1.

CERTIFICATE 3

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

3. INVESTIGATORY PROJECT 5

REPORT

(I) AIM 6

(II) INTRODUCTION 6

(III) THEORY INVOLVED 7

(IV) MATERIAL REQUIRED IN 7-12

THE CONSTRUCTION
(V) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 12

(VI) WORKING 13-15

(VII) OBSERVATION 15

(VIII) RESULT 16

(IX) BIBILIOGRAPHY 16
 AIM:-
To construct a full wave rectifier and show that the
Alternating Components are rectified into a direct
current.

INTRODUCTION:-
A full wave rectifier is a device which is used to rectify
all the alternating current components in an alternating
supply and make it purely a direct current. The two
alternating halves of an alternation current are rectified
in a full wave rectifier which is an advantage over a half
wave rectifier. Most electronic devices cannot withstand
very high voltage or alternating current due to its
intense high power. The use of batteries in all devices is
not practical as their replacement and durability is a
huge problem as the device has to be dismantled each
time for such a replacement. So these rectifiers are used
in most of the electronic devices like TV's, Radios,
Chargers, Lightings etc. There are several stages in a
rectifier. Based on their rectification they are classified
into two. The single staged & multi staged.
In the multi staged rectifiers, more than two diodes are
used and these are used in the above-mentioned
devices. The singled staged rectifier has only 2 diodes,
the one we are to discuss in this project. The multi diode
rectifier has only 2 diodes, the one we are to discuss in
this project. The multi diode rectifiers has an efficiency
94.6% while that of the single is only 81.2%
 THEORY INVOLVED:-

The input transformer steps down the AC mains from

230V (nominal) to 6V between the center tap and
either of the two ends of the secondary winding. The
transformer has a capability of delivering a current of
500 mA. The 6V A.C appearing across the secondary is
the RMS value of the waveform and peak value would
be 6x√2-8.4volts. The diodes rectify the A.C waveform
appearing across the secondary with the help of
alternate forward and reverse biasing. The capacitor
further filters 99% of the resident components and this
is let to pass through the resistance and emerges out as
+ve and -ve. The bulb connected verifies the output as it
works on Direct Current and if used on an Alternating
Current, the fluctuation will burn out the bulb.

Materials required in the

construction:-

Connecting wires, a plug, single lead wire 2m, 3 nuts &

Bolts of 2 to 3 cm length, Circuit board of mica, a small
box to place the model, a transformer, A capacitor, A
Resistor (1 K2), P-N junction diodes, Insulation tape,
Blades, soldering wax, soldering lead, soldering iron &
sand paper.
Details of the materials used →

i) Connecting wires and a plug → A nomal insulated

copper wire able to withstand 230-250 v is required.

ii) Single lead wire → Thin wire with one single strand
of copper well Insulated and able to conduct a current
of 1 ampere or a D.C current efficiently.

iii) A circuit board → A normal board of mica facilitated

with clips to simplify the connection.

iv) Nuts and bolt → In order to fix the board &

transformer firmly. Size 2-3 cm.

v) Soldering wax & lead → The wires are to be soldered

firmly to make the connection tight so for this a thin
lead wire is required to affix the connections and wax
to make the lead to hold on when soldered.

vi) A small box → To place the equipments safely.

vii) A bulb → To test the output voltage whether Direct

or not. Specification → 2.2-6 v it will get burnt on
application of A.C.
viii) A TRANSFORMER → Transformer is a device used to
change the voltage of an alternating current. The
transformer which converts low voltage to high voltage
is called a step up transformer whereas the one which
converts high voltage to low voltage is called a step
down transformer. It consists of a laminated core
consisting of two coils. a primary & a secondary coil. In a
step up the number of turns in the secondary is greater
that that of the primary and the reverse in a step down
transformer. Here we use a step down transformer
which steps down 230V to 6V between the secondary
terminals and the center tap.

ix) A CAPACITOR → The ability of a metal to store

electric charges measures the capacitances of a
conductor. It provides high impedance to Alternating
Current and stores them while all the D.C components
are let to pass.
There are different types of capacitors -
a) PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR
b) SPHERICAL CAPACITOR
c) CYLINDRICLAL CAPACITOR

Here we deal with a Cylindrical Capacitor. It consists of

two coaxial conducting cylindrical shells.
It does not dissipate any power & the energy stored in it
equal to ½ CV². In a capacitor Voltage does not change
instantaneously. It leads current & voltage by an angle
different of 90°
The capacitor can be connected in 2 ways

1 1 1 1
1) In Series → ( 𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + ⋯ )

2) In Parallel → (C=C1+C2+C3......)

Here we use capacitor of 1000 µF & 25 v.

x) A RESISTOR → A resistor is an electronic components

whose resistance value tells us about the opposition it
offers to the flow of electric current. Resistance is
measured in ohms (Ω).

Resistance can be connected in 2 ways-

1) In series → R=(RI+R2+R3….)

1 1 1 1
2) In Parallel → (𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 … . )

xi) P-N junction Diodes → When one side of a

semiconductor crystal (Germanium or silicon) is doped
with acceptor impurity atoms and the other side with
donor impurity atoms a P-N junction is formed. It is also
called a semiconductor or crystal diode.
When diffusion of the two regions occur a resultant
potential barrier is created between the two sides due
to migration of electrons and holes.
When the diode is connected with P side to positive
terminal of a battery & N side to -ve terminal it is said to
be forward biased & reverse biased when reversed. In
forward biasing the applied positive potential repels the
holes and turns a current is made to flow overcoming
the Internal potential Barrier. While in reverse biasing
the ve electrons 1 attract the holes and widen the
Barrier and then only the repulsion between the inner
electrons occur and current flows. So theoretically no
current flows through due to the widening of the
Potential barrier but practically a very small current
does flows through.

Different types of diodes are present-

1. Zener diode

2. P-N junction diode

3. LED

4. LAD

5. Solar cell
Here we use a P-N junction diode. The grayish ring
indicated the N side and the Black colouration the P
side.

xii) Finally, small equipments such as a soldering iron to

solder the lead, Blades, holders, insulation tapes - to
insulate the wire from shocking and sand paper - to rub
the oxidized wire ends are used.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
Connection details:-

Connections are done as in the circuit. The A.C. supply is

given to both the input wires of the transformer and the
two ends of the secondary coil is given to the P side of
the two diodes and the N side of the diodes are twined
and then connected to one end of the capacitor and the
other end to the center tap lead and to the resistor.
Further, the other end of capacitor with the diode
connection is connected to the other end of the resistor.
Connect 2 leads on both the ends of the resistor to
measure the output and this is connected to the +ve & -
ve terminals of the bulb.

WORKING:-

1ST when the A.C. is supplied to the transformer, it steps

down the 230V main supply to 6 volts. It has a capability
of delivering a current of 500mA. The 6 volts A.C.
appearing across the secondary is the RMS valur and the
peak value is 6x√2 or 8.4 volts. During the 1ST half cycle
of the A.C. input Diode D1 is forward biased and a current
I flows in the circuit in the direction S1D1ABEOS1. During
this time diode D2 is reverse biased. So it does not
conduct any electric current. During the next half cycle
the diode D2 is forward and D1 is reversed. Hence D2
conducts current in the direction S2D2ABEOS2 and D1
does not conduct any current. In subsequent half cycles
of the A.C current the above processes are repeated. In
both the half cycles it is clear that current flows through
the resistor in only one direction ABE. Even though the
voltage across RL is unidirectional it will still contain a
few A.C components. This is filtered and made smooth
using a capacitor, which filters 99% of the A.C current. A
resistor is then used to adjust the output voltage. We can
then test the o/p Voltage using a multi-meter.

Efficiency of Rectification -

𝑫.𝑪. 𝐏𝐎𝐖𝐄𝐑 𝐎𝐔𝐓𝐏𝐔𝐓

η=
𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳 𝑨.𝑪. 𝐈𝐍𝐏𝐔𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐖𝐄𝐑

→ For a half wave rectifier, η~0.406=40.6%

→ For a full wave rectifier, the one used here is
η~0.812=81.2%

By the use of more number of diodes the efficiency can

be increase to a maximum of 94.6%. Here we only use 2
diodes. The use of multiple capacitors also nearly filters
all A.C components from the supply and resistance is
adjusted for the required output. As this is a simple
circuit, only one capacitor and a resistance is being used.
But there will be slight factor of A.C. current still left in
the output but it is negligible.
RECTIFIED D.C VOLTAGE

OBSERVATION:
Result:

A full Wave rectifier is constructed & output voltage for

different output resistance is measured and tabulated.

BIBILIOGRAPHY:-

1)www.google.com

2)www.wikipedia.com

3)Ncert textbook for class XII

4)Comprehensive practical book for class XII