
the aim to encourage R&D and creating India as a drone hub of the world.
• Drone (Amendment) Rules, 2022
• Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for drones
• Drone Airspace Map 2021: it opens nearly 90% of Indian airspace as a green zone.
• Mission ‘Drone Shakti’: has been announced for supporting drone startups and promoting Drone-as-a-
Service (DrAAS) as part of the Union Budget 2022-23.
• DRDO Anti-Drone Technology - It can detect and jam micro drones up to 3 km and use a laser to bring
down a target protect areas such as airports, critical infrastructure, stadiums, military installations etc.
• Other Key Initiatives: UAS Traffic Management (UTM) policy framework 2021, Drone Certification
Scheme 2022 (for drone manufacturers), Drone Import Policy, 2022 (banning import of foreign-made
drones), Kisan Drones, Bharat Drone Mahotasava 2022 etc.
4.1.2 DEFENCE INDIGENISATION

• Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 - to promote ‘Make in India’ & ‘Aatmanirbharta’ in defence, giving
preference to ‘Buy (Indian)’, ‘Buy and Make (Indian)’ and ‘Make’ categories of capital acquisition.
• Increasing FDI Limit in Defence sector - Up to 74% through the Automatic Route, and up to 100% by
Government Route wherever it is likely to result in access to modern technology.
• Creation of innovative ecosystems - Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX), by engaging MSMEs,
Start-ups, Individual Innovators, R&D institutes and Academia.
• Encourage public private participation – via Technology Development Fund (TDF)
• Launching of indigenous portals - SRIJAN Portal and ‘Offset portal’
• Defence Industrial Corridors
• Defence Investor Cell (DIC)
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5 POLITY & GOVERNANCE

5.1.1 DIGITIZING INDIAN JUDICIARY
• E-Courts Project: integrated Mission Mode Project under National e- Governance projects
• Fast and Secured Transmission of Electronic Records (FASTER) System: or electronic transmission of
Supreme Court’s orders
• SUPACE (Supreme Court Portal for Assistance in Court Efficiency): It is an Artificial Intelligence-based
portal to assist judges with research. It collects relevant facts & laws and makes them available to a
judge.
• SCI-Interact: Launched by Supreme Court to make all its benches paperless. It helps judges access files,
annexures to petitions and makes notes on computers.
• Legal Information Management & Briefing System (LIMBS): It is a Web-based application introduced
by Department of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Law & Justice to track the entire life cycle of a case efficiently.
• Supreme Court Vidhik Anuvaad Software (SUVAS): Launched by Supreme Court to translate judicial
orders and rulings from English to vernacular languages, faster and efficiently.
5.1.2 COMBATING CORRUPTION

Law/Statute/ - The Prevention of Corruption Act & associated amendments; The Prevention of Money
agreements Laundering Act, 2002; Lokpal & Lokayukta Act, 2013; Benami Transaction Act, 2016; The
Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999; The Right to Information Act, 2005
- Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 together with Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLAT) in
Criminal Matters and Extradition Treaties.
- Double taxation avoidance agreement (DTAA)
Institution (1) CVC and the Chief Vigilance Officers, (2) Enforcement Directorate (3) CBI
Administrative - Introducing e-governance, digitization, e-auction, e-tendering, e-procurement (GeM) for
steps resource use allocation eg. Coal blocks, Direct Benefit Transfer
- SIT on Black Money, Demonetization, Transparency in electoral funding.
- Compulsory retirement and weeding out of corrupt public servants.
- Encouragement to honest and efficient through rewards, promotions and postings.
- Displaying information regarding development projects, self-attestation, abolition of
personal interviews for recruitments to lower level posts etc.
- CVC directions to organizations to adopt Integrity Pact in major procurement activities
5.1.3 PRISON REFORMS

• Prison Manual 2016 – To bring in basic uniformity in laws, rules and regulations.
• Web Application by NALSA to facilitate free legal services for the undertrials.
• E-Prisons project – To introduce efficiency in prison management through digitization.
• Directives to states - Prison e-system to be integrated with CCTNS as well as e-Courts on priority basis.
• Kara Bazar – Portal, for showcasing and selling the products manufactured by inmates.
• Supreme Court: FASTER (“Fast and Secured Transmission of Electronic Records”) system so that SC’s
crucial decisions are communicated electronically to prison & other authorities via a secure channel.
• NHRC initiatives: Compulsory health screening of all prisoners and compensation to mentally ill persons.
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5.1.4 STRENGTHENING PANCHAYATI RAJ

• Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA) - Develop governance capabilities of Panchayati Raj Institutions
• People’s Plan Campaign (PPC)- Sabki Yojana Sabka Vikas: for ensuring the preparation of Gram
Panchayat Development Plan (GPDP) in a campaign mode.
• Mission Antyodaya: It seeks to converge government interventions with Gram Panchayats by pooling
human and financial resources.
• e-Gram Swaraj - unifies the planning, accounting and monitoring functions of Gram Panchayats.
• e-Financial Management System: Simplified Work Based Accounting Application for Panchayati Raj.
5.1.5 INDIAN DIASPORA

• Indian Community Welfare Fund (ICWF) to support Indian nationals in crisis situations abroad.
• Online database of emigrants and comprehensive missions, recruiting agents, foreign employers, and
insurance agencies to make the whole emigration process faster and transparent.
• Madad Portal for online lodging of grievance for emigrants & Social security through Pravasi Suraksha
Yojna.
• Skilling through - Pravasi Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PKVY) & SWADES - Skilled Workers Arrival Database for
Employment Support, to conduct skill mapping of the returning citizens under the Vande Bharat Mission.
• Vande Bharat Mission, for repatriation of Indian diaspora during COVID, and Operation Raahat and
Sankat Mochan for evacuation of people stuck in conflict zones etc.
• For better engagement – Global Pravasi Rishta Portal, Vaibhav (Vaishwik Bharatiya Vaigyanik) Summit,
Town hall in various countries by PM, Know India Programme, Tracing Roots, Pravasi Teerth Darshan
Yojana etc
• New embassies in Latin America and African countries.
==========================================================================================
32
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Quick Revision Primer: MAINS 2022

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QUICK REVISION PRIMER

1. ECONOMY 2.1.3 Higher Education 18

1.1 FINANCIAL INCLUSION

1.2.1 LOGISTICS & FREIGHT

INTEGRATED INFRASTRUCTURE & TRANSPORTATION NETWORK

1.2.4 PORTS, SHIPPING AND WATERWAYS

INLAND WATER TRANSPORT

SAFETY & SECURITY

1.2.5 CIVIL AVIATION

CONNECTIVITY & INFRASTRUCTURE

1.2.6 URBAN DEVELOPMENT

1.2.7 AFFORDABLE HOUSING

1.3 ENERGY SECTOR

1.3.1 POWER SECTOR

1.3.2 PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS

1.3.3 RENEWABLE ENERGY

OTHER CLEAN & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY INITIATIVES

1.4 INDUSTRY & COMMERCE

1.4.1 EASE OF DOING BUSINESS

1.4.4 ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY

1.4.5 SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY

INFRASTRUCTURE & TECHNOLOGY

DIGITAL INCLUSION & CONSUMER PROTECTION

NPCI Initiatives Government Initiatives

1.5 AGRICULTURE & FARMER WELFARE

1.5.1 MILLET PRODUCTION: SUPER FOOD FOR FUTURE

1.5.3 AGRICULTURE MARKETING

1.5.4 FARM MECHANISATION

1.5.6 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY & DAIRYING

1.5.8 SWEET REVOLUTION (BEE-KEEPING)

1.5.10 AGRICULTURE EXPORTS

• Agri Udaan programme – for mentoring agri startups

1.5.11 ORGANIC FARMING

1.5.13 FARMER SOCIAL & INCOME SECURITY

2.1.1 PRE-PRIMARY EDUCATION

2.1.2 SCHOOL EDUCATION

IMPROVING LEARNING OUTCOMES & CREATIVITY

2.1.3 HIGHER EDUCATION

PROMOTING RESEARCH IN HIGHER EDUCATION

2.1.4 DIGITAL INITIATIVES IN EDUCATION

2.2 SKILL DEVELOPMENT

• Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) – Flagship scheme

2.3 LABOUR & EMPLOYMENT

• Credible Annual Data - Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)

2.4.1 HEALTH RELATED MAJOR SCHEMES

2.4.2 MOTHER & CHILD HEALTH

2.4.3 DIGITAL INITIATIVES IN HEALTH

2.5 WOMEN RELATED

2.6 CHILDREN RELATED

2.6.1 CHILD DEVELOPMENT & PROTECTION

2.6.2 CHILD LABOUR

2.7 SENIOR CITIZENS

ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SECURITY

2.8 SCHEDULED CASTE & SCHEDULED TRIBES

2.9 PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES (PwD)

POLICIES & SCHEMES

2.10 TRANSGENDER PERSONS

3.1 COMBATING POLLUTION

3.1.1 AIR POLLUTION

3.1.2 OCEAN/MARINE POLLUTION

3.1.3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

• CPCB guidelines on maintaining buffer zones around landfills.

3.1.4 PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT