UNIT 9: LEGAL CITATION

Contents

9.0. Aims and Objectives

9.1. Introduction
9.2. Introductory Remarks About Citation
9.3. Content and Form of Citation
9.3.1. Books
9.3.2. Articles in Scholarly Magazines and Journals
9.3.3. Newspapers and Newsmagazines
9.3.4. Judicial Decisions
9.3.5. Legislation
9.3.6. Government Documents and Reports
9.3.7. Unpublished Reports and Manuscripts
9.3.8. Interviews, Speeches and Letters
9.4. Shortened Forms
9.5. Permissible Abbreviations
9.6. Bibliography
9.7. Summary
9.8. Answer Key to Check Your Progress Exercise
9.9. Model Examination Questions
9.10. Glossary
9.11. Selected References

9.0. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The cardinal objective of this unit is basically to acquaint students with accepted rules of legal
citation, which must be followed by a legal professional who is engaged in any legal research
work. Therefore, after studying this unit, students are expected to be capable of understanding
how books, newspapers and news magazines, judicial decisions, legislation, government

82
documents and reports, unpublished reports and manuscripts, interviews, speeches, and letters
are cited.

9.1. INTRODUCTION

The discussions made so far from units six to unit eight are very important to conduct a
qualitative legal research. However, these units would be incomplete for a legal research
unless we devote a certain portion of our course to legal citation. It is with this in mind that
the unit under consideration is devoted the discussion of legal citation.

As we said previously, a legal researcher definitely needs authorities, which must be

employed during the legal research. These sources or authorities may be primary authorities
or secondary authorities. They may be mandatory authorities or persuasive authorities. But
irrespective of their natures, and classifications, a legal researcher may use both primary as
well as secondary authorities to substantiate and strengthen his arguments and to attack the
arguments raised by his opponent. In doing so, he has to properly cite the authorities used so
that others may obtain the sources such researcher cited and also proper citation increases the
credibility of an argument raised by the researcher.

It is for this reason that this unit is devoted to the extent possible, to the serious discussions of
rules of citations regarding books, judicial decisions, Articles, newspapers, magazines,
legislation and other documents.

9.2. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ABOUT CITATION

The basic purpose of a legal citation is to allow the reader to locate a cited source accurately
and efficiently. It is a reference to a book, article, newspaper, judicial decision, law, official
document, interview or any other source from which the writer of a research draws materials.
The particular source may contain the material discussed or quoted in the text. It may
substantiate points made in the text or, it may be used to show points contrary to those made
in the text.

In all legal writing, whether by scholars or by practitioners, it is customary to cite an authority

or authorities to show support for a legal or factual proposition or argument. An author may

83
cite to authority that directly states his or her legal or factual proposition. A citation usually
appears in a footnote; that is, in a numbered note at the bottom of the page separated by a line
from the text.

9.3. CONTENT AND FORM OF CITATIONS

Citations should contain enough information to indicate clearly to readers in Ethiopia and
elsewhere what work is referred to, and where it can be contained. The information required
to satisfy this goal may be more detailed in Ethiopia than in other countries. Reference will
often be made to foreign materials and many of our readers may lack technical training or
may have been educated in countries with different scholarly traditions. Therefore,
abbreviations should only be used when their meaning will be clear to a wide range of
readers. For our purpose, only those abbreviations appearing in the list of permissible
abbreviations under 9.5 may be used. The following subsections provide other rules, which
should be followed strictly.

9.3.1. Books
The first reference to book should contain the following information in the following order;
a) author's name
b) title (underlined or in italics)
c) edition number, if there has been more than one edition (in parenthesis)
d) year of publication of that edition (in parenthesis)
e) number of the volume referred to, if the work has more than one volume
f) section, article, number, page, etc, referred to, as appropriate

Examples:
C. Rhyne, Municipal Law (1957), p. 153.
D. Basu, Commentary on the Constitution of India (4th ed. 1963), Vol. 4, p. 499.

a) Author's Name: The first initial or first name of European names should precede the
family name. Ethiopian names should be spelled out in full. If the book contains
contributions by several authors, the name of the editor should be given in place of an
author, and the fact that he is the editor should be indicated in parenthesis. If reference

84
 is made to a specific contribution in such a work, the foot note should begin with the
author of that specific contribution, and the title of the contribution in quotation marks,
followed by the information specified above for books in general concerning the
collection. If the book has more than one author or editor, the name of all should be
given. If the name of the author or editor is unknown, the footnote should begin with
the title of the book.

In order to understand the above explanations look at the following examples:

Examples: K. Davis, Administrative Law (1958), Vol. 2, p. 229
Fasil Nahum, Constitution for Nation of Nations (1998) pp. 236 – 258
D. Currie (ed.), Federalism and the New Nations of Africa (1964), p. 13
Sami Shubber, "Aircraft Hijacking Under the Hague Convention"
International and Comparative Law Quarterly (1973), Vol. 22 p. 690
A manual of style (11th ed., 1949), p. 40

It may be that a book had one author for the first edition and another author for a later edition,
but the original author's name is retained when the author of the later edition of the work does
not add to the authoritative value of the book. When, on the other hand, the later edition
involves a considerable revision from the earlier edition, and if the name of the author of the
later edition is given, we cite the author of the later edition as the author of the book (see the
first example below). If the edition cited did not involve much of a revision cite the author of
the original and omit any mention of the author of the particular edition cited. (See the 2 nd
example below).

Examples:
R. Jones, Smith's Company Law of Andorra (10th ed. 1962), p. 103
A. Smith, The Company Law of Andorra (2nd ed. 1903), p. 92

b) Title: the full title should be given without abbreviation. However, if the title is given
in a bibliography and can be shortened conveniently without creating ambiguity, a short
from may be used. A short form may also be used when there is no bibliography, if on a
page at the beginning of the paper a list is made in regular footnote form of the books that
will be cited short form, and a statement made to that effect.

85
 In English titles, the first letter of the first word and every important word thereafter
(including all nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and names) must be capitalized. This may not be
always the case in the case of other languages.

Examples:
R. Heuston, Salmond on the Law of Torts (12th ed. 1957), p. 290

c) Edition Number: If there has been only one edition, do not state an edition number. If
there have been several editions, identify the edition referred to by the identification used
by the publisher; this will usually be a number. Here we have to bear in mind that an
edition is different from a "reprint", "imprint" or "printing". A new edition usually
involves revisions of, or additions to, the text. Reprints, imprint and printings do not
involve revisions or additions. The original text is merely printed again.

Example
A Manual of Style (11th ed., 1949), p. 140

d) Date of Publication; Other Facts of Publication: If there has been more than one
edition, the date of publication to be given is only that of the edition cited. The date of
publication appears in parenthesis, if an edition number is cited, the date of publication
appears after the edition number within the same parenthesis being separated by comma.
In some sets of more than one volume, different volumes are published in different years.
In this case, the date of publication should be the date of publication of the volume
referred to.

If the paper being written does not contain a bibliography, the date of publication should
be preceded within the same parenthesis by the city of publication and the name of the
publisher. The name of the country, state, or province where the city is located is included
only if the city is not well known. If the book cited has more than one city of publication
or publisher, it is only necessary to give the name of one. If the paper being written
contains a bibliography, the city of publication and the name of the publisher should not
be given in the footnote.

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 Examples:
K. Llewllyn, The Common Law Tradition: Deciding Appeals (Boston, Little
Brown and Company, 1960), p. 117
W. Henberg (ed.), Four Existentialist Theologians (Garden City, New York,
Doubleday and Company, 1958), p. 84

e) Number of the Volume: volume numbers should be given in Arabic numerals (that is
1, 2, 3, etc) whether or not they are given in Roman numerals (I, II, III, etc) in the book
referred to. The abbreviation of "volume" (Vol., Vols.) should be used.

Example:
M. Planiol and G. Ripert, Treatise on the Civil Law (11th ed. 1938) (Translation, Lousiana
State L. Inst. 1959), Vol. 3, pt. 1, No. 820.

9.3.2. Articles in Scholarly Magazines and Journals

The first reference to an article in a scholarly magazine or journals should contain, in the
following order:
(1) name of article's author
(2) title of article (in quotation marks)
(3) name of the magazine or journal (underlined or in italics)
(4) volume number
(5) number of the part or issue, if the pages in each part or issue are
numbered separately or if a reference to the number is necessary or convenient to a
proper identification of the location of the article.
(6) date of publication (in parenthesis).
(7) page or pages where the specific reference may be found.

(1) (2) (4) Author, Title and Volume Number

Rules for the author's name, the title of the article and the volume number are the same as
those given for books, except that the title appears in quotation marks and is not underlined or
in italics. Words such as book review, address, note, etc., when descriptive of the type of
article rather than part of a title, are not put in quotation marks.

87
Examples:
J. Graven, "The Penal Code of the Empire of Ethiopia," J. Eth. L.
L. Vol. 1 (1964), p. 275
S. Glueck, "The Nuerberg Trial and Aggressive War," Harvard L. Rev., Vol. 59 (1945 – 46),
p. 396

(3) Name of Magazine or Journal

Abbreviations should be used in giving the name of the magazine or journal. However, only
abbreviations appearing in the list of permissible abbreviations may be used.

(5) Number of Part or Issue

Usually, the pages of scholarly magazines and journals are numbered consecutively
throughout the volume. In such case, it is not necessary to refer to a particular part or issue.
This is particularly true if the pages of each part or issue are not numbered consecutively
throughout the volume.

Examples:
S. Chojnacki, "Short Introduction to Ethiopian Painting," J. Eth. Studies,
Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2
(1964), p. 7

(6) Date of Publication

For the date of publication, it is usually sufficient to give the year of the volume referred to.
This is true even if the issues are not bound, and are dated by months or days in addition to
the year. However, if it is necessary or convenient to refer to a particular month or date in
order to facilitate location of the source, such reference should be made.

(7) Pages of Reference

Articles in scholarly magazines and journals rarely are divided into divisions shorter than the
page. For this reason, only the page number of the reference is usually given.

If reference is made to an entire article without reference to facts or ideas stated in a specific
place in the article, it is only necessary to give the page on which the article begins.

Examples
J. Graven, "The Penal Code of the Empire of Ethiopia," J. Eth. L., Vol. 1 (1964), p. 275

88
Taye Mebratu, "Coffee in the Ethiopian Economy," J. Eth. Studies,
Studies, Vol. 1 No 1 (1963), pp 47 – 49
9.3.3. Newspapers and News Magazines
Reference to an article in a newspaper or newsmagazine should contain in the following
order:
(1) Name of the newspaper or magazine (underlined),
(2) Date of the newspaper or magazine referred to;
(3) Page where the specific reference may be found;
(4) Column where the specific reference may be found, if there are more than one column
on the page.
Example:
The Ethiopian Herald,
Herald, May 20, 1965, p. 3, Col. 2

(1) Name
The name of a newspaper or magazine may be silent or ambiguous as to the place where it
comes out or is published. In this case, put the name of the city or country in parenthesis after
the newspaper or magazine, but before the date.

Example:
The Times (London), April 15, 1965, p. 10, Col. 5

Abbreviations may not be used in giving the proper name of the newspaper or news magazine
although they may be used in giving the information specified in the preceding paragraph.
Some newspapers and magazines have different editions either for different times of the day
when they come out or for different parts of the world; in this case, put the edition in
parenthesis after name of the newspaper or magazine and also after the name of the city or
country, if used.

Example:
Time (Atlantic ed.), May 5, 1965, p. 32, Col. 1

(2) Date
The full date of a newspaper or magazine must always be given.

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(3) And (4) Pages and Columns
The pages of most newspapers and newsmagazines are divided into columns. For this reason,
it is helpful to cite the specific column where the reference may be found. If the material used
as a source covers the entire page, or more than one page, only the appropriate page numbers
are necessary.

Example:
The Times (London), April 15, 1965, p. 10, Col. 5

9.3.4. Judicial Decisions

The form specified below should also be used for administrative decisions of a judicial nature.
The first reference to a judicial decision should contain the following information in the
following order:
(1) Case name
(2) Case number or file number, if the case is not published (in parenthesis)
(3) Court (in parenthesis)
(4) Jurisdiction of the court, if other than Ethiopia (in parenthesis)
(5) Date of decision (in parenthesis)
(6) Name of reporter or journal where found (underlined or in italics)
(7) Volume of reporter or journal where found
(8) Page where specific reference may be found

Look at the following examples:

Examples:
Belayneh Assefa V. Public Prosecutor (Federal High Ct., 1990), J. Eth. H,
H,
Vol. 75, p. 162
Lawless Case (European Ct. Human Rights, Nov 14, 1960), American J. Int. l. L.,
Vol. 56, p. 173
In the matter of the Adoption of Linda Tsehay (High Ct., Addis Ababa, 1965,
Civil Case No. 144/57) (Unpublished)
Greenwood V. United States (Sup. Ct., U.S., 1956), U.S. Sup. Ct. Rep.

90
 In the matter of the Estate of Setrak Auakian (High Ct., Addis Ababa, 1963), J. Eth. L
Vol. 1, p. 32, affirmed (Sup. Imp. Ct. 1963), J. Eth. L., Vol. 1, p. 26.

9.3.5. Legislation
Legislation, within the meaning of this section, includes all delegated legislation as council of
ministers regulation, ministerial directives, etc., and also includes treaties.

(a) Ethiopia
The first reference to Ethiopian legislation should contain, in the following order:
(1) Name or title of the law
(2) Date of promulgation
(3) Article, chapter, etc., of the law, as appropriate
(4) Type and number of the law
(5) The words "Neg. Gaz."
(6) Year and Number of the Negarit Gazeta where the law may be found.

Examples:
Unfair Trade Practices Decree, 1963, Art. 3, Decree No 50. Neg. Gaz.,
Gaz., Year 22, No 22.
The Establishment of the Federal Ethics and Anti-compution Commission
Proclamation, 2001, Proclamation No 235, Fed. Neg. Gaz. Year 7, No 26
Income Tax Proclamation, 2002, Neg. Gaz,
Gaz, Year 7, No 15
The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 1995, Fed. Neg. Gaz
Year 1, No 1

Codes: a reference to a code should be given only in the following manner.

Examples: Civ. C., Art. 2243

Legislation not in Negarit Gazeta: Legislation which does not appear in the Negarit Gazeta,
Gazeta,
either because it was promulgated before 1942 or because it was not published in the Negarit
Gazeta even though promulgated after that year, should be cited in a form as close as possible
to that specified above.

Example:

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 Law of Companies of 1933, Art. 10 (Unpublished, Archives, Faculty of Law,
Haileselassie I University)

Amendments: If a law has been amended, and the amendment is relevant in any way to the
part of the law cited, the words "as amended" should be placed after the regular citation.

Example:
Courts proclamation, 1962, Art. 1, Proc. No 195, Neg. Gaz., Year 22, No 7, as
amended, Courts (Amendment) proclamation, 1962, Art. 2, Proc No 203, Neg Gaz,
Gaz,
Year 22, No. 16

9.3.6. Government Documents and Reports

When referring to published documents and reports, follow the same rules as those prescribed
for books. (See Section 9.3.1 above)

Example:
The Federal Government of Ethiopia, Central Statistical Office, Ethiopian Statistical
Abstract (1998), p. 27

9.3.7. Unpublished Reports and Manuscripts

For references to unpublished judicial decisions and unpublished legislation, have a look at
our previous discussions. The first reference to other unpublished materials should contain, in
the following order:
(1) Author's name
(2) Title (underlined)
(3) Date the work was completed (in parenthesis)
(4) The word "unpublished" (in parenthesis)
(5) Place where the work may be found (in parenthesis)
(6) Section, article, number, page, etc., referred to, as appropriate

Example
L. Church, Cases and Materials on Agency and Business Organizations (1964-65),
(Unpublished, Library, Faculty of Law, Hailesellassie I University), p. 572

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 Aschalew Ashagre, The Crime of Hijacking and Trial of Hijakers Under
International Law (May 2002) (Unpublished, Library, Faculty of Law, Addis Ababa
University), p. 106

For items (1) (2) and (6), follow the rules prescribed for books in general. For item (5) if the
work is not available put the words "not available" in parenthesis where the work could
otherwise be.

9.3.8. Interviews, Speeches and Letters

References to materials obtained in an interview should contain, in the following order:
(1) The word "interview with"
(2) Full name of person interviewed
(3) Position of the person interviewed
(4) Date of the interview

Example
Interview with Ato Zimbelachew Bedilu, Kantiba of the City of Addis Ababa, May
26, 1998.

If the name of the person interviewed can't be given because the interview was confidential,
items (2) and (3) should be omitted and the word "confidential" should be put in parenthesis
after the word "interview".

References to speech should contain, in the following order:

(1) Full name of the speaker
(2) Place or occasion of the address
(3) Date of the address
(4) Facts relating to the place where the address may be found, it is recorded or reported
in written form.

Examples:
H.I.M. Hailesellassie I, Address to the Ethiopian Parliament, Nov. 2, 1958, in
Ethiopian Observer,
Observer, Apr. 1959, p. 66.

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 H.E. President Girma W/Giorgis, Address to the Federal Parliament, Oct. 2, 2003,
in Ethiopian Herald,
Herald, Nov. 2003, p. 12.

References to letters should contain, in the following order:

(1) The words "letter from"
(2) Name of the sender of the letter
(3) Address of the letter
(4) Date of the letter
(5) Facts relating to publication, if published
(6) Treatment as unpublished, if unpublished

Examples:
Letter from John F. Kennedy to H.I.M. Hailesselassie, Mar. 20, 1961, in H. Green
(ed.) Letters of the Presidents (1964) Vol. 3, p. 22.
Letter from Emperor Tewodros II to Queen Victoria, June 8, 1860 (Unpublished,
Library Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa University)

9.4. SHORTENED FORMS

When a reference has once been made in full form prescribed in the preceding pages of this
course, later references to the same book article, report, judicial decision, etc., may be in an
abbreviated form. The abbreviated form must contain all the information necessary to achieve
the purpose of citation.

The name of an author, if a European name, may be given without first initials. The title and
facts of publication of a book, or the title of an article and the name and volume number of the
journal or magazine in which it is found may be replaced by putting, after the author's name,
the words "cited above at note ____" (giving the number of the footnote where the work is
first cited). Volume numbers (for books) and page numbers, etc., must still be given in regular
form.

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Examples:
Jones, Cited above at note 5, Vol. 2, p. 86 Later reference to the same judicial decision
should contain the name, followed by the words "cited above at note ____" (giving the
footnote where the decision is first cited)., page numbers must be given.

Examples:
Cailland V. Vayssiere, Cited above at note 32, p. 465

Later reference to the same law should contain the name and the year of the law (or, if no
name, the type of legislation and the date), followed by the words" cited above at note _____"
(giving the number of the foot note where the law is first cited). Number of sections, articles
etc., must still be given.

Example:
Unfair Trade Practices Decree, 1963, cited above at note 18, Art. 8.

Later reference to all authorities other than judicial decisions and laws are treated the same as
looks. If references to the same book, judicial decision, law, etc., follow each other without
intervening reference, the abbreviations "Ibid." or "Id." are used. "Ibid" is used when the
second reference would be exactly the same as the previous reference, i.e., same volume,
page, article section, etc. If the second reference is to a different page, etc, or if any addition
whatsoever is being made to the preceding reference, "Id." is used. When "Id." is used, page
numbers, etc., must still be given.

Examples:
5. J. Graven, "The Penal Code of the Empire of Ethiopia," J. Eth. L.,
L.,
Vol. 1 (1964), p. 275
6. Ibid.

7. C. Antieau, Cases and Materials on the Law of Municipal Corporations (4th ed.,
1964), p. 42
8. Id., p. 87

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9.5. PERMISSIBLE ABBREVIATIONS

Because our audience may come from different legal systems and because part of this
audience may lack extensive technical training, the following abbreviations may be
permissible.

A. Countries, continents etc

Africa; African Afr.
England; English Eng.
Ethiopia; Ethiopian Eth.
France Fra.
Germany; German Ger.
Italy; Italian It.
Switzerland Switz.
United Kingdom U.K.
United Nations U.N.
United States U.S.

B. Months
January Jan.
February Feb.
March Mar.
April Apr.
August Aug.
September Sept.
October Oct.
November Nov.
December Dec.

C. Ethiopian Codes
Civil code of Ethiopia Civ. C.
Civil procedure code of Ethiopia Civ. Pro. C.

96
Commercial Code of Ethiopia Comm. C.
Maritime Code of Ethiopia Maritime C.
Penal Code of Ethiopia Pen. C.
Criminal Procedure Code of Ethiopia Crim. Pro. C.

D. Miscellaneous
Article Art.
Articles Arts.
Column Col.
Columns Cols.
Court Ct.
Decree number Decree No.
Edition, Editor ed.
Legislation legis.
Page p.
Pages pp.
Proclamation number proc. No.
Reference number Ref. No.
Supreme Sup.
Versus V.
Volume Vol.
Volumes Vols.

9.6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bibliographies should contain three sections: Table of Cases, Table of Laws, and other
bibliographic materials.

The table of cases should contain decisions listed according to country (or international
jurisdiction). The countries should appear in alphabetical order. Within each country, the
judicial decisions should be listed in alphabetical order according to the name.

97
The table of laws should be organized in the same manner as the table of cases; that is, by
country (or international jurisdiction) and in alphabetical order, and in the same form as a full
citation, particular articles or sections, etc., should not be cited. Where the law appears in a
publication containing more than that law, refer only to the page on which the law begins.

The section containing other bibliographic materials should be organized alphabetically

according the name of the author or editor, or if there is no author or editor, according to title.
The form in which the material is listed is the same as for full citation (including for books
and government documents and reports, the name of the publisher and the place of
publication) with the following exceptions.

The first initial of a European author should follow the surname, separated from it by a
comma. If there is more than one volume in set, specify the total number of volumes and not
the particular volume or volumes of which was used. Specify the year of publication,
inclusive, of all volumes of the set. (This exception, of course, does not apply to magazines,
and journals.)

When listing books, documents, etc., do not give a reference to a particular page, article,
chapter, etc.; refer only to the material as a whole. However, when listing articles in journals,
magazines, books, or newspapers, refer to the page on which the article begins.

If more than one work by the same author is cited, a long dash is used in place of the author's
name when the second and later entries to that author's work are cited.

Examples of Bibliography
I. Table of Laws
Law of companies of 1933 (unpublished, Archives, Faculty of Law, Hailesellassie I
University)

Income Tax Proclamation, 1961, proc. No. 173, Neg. Gaz., Year 20, No. 13

II. Table of Cases

Belete Belaineh V. Public Prosecutor (Sup. Imp. Ct., 1962), J. Eth. L., Vol. 1, p. 162
Ethiopian Airlines V. The Inland Revenue Authority (Federal High Ct. Addis Ababa, 1996)
J. Eth. L.,
L., Vol. 16, No. 2, p. 66

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III. Other Bibliographic Materials
Antieau, C., Cases and Problems on the Law of Municipal Corporation (4th ed., Buffalo,
New York, Dennis and Co., 1964)
Bassiouni, M. Cherif, International Extradition and Word Public Order (New York, Oceana
Publication, Inc., 1974)
Interview with Ato Ataklti Alemseged, Head, Legal and Public Relation Service, Ethiopian
Civil Aviation Authority, Mar. 16, 2002.

Check Your Progress Exercise

1. What do you understand by citation?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What do you think is the importance of studying the rules of citation?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Discuss the rule that must be followed when we cite a book.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. How are you going to cite if you conduct an interview with a public official?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. On the basis of the following information, cite the law properly.
Proclamation No: 235/9 2001
Name of the Law: The Establishment of the Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption
Commission
Federal Negarit Gazeta, Year, 9 No. 19

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9.7. SUMMARY

Legal research can be done with sources of different nature. It is impossible to do legal
research from the scratch for it is not a fiction. Therefore, a legal researcher is obliged to
resort to different authorities, Authorities could be books, magazines, journals, judicial
decisions, legislation of different kinds, speeches, letters, interviews.

These sources should be cited so that our audience can be convinced that our arguments are
supported by appropriate sources or materials, which have direct or indirect relevancy to the
arguments we may raise. Our audience may even sometimes want to reach the sources we
cited. For this purpose, we have to cite our sources properly adhering to generally accepted
rules of citations in legal research.

This unit has summarized the most important rules of citations ranging from books to
interviews. Therefore, students are strongly advised to carefully follow these rules when they
are engaged in legal research.

9.8. ANSWERS KEY TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS EXERCISE

1. Refer Section 9.2.

2. Refer Section 9.2.
3. Refer Section 9.3.1.
4. Refer Section 9.3.8.

9.9. MODEL EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

1. Mention the rules, which must be followed in citing judicial decisions?

2. When do we use such shortened forms of citation as "cited above at note ___", Ibid
and Id?
Id?

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9.10. GLOSSARY

1. Citation (of authorities) - The reading, or production of, or reference to, legal
authorities and precedents (such as constitutions, statutes, reported cases, and treatises) in
arguments to courts, in legal textbooks, law review articles, briefs, interviews and the like,
to substantiate or fortify the propositions advanced.
2. Ibid - Ibidem (Latin); in the same place, in the same book, on the same page, etc.,
3. Id - Idem (Latin) - the same, used to indicate a reference previously made.
4. Bibliography - list of books, case, laws and the like at the end of a written text.

9.11. SELECTED REFERENCES

1. ________ The Blue Book: A Uniform System of Citation (4th ed., 1991)
2. ________ Book of Citation (1965, Unpublished, Library, Faculty of Law,
Hailesellassie I University).
3. Statstey, William P., Legal Research and Writing (4th ed., New York, West Publishing
Company, 1993)
4. Wren, Stopher G., The Legal Research Manual (2nd ed., 1996)

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