- ေမာင္ - ယဥ္ - လိႈင္ - း (ပ်ဥ္ - းမၿမိဳင္ -) ေညာင္ - ရမ္ - း - ေခတ္ - ယဥ္ - - ေက်းမႈ

armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI
2013 ckESpf? yckuúL OD;tHk;azwnfaxmifaom

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anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI
armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd if)
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rsufESmzHk;yef;csD - H. Lwin
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jzpfonf/ ouú&mZf 996 ckESpf omvGefrif;w&m;BuD; Ouif yif;,NrdKU? a&Tpnf;cHkausmif;wdkufü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlaom
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ouú&mZf 967 ckESpf eef;wufaom taemufbufvGef anmif&rf;acwfonf pum;ajyxGef;um;aom acwfjzpf
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47
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59
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pm- 54 r[kwfMubJ trsm;pkaygif;aumif;rIcsnf;rsm;onf/ olwdkY
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68
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ausmif;Bu;D av;ausmif;udk jyKAmÁ 0ef? 'udP© m0ef? ypärd m0ef? Owå cJhay/
&m0ef [líorkwo f nf/ odrof rkwrf nf[k ausmufukd a&G;cs,f omvGerf if;onf ouú&mZf 1010 jynfEh pS ?f awmfovif;
apNy;D q&mawmfrsm;udk ok"r®mZ&yfoyYkd ifu h m odro f rkwrf nfh vqef; 10&uf(1) &ufwiG f ewf&mG pHc&hJ m om;awmfyif;wvJrif;
taMumif;wdik yf ifonf/ aumif;rIawmfukd a&Tx;D vnf; rwif (at'D 1648-1661) u crnf;awmf\ t½du k tf &mudq k ufcH
&ao;? ausmif;awmfrsm;udkvnf; rvSL&ao;? a&TxD;wifí onf/ xdkodkYqufcHNyD; ouú&mZf 1111 ckESpf? uqkefvqef;
ausmif;udkvSLNyD;rS odrforkwfoifhonf[k q&mawmfwdkYu 8 &uf(2) wevFmaeYwGif xD;awmfwifvSLcJhonf/
rdeMYf um;onf/(4) apwDawmfBu;D \ Adou k myH[ k efum; wpfrx l ;l jcm;vsu&f dS
ouú&mZf 1010 jynf?h uqkev f jynfah usmf 6 &uf(5) t*FgaeY? onf/ oa&acwå&mwGif&Sdaom ysLacwfbk&m;BuD;? bk&m;rm
aumif;rIawmf &mZmrPdplVmodkYul;NyD; ausmif;oHk;ausmif; uJo h yYkd rkH sK;d vnf;r[kw?f yk*wH iG &f adS om bl;bk&m;ESiv hf nf;rwl?
udkvSLonf/ wpfausmif;udkrl rD;usíavmifcJhaomaMumifh yk*Ha&Tpnf;cHkrSpNyD; aemufydkif;acwftqufqufwnfvkyfcJh
topfaqmufvyk &f onf/(6) aom ajrpdkufapwDrsm;ESifhvnf; uGJjym;onf/ r[m&mZ0if
aumif;rIawmfapwDawmfBu;D wnfvyk yf u kH kd r[m&mZ0if awmfBuD;tvdkt&rl jynf (oa&acwå&m) &Sd ighhwyg;rif;\
Bu;D ü tus,w f 0ifh rSww
f rf;wifxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ þaumif;rI ]]o&rm}} apwDawmfBuD;yHkawmftwdkif; wnfvkyfonf[kqdk
1/ 14 {NyD 1640 xm;onf/
2/ OD;ukvm; (w) nTef;NyD; pm- 241 tcsKdUbk&m;ordkif;usrf;rsm;u tcsif;oHawmif (160)?
3/ at'D -1644 wpfrdkufav;opf? tapmufoHawmif (101)awmif twdkif;
4/ OD;ukvm; (w) nTef;NyD; pm- 242
5/ 2 ar 1648 1/ 17 Mo*kwf? 1648
6/ OD;ukvm; (w) nTef;NyD; pm- 249 2/ 8 {NyD? 1649
t&Sn&f o dS nfh oD[Vkd u
f Re;f (,cko&D v d uFm) rS a'0geHy, D wdó xD;awmfapmuf (10) awmif (8) opf
rif;Bu;D \ ukov kd af wmf ]] xlyg½kaH pwD}} yHak wmf[k qdMk uonf/ xD;awmfaMu; tav;csdef (3440) ydóm
t&Sirf [dEr´ ax&fjrwf\ Mo0g'jzifh wnfaomapwDjzpfonf/ qnf;vnf;aygif; (80)
t&Sifjrwfu ]]t&SnfcHapvdkvQif}} pyg;pHk yHkwnf&rnf[k anmif&Gufaygif; (152) csyf
rdefYawmfrlcJhonfhtwdkif; wnfonf[k qdkvdkonf/(1) ywfvnfvdkPfrkcfESifh ewf½kyfaygif; (120)
odkYaomf omoem0ifordkif;usrf;aygif;rsm;pGm jyKpkawmf ywfvnf a&>yefe*g;½kyfaygif; (60)
rlcahJ om q&mawmfBu;D wpfyg;url oD[Vkd u f Re;f tEk&m"NrKd Uü ywfvnfausmufwdkifaygif; (1000)
apwDawmfBuD;wnfvkyfjcif;twGuf tkwfcsyfaygif;
wnf&Sdaom 'k|*grPdrif;BuD;\ aumif;rIr[mapwDBuD;\
10ç186ç 552? ajreD 1ç644ç585 wif;? t*Faw 22ç498 wif;
yHkawmfESifhom trsm;qHk;wlawmfrlaMumif; ukd,fawGUrsufjrif
ukefusaMumif;(1) rSwfom;&onf/
zl;awGUcJh&onfhtwdkif; trdefY&SdawmfrlcJhaMumif; rSwfom;&
xdak pwDawmfBu;D ü r[m&mrfo;kH xyf&&dS m tjyifr[m&mrf
onf/(2) BuD;rSm ta&SUtaemuf tvsm; 97 wm? awmifajrmufteH
apwDawmfBuD;\ Adokumqdkif&m twdkif;twmrsm;rSm 95 wm? tapmufoaH wmif 5 awmif 4 opf? twGi;f r[m&mrfrmS
ÓPfawmftjrifh oHawmif (101)awmif (8) rdkuf tvsm; 62 wm2 awmif? teH 62 wm 2 awmif jzpfNyD;
(,ckacwf twdkif;twmtm;jzifh 188 ay) tay:r[m&mrfrSm tvsm; 48 wm2 awmif? teH 47 wm
tcsi;f oHawmif 162 awmif 1 rdu k f (280 ay 9vufr) 1 awmif? tapmuf 5 awmif&Sdonf/(2)
t0ef;vk;H ywf 502 awmif 2 rdu k f 4 opf (880 ay? 5 vufr) Bu;D rm;us,jf yefaY om r[m&mrfwwH ikd ;f Bu;D ESihf vH;k ywfBu;D
xD;awmftcsif; (10) awmif awmfrlaom þ&mZrPdplVmac: aumif;rIawmfapwDawmf
1/ aumif;rIawmf (nTef;NyD;) pm- 65-66 BuD;rSm Adokumtjrift& xl;jcm;aom yHkoP²mef&SdaeNyD;
2/ ppfudkif; OD;nTefY&if \ ]] ppfudkif;bk&m;rsm;ordkif;}} nTefYpmay? 1/ aumif;rIawmf (nTef;NyD;) pm- 23-24
&efukef? 1345 ck? ewfawmfvjynfh? pm- 79 2/ aumif;rIawmf (nTef;NyD;) pm- 22
anmif&rf;acwf\ Adokumvuf&mtaejzifh xD;xD;rm;rm; zGHUNzdK;pnfyif&ef tvkdYiSm pGrf;tm;&SdorQaqmif&GufcJhjcif;
xif&mS ;pGm wnf&adS ejcif;u anmif&rf;acwftwGuf armfueG ;f Bu;D jzpfonf/
wpfqlyif jzpfaeayonf/ xdkapwDonf tif;0ESifhwHwm;OD;tMum; armfawmfum;
vrf;\0JbufuyfvsufwGif wnf&Sdonf/ xkdapwDwnf&ef
twGuf ajrae&mudk ta&SUtaemufawmifajrmuf wmav;
q,fausmf? tapmufckepfawmifudk rSL;om;rwfajr;wdkYESifh
ouú&mZf 964-ck? wefc;l vjynfah usmf (6) &uf? aomMumaeY(1)
wGif wl;azmfjyifqifonf/ 0gqdkvjynfhaeY(2) wGifa0gpD;NyD;
rif;BuD;onf bk&m;wnfrnfhae&modkY xGuf<uvmcJhonf/
aemufwpf&uf ]]aerGef;wnfh u&u#fv*f? u&u#fw&if;?
u&u#f e0if;jynfhvQif a&TBudK;ESifhwrsOf;csí &wemtwdpD
aom a&Twl&Gif;udkifí pawmfrlonf}}(3) [k rSefeef;&mZ0if
awmfBuD;wGif vmonf/
apwDawmfBuD;pwifwnfae&mü om;awmfBuD; r[mOy
&mZm? om;awmftvwf rif;&JocFo?l om;awmfti,f pukrif;
BuD;wdkYu a&Twl&if;? aqGawmfrsKd;awmf rSL;awmfrwfawmfrsm;
ppf u d k i f ; Nrd K Uaumif ; rI a wmf &mZrPd p l V mapwD a wmf u aiGwl&Gif;rsm;udkifí yg0ifcJhMuonf/ tvsm;? teHESifh
tapmufoHckepfq,fhig;awmif owfrSwfNyD;? apwDawmfBuD;
r[mjrwfrek ad pwDawmf
anmif&rf;acwfwGif xif&Sm;aomtjcm;apwDwpfqlrSm tm; a&TtkwfaiGtkwf pípDawmfrlcJhMuonf/
r[mjrwfrkedapwDawmfjzpfonf/ anmif&rf;rif;w&m;BuD; 1/ 2 {NyD? 1602
(at'D 1600-1608) \ ukodkvfawmfjzpfonf/ anmif&rf; 2/ 23 ZGef? 1602
rif;w&m;BuD;\ eef;pH (8) ESpfumvtwGif; omoemawmf 3/ rSefeef;&mZ0ifBuD;? wwd,wGJ? pm- 128
ouú&mZf 964-ck? wefaqmifrek ;f vqef; (12) &ufaeY(1) taemufbufveG rf if;onf r[mjrwfrek ad pwDawmftm;
wGif yxrtBudrfXmyemonf/ ajr,mrsm;ESihf uReof ;D awmfrsm;vnf; vSLcJo h nf/ ausmufpm
ouú&mZf 966-ck? wefaqmifrek ;f vqef; (12) &ufaeY(2) vnf;a&;xdk;cJhonf/ xkdausmufpmrl&if;udk rawGU&ao;
'kwd,tBudrf Xmyemonf/ aomfvnf; bd;k awmf (A'Hrk if;) vufxuf qifx h ;dk xd;k í ylaZmf
xkdESpf waygif;vjynfhausmf (8) &ufaeY(3) wGif wwd, vSL'gef;cJhaom ausmufpmudkrl awGU&onf/ (1)
tBurd f XmyemcJo
h nf/ waygif;vjynfah usmf (13) &uf aeYwiG f ouú&mZf 972 ck? wydw JG qef; (1)&uf? Mumoyaw;aeY(2)
Yk v
yef;vnfwdkifpdku(4)
f onf/ wefcl;vqef; (1) &ufaeY(5) wGif wGif taemufbufvGefrif;onf þr[mjrwfrkedü &[ef;
pwkw¬tBudrfXmyemí aumif;rIawmfNyD;onf/ oHCmawmfwdkYudk yifhzdwfum qGrf;auR;vkyfNyD; w&m;emcJ(3) h
anmif&rf;rif;w&m;BuD;u apwDawmfBuD;udkNyD;pD;atmif aMumif; &mZ0ifrsm;wGif azmfjyMuonf/ xkt Yd wl omvGerf if;
wnfEdkifcJhaomfvnf; xD;awmfrwifEdkifoGm;&ay/ xD;awmf vufxuf ouú&mZf 999-ck? wydkYwGJvjynfhausmf (5) &uf?
rwifrD ewf&GmpHcJhonf/ om;awmftaemufbufvGefrif;u t*FgaeY(4) ,if;&JapwDawmfww H ikd ;f wGif r@yfaqmufí yd#uwf
crnf;awmf\ t½du k t
f &mudq
k ufcNH y;D ouú&mZf 968 ck? e,kef aA'ifudkpí a&;&onf/ yd#uwfoHk;yHkü t"dyÜm,fudk todrf
(6)
vjynfh? paeaeY wGif xD;awmfwifcJhonf/ apwDawmfBuD; tarGU,lEdkifaom t&d,moljrwfwdkYvnf; rp&onf/ obif
udk,fvHk;awmfudkvnf; a&Tcsonf/(7)
1/ wd;k vS? tNird ;f pm;ordik ;f ygarmu©? rEÅav;wuúov
kd ?f rEÅav;\
1/ 16 atmufwdkbm? 1602 ]]yif;,-tif;0ajrrS ordkif;0ifapwDykxdk;rsm;}} (672-1247)
2/ 23 atmufwdkbm? 1602 2006-ckEpS ?f rwfv? pm- 126 (aemifwiG f wd;k vS (yif;,-tif;0)
3/ 1 rwf? 1605 [komnTe;f rnf/)
4/ 6 rwf? 1605 2/ 3 Zefe0g&Dv? 1611
5/ 9 rwf? 1605 3/ rSefeef;&mZ0ifawmfBuD;? wwd,wGJ? pm- 162? OD;ukvm;
6/ 10 ar? 1606 r[m&mZ0if? wwd,tkyf? pm- 157
7/ rSefeef;&mZ0ifawmfBuD;? wwd,wGJ? pm- 188 4/ 23 Zefe0g&D? 1638
Bu;D pGm&ufvnfatmif cHawmfro l nf/ &ufvnfvQif r[mjrwf
(1)
rke0d ef;usiüf a&;&onf [lí &mZ0ifrsm;u azmfjyMuonf/
omvGefrif;vufxufü r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;udk ukd,fvHk;
awmfjynfh a&TuyfvSLylaZmfxm;aMumif;? wHwdkif;0ef;usifudk
vnf; tqef;wMu,fp&D ifí vSLcJah Mumif;(2) vnf;od&onf/
paerif;vufxufwiG f ouú&mZf 1062 ckEpS ?f waygif;v
jynfah usmf (13) &uf? paeaeY (3)wGif r[mjrwfrek u d kd xD;awmf
(4)
wifvSLcJhaMumif; &mZ0ifrsm;üawGU&onf/
xkad nmif&rf;rif;\ ukov kd af wmf r[mjrwfrek ad pwDonf
atmufajcav;axmifh ypö,mcHy*k aH &Tpnf;cHyk akH wmfrsK;d jzpfonf/
apwDawmf\ypö,mav;axmifüh jcaoF½h yk Bf u;D rsm;cHxm;onf/
tay:ypö,rH sm;udw k ufonfh avSum;rsm;u ruef;avSum;
rsm;jzpfonf/ avSum;xdyrf ck w f u H aJ &SUwpfzuf wpfcsuüf bDv;l
ESpaf umif? xkrd t
S xufypö,o H t Ykd wuf e*g;ESpaf umifqif;[ef
avSum;? xdkavSum;txufwGif jcaoFhESpfaumif ponfjzifh
wefqmqifxm;onf/ owå0grsKd;pHku apwDawmfBuD;udk
apmifha&Smuf[ef,lyHk&onf/ tif ; 0Nrd K Ua[mif ; rS r[mjrwf r k e d a pwD a wmf
1/ rSefeef;&mZ0ifawmfBuD;? wwd,wGJ? pm-235? OD;ukvm;
r[m&mZ0if? wwd,tkyf? pm-238
2/ rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifBuD;? wwd,wGJ? pm- 248
3/ 22 azazmf0g&Dv? 1711
4/ rS e f e ef ; &mZ0if B uD ; ? wwd , wG J ? pm- 333? OD ; uk v m;
r[m&mZ0ifBuD;? wwd,tkyf? pm- 363
vjynfhausmfwpfq,fhoHk;&uf(1) Mumoyaw;aeY oHk;csuf
wD;ausmfwGif ausmufjzLudk pdefawmifvkyf&onf/ tkwfpí
zkwf&onf/ o&Gwfajrpí,lonf/
waygif;vqef; (8) &uf(2) paeaeYnOfah v;csuw f ;D ausmf
rmefatmif&wemapwDawmf ESpef m&Dwpfyg'fwpfAZD emwGif a&Ttw k af iGtwk pf ívky&f onf/
vqef;wpfq,fo h ;kH &uf (3) Mumoyaw;aeY eHeufwpfcsuw f ;D
anmif&rf;acwfrif;rsm;\ ukov kd af wmfrsm;wGif Adou k m
ausmf ig;em&Do;kH yg'fwiG f "mwfav;&yfNrKd UMuiSmef;oH;k &yfopfxl
vuf&myHkoP²mefrwljcm;em;aom apwDrSm paerif; (at'D
onf/ wGi;f csonf/ xdn k Ofo h ;kH csuw
f ;D ausmwf iG f aumif;rIawmf
1698-1714) \ ukodkvfawmf rmefatmif&wemapwDjzpf
tkwfpívkyfonf/ Xmyemwdkufausmufzsm pía&;onf/
onf/ OD;ukvm;\r[m&mZ0ifBu;D ü paerif;\ ]]rmefatmif
vqef; (14) &uf(4)aomMumaeY nOfhav;csufwD;ausmf
&wemapwDawmf}} wnfvkyfyHktqifhqifhudk tus,fw0ifh
ckepfem&D ESpyf g'fav;ADZemwGif aumif;rIawmf&majrjyifonf/
rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ azmfjyxm;yHkrSm
yef;vnfwdkifapwD&modkY oGif;onf/
ouú&mZf 1060 ckESpf? jymodkvqef; (14) &uf(1)Mumo
waygif;vjynfah usmf (13) &uf(5) aomMumaeY nOfEh pS cf suf
yaw;aeY? a&Teef;awmftaemufawmifaxmifh crnf;awmf
wD;ausmf av;em&DwGifaumif;rIawmf&majrrSpí xGefonf/
bk&m;tdraf wmf&mwGif aumif;rIawmfb&k m;wnf&ef ajrMunfh
XmyemausmufzsmapwD&modkY oGif;onf/
Mu&onf/ xdak eY eHeufwpfcsuw f ;D ausmo f ;kH em&DwiG f aumif;rI
awmf&majr&SpfrsufESmwGif rSwfwdkifpdkufonf/ 1/ 16 azazmf0g&D? 1699
wydw
Yk v f pf&uf(2) paeaeY nOfw
JG jynfah usmw h pfcsuw f ;D ausmf 2/ 25 azazmf0g&D? 1699
ig;em&DwGifaumif;rIawmf&m ajrewf N*dK[fewfylaZmf&onf/ 3/ 2 rwf? 1699
4/ 3 rwf? 1699
1/ 2 azazmf0g&D? 1699
5/ 17 rwf? 1699
2/ 4 azazmf0g&D? 1699
82
wefcl;vqef; (12) &uf(1) eHeufav;csufwD;ausmf uqkev f jynh(1)
f t*FgaeY noH;k csuw f ;D ausmf ig;em&DwiG f
ESpef m&Dwpfyg'fq,fAZD emwGif apwDawmf&myEéupf u kd of nf/ Xmyemrnfh½kyfwkawmf taygif;wdkYudk oHCmawmfwpf&mh
xkad eYnOfw
h pfcsuwf ;D ausmf oH;k yg'fav;ADZemwGif apwDawmf ig;q,f taeuZmwifawmfro l nf/ xkad eY wpfcsuw f ;D ausmf
&majrpepfonf y&dwfawmf&Gwfonf/ ig;em&D ESpyf g'fwiG f t|0Do½kywf ak wmfEpS uf syd &f pS q f u
l kd tvsif
wefcl;vjynfhausmf (1) &uf(2) t*FgaeYnOfhwpfcsufwD; Xmyemawmfro l nf/ xkad eY nOfah v;csuw f ;D ausmf ajcmufem&D
ausmf ig;em&Dwpfyg'fwGif apwDawmfa&TtkwfaiGtkwfrSpí oHk;yg'fwGif arGawmf"mwfawmf ½kyfwkawmftaygif;wdkYudk
pDonf/ r[m&mrfajrpESpfonf? r[m&mrfopfa&Gonf/ udk,fawmfwdkif Muyfrwfawmfrlí Xmyemawmfrlonf/ xdkaeY
t*Fawpívkyfonf/ r[m&mrfwefaqmif;yHkudkifonf/ tajymufpíxkonf/
wefcl;vjynfhausmf (11) &uf(3) aomMumaeY eHeuf
xD;awmfpí vkyfonf/
av;csufwD;ausmf ckepfem&DESpfyg'fwGif apwDawmfXmyem
uqkev f jynfah usmf (1) &uf(2) Ak'[
¨ ;l aeYot Ykd 0if nOfEh pS f
ausmufzsmcif;onf/
ouú&mZf 1061 ckESpf uqkefvqef; (11) &uf(4) csufwD;ausmf oHk;yg'fig;ADZemwGif Xmyemwdkufausmufydwf
aomMumaeY eHeufav;csuw f ;D ausmf ajcmufem&DwiG f arGawmf onf/ vjynfah usmf (9) &uf(3) Mumoyaw;aeY eHeufwpfcsuf
"mwfawmfwdkYudk aysmfbG,fuRef;ü a&oyÜm,f&onf/ uqkef wD;ausmf ajcmufem&DESpfyg'fig;ADZemwGif apwDawmfjcaoFh
vqef;wpfq,fo h ;kH &uf(5) we*FaEGaeY? eHeufwpfcsuw f ;D ausmf pítkwpf v D yk o f nf/
arGawmf"mwfawmfwdkYudkapwDawmf&modkY ydkYaqmifawmfrlí e,kefvqef; (6) &uf(4) t*FgaeYodkYt0if nOfhoHk;csuf
wefaqmif;wGif oDwif;oHk;awmfrlae&onf/ wD;ausmf ESpfem&DckepfADZemwGif apwDawmfjymom'fwdkif
1/ 31 rwf? 1699 r[m&mrf0ef;usif wefaqmif;wdkif pía&Gonf/
2/ 4 {NyD? 1699 1/ 2 ar? 1699
3/ 14 {NyD? 1699 2/ 3 ar? 1699
4/ 28 {NyD? 1699 3/ 11 ar? 1699
5/ 30 {NyD? 1699 4/ 23 ar? 1699
0gqdkvjynfhausmf (5) &uf(1) Ak'¨[l;aeY oHk;csufwD;ausmf uyifí h jynfow l Ykd ylaZmf&onf/ xdak eYEpS cf suw f ;D ausmf oH;k em&D
oH;k em&Dwpfq,fah v;ADZemwGif apwDawmfywfvnfwikd pf u kd f ESpfyg'fwGif apwDawmft*Fawpívkyfonf/ wefaqmif;
onf/ r[m&mrfww D nf/ vjynfah usmf (8)&uf(2)
H ikd ;f pí tkwpf o jymom'fxyk u d mvkyo f nf/ emrHawmfurÜn;f ur®0gpmwGiaf &;
paeaeYnOfhoHk;csufwD;ausmf ESpfem&DoHk;yg'fav;ADZemwGif onf/
apwDawmfjymom'fwefaqmif; r[m&mrfyEéufpdkufonf/ 0gacgifvjynfah usmf (1) &uf(1) wevFmaeY eHeufwpfcsuf
jirf;axmufonf/ wD;ausmf wpfem&Dq,fhwpfADZemwGif apwDawmfrSmqGJ&ef
vjynfah usmf (10) &uf(3) wevFmaeY ESpcf suw f ;D ausmf qnf;vnf;oGef;onf/ 0gacgifvjynfhausmf (10) &uf(2)
oH;k yg'fESpfADZemwGif jymom'fwefaqmif; r[m&mrf wGif;wl; Ak'[
¨ ;l aeY eHeufav;csuw f ;D ausmf ESpef m&Do;kH yg'f ajcmufAZD em
onf/ vjynfhausmf (12) &uf(4) eHeufwpfcsufwD;ausmf wGif apwDawmfaMu;pavmif;oGe;f onf/ cs&m;oD;za,mif;yHk
oHk;em&D oHk;yg'fudk;ADZemwGif jymom'fwefaqmif; r[m&mrf vkyfí oGef;onf/
wGif;wl;onf/ wpfcsufwD;ausmf ckepfem&Dq,fADZemwGif awmfovif;vjynf(3) h wevFmaeY eHeufwpfcsuw f ;D ausmf
wGif;odkYopf&yfonf/ av;em&DwGif r[m&mrfapmif;wef;rkcfOD; aygif;ul;onf/
vjynfhausmf (14) &uf(5) aomMumaeY nOfhESpfcsufwD; acgif;avmif;av;vHk; za,mif;yHkvkyfonf/ apwDawmf
ausmf wpfem&DoHk;yg'fq,fhwpfADZemwGif r[m&mrfjymom'f opfap; píokwo f nf/awmfovif;vjynfah usmf (10) &uf(4)
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1/ 5 Zlvdkif? 1699 awmif;yefawmfrlonf/
2/ 8 Zlvdkif? 1699 1/ 21 Zlvdkif? 1699
3/ 10 Zlvdkif? 1699 2/ 9 Mo*kwf? 1699
4/ 12 Zlvdkif? 1699
5/ 14 Zlvdkif? 1699 3/ 28 Mo*kwf? 1699
6/ 24 Zlvdkif? 1699 4/ 7 pufwifbmv? 1699
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2/ 7 atmufwdkbmv? 1699 vkyfaqmifonfh &ufpGJrsm;udkMunfhygu qufwu kd qf okd vdk
3/ 20 Edk0ifbmv? 1699
1/ 13 Zeffe0g&D? 1700
4/ 2 Zefe0g&Dv? 1700
2/ OD;ukvm;r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;? wwd,tkyf? pm 351-358
5/ 11 Zefe0g&Dv?1700
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&onf/ pdefawmifrsm; jc,fvS,fxm;onf/
avmurm&fatmifapwDawmf xdkypö,moHk;qifhtay:ü &Spfaxmifh? azmif;&pfckepfck
avmurm&fatmifapwDawmfonfvnf; paerif;\ wufNy;D xdt k xufü &Spaf xmifch sK;d acgif;avmif;yHu k kd wifxm;
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1/ wdk;vS (yif;,-tif;0) (nTef;NyD;) pm- 140 acgif;avmif;yHktay:ü &SpfaxmifhcsKd;iSufaysmzl;udkwifNyD;
2/ ,if; pm- 140 xD;pdkufxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ jyefvnfjyKjyifxm;onfh vuf&m
jzpfaomfvnf; rlvAdou k m vuf&myHo k P²mefukd tajccHum od&onf/(1) xkdqif;wkawmfBuD;udef;0yfEdkif&ef tkwfjymom'f
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cJhjcif; jzpfonf/(1) wnfNy;D p avmuo&zlapwDawmf\ xD;awmfonf 1098
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vufxufusrS Ny;D pD;atmif vkyaf qmifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf/ bGUJ awmf &mü xkrd if;wdYk pHjref;&mt&yfrS eHawmfrv l &St d &yfü wnfvyk f
udkvnf; r[m"r®&mZm"dywdrif;yif ]] avmuo&zl}} [k avh&SdMuonf/ rlvarG;eHudkaA'ifusrf;rsm;ü jyonfrSm
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xdk½kyfwkawmfBuD;onf yv’iftxufwpfq,fhESpfawmif om;\ rlvt&yfrSm ajrmuft&yf? &m[kom;\rlvt&yfrSm
tjrif&h o dS nf/ yv’iu f ajcmufawmiftjrif&h o dS nf/ xkaYd Mumifh ta&SUajrmuf? wevFmom;\ rlvt&yfrmS ta&SUt&yf? pae
qif;wkawmfBu;D wpfcv k ;kH \ ÓPfawmft f jrifo h nf wpfq,fh
1/ wdk;vS (yif;,-tif;0) (nTef;NyD;) pm- 156
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1962-63 ckESpftwGuf ESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpm? A[dkyHkESdyfwdkuf?
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vkyfawmfrlcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ eef;awmfudk NrdKU&Gmrsm;u aqmuf q&mawmfwu Ykd ]]bk&m;tm; vSLNy;D aom ausmufpmudk ul;í
vky&f onf/ ouú&mZf 963 ckEpS ?f wydw Yk vJG a½Teef;wuford ;f xD;eef;rpD&ifoihf? igwdkYav;yg;&SdavNyD/ xD;eef;wnfzdkY&m
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eef;awmfraqmufvyk rf D y&dwrf EÅerf sm; &Gwzf wfonhf tpD ayrnf/ xdkq&mawmfwdkY rdefYonfhtwdkif; eef;wnfpmwrf;
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wGif Am;rJhq&mawmfESif h rGef&[ef;tyg; 20wdkYu jrpfi,fjrpf ½ d k ; eef;awmfudk wnfvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfaMumif; ordkif;pmrsufESmrsm;
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rSwfom;zG,f&maumif;onfrSm anmif&rf;acwf? oHC 1/ a½Tudkif;om;\ ESpf 600 jynhftif;0 (tif;0acwf jyefvnf
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1/ jrefrmrI (nTef;NyD;) pm- 186 (aemifwGif ]]tif;0}} [kom nTef;onf? pm- 19)
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onf/(1) eef;raqmif 1
anmif&rf;rif;wnfvyk af om eef;awmftm; yk&ydu k jf zLwGif taemufydkif;rif;crf;awmfaqmif 3
awGU&orQ yEéufyHkrSm pEkaqmif 4
ta&SUydkif;rif;crf;awmfaqmif 11 rdzk&m;aqmif 8
eef;raqmif 1 pkpkaygif;taqmif 27
taemufydkif;rif;crf;awmfaqmif 3 tdrfomawmf 5
pEkaqmif 3 avSum; 14 wdkY(1) jzpfonf/
rdzk&m;aqmif 8 EdIif;,SOfavhvmEdkif&ef wifjyvdkuf&ayonf/
pkpkaygif;taqmif 26
tdrfomawmf 2
avSum; 16 wd(2) kY yg &Sdonfudk
awGU&onf/
anmif&rf;rif;aemuf omvGefrif; ouú&mZf 996 ckESpf
wGif wnfvyk af om eef;awmfuvnf; anmif&rf;rif;eef;awmf
uJoh Ykd a½SUydik ;f rif;crf;awmfaqmif? aemufyikd ;f rif;crf;awmfaqmif
yEéufyHkpHta&twGuf wloavmuf&Sdonfudk awGU&onf/
ouú&mZf 996 ckESpf (at'D 1634) wGif wnfvkyfaom
omvGefrif;\ eef;awmfyEéufyHkü
1/ jrefrmrI (nTef;NyD;) pm- 186/
2/ tif;0 (nTef;NyD;) pm- 226/ 1/ tif;0 (nTef;NyD;) pm- 226
anmif&rf;acwftrd f
anmif&rf;acwfwiG f &Sib f &k ifEiS fh ywfoufaom eef;awmf?
q&mawmf? oHCmawmfwYkd oDwif;oH;k &m bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;
rsm;udk aqmufvkyf&mü aqmifzGJYyHkpepf? tcef;cef;taqmif
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ESpfjzmwGif tjrihfjrwfqHk;rsm;aexdkif? oDwif;oHk;&mjzpf
íxkduJhodkY BuD;us,f&jcif;jzpfonf/
rif;rdz&k m;wdaYk tmuftqihef rd ahf om tdraf &SUrif;? rif;nD
rif;om;? rSL;rwft&m&Srd sm;aexdik &f m tdraf wmfrsm;onfvnf;
xdkufoihfoavmuf BuD;us,fMuayonf/ &mxl;tedrfhtjrifh
tqifhtavsmuf taqmifzGJUyHk? tcef;zGJUyHk? trGrf;tajymuf
qif&yHk uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdaomfvnf; omrefjynfolrsm;\
aetdrfxufrl rsm;pGmBuD;us,fayonf/
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tdrfa&SUrif;tdrfawmfESihfywfoufí
145
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qufrSm avsmif;awmfOD;aqmif? tv,fqufrSm traqmif? pdwftm½Hkjzihf rSef;qMunhfjrifEdkifonf/ tdrfawmfonf ta&SU
taemufqufrmS taemufaqmif? ta&SUavsmif;awmfO;D aqmif? taemufwef;onf/ aeoGm;&mvrf;aMumif;twdik ;f taqmif
taemufaqmifukd ypöKuefo Y nf/ taqmifywfvnfukd Murf;jyif zGJUxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ta&SUpGefu avsmif;awmfOD;aqmif?
vnfí avsmif;awmfO;D quf? ta&SUrsuEf mS Murf;jyifwiG f avSum; tv,fu traqmif? taemufu taemufaqmifponf
wnfonf/ traqmifwiG f rm&bifysOaf xmifumoef;í tv,f wef;aernf/ tv,faqmifjzpfonfh traqmif\ vuf0J
csuu f kd ydwif;Bu;D xm;onf/ ydwif;Bu;D vufwiG ;f odYk b@dKijf zL vuf , mwG i f wpf a qmif p D x yf x k w f x m;onf / vuf 0 J
wnfí rsuEf mS Muufcgomudk Mum,yf wpfqifx h Ek iS ?fh rsuEf mS aqmifrmS twGi;f 0efwaYkd eonft h aqmif? vuf,maqmifrmS
Muufqo JG nf/ traqmifvuf0v J ,f,m Murf;jyifvufjyifu Oykofawmfapmihftaqmifjzpfonf/ xdkESpfaqmifpvHk;rSm
xm;0,faqmifEpS af qmif pD&ifonf/ vuf0u J ta&SUpGex f m;0,f xm;0,faqmifrsm;jzpfonf/ bHEk pS q f ihf wpfvnfay:aqmif
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bufuta&SUpGef xm;0,faqmifrmS Oykoaf wmfapmiht f aqmif?
vsm;wpfaqmif&adS o;onf/ þodjYk zihf tdraf &SUtdraf wmf yEéuf
taemufawmif taemufMurf;jyifu xm;0,faqmifvsm;
yHuk kd rSe;f íMunhEf ikd o
f nf/ avSum;u avsmif;awmf OD;aqmif
wpfaqmifaqmufvyk o f nf/tdraf qmifrmS xkypf yG af vsmufpyG &f
e,fcí H ½dik (f 2)xyfr;kd onf/ ½dik af y:wGif oufi,fr;kd í Muufeif; ta&SUrSm &Sdonf/
rsufuG,fuyfwifonf/ trGrf;jcifyw d uf kd oyd;k ysOu f v kd yk íf tdrfa&SUrif;wGif udk,f&Hawmfrsm;&Sdonf/ ta>ct&Hrsm;
BuKd ;iifvu kd o
f nf/ wk&ifv;kH xnfo h nf/ pdefzl;rwyf&/ trGrf; &So
d nf/ ½H;k trIxrf;rsm;&So d vdk vHNk cKH a&;0efxrf;rsm;vnf;&So
d nf/
jcifydwfudk teDrokwf&/ twGif;t&dyfae ysOfaxmifrSpí xdo k w l Ykd aep&mtdrrf sm; tvkyv f yk &f m½H;k ? toH;k taqmifypön;f
xdk&e,fxkyfavsmuf0ef;rsufESmMuufrsm;rSm ajrjzLokwí f rsm; xm;&mae&mrsm;vnf; &S&d onf/ 0if;av;rsuEf mS tum
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(1)
teDokwfonf }}[lí azmfjyxm;onf/ wef;vsm;ponfwdkY&Sdrnf/ þodkYjzihf tdrfa&SUrif;wpfyg;\
1/ tif½Hk (ñTef;NyD;) pm- 10-11/ ta>ct&H? taqmifta,mif? toH;k taqmifrsm; aeavmuf
xm;avmufatmif us,f0ef;aom 0if;twGif;wGif Adokum ESpaf qmif? vuf,mbufuvnf; onfenf;aqmufvyk o f nf/
twwfjzihf ae&mcs&ayrnf/ avsmif;awmfO;D vuf0b J ufajrmuf0if;em;twGi;f udk vufaqmif
avmuAsL[musrf; (tif½Hkpmwrf;) rSmyif þAdokum ,lwdkuf? onftaemufudk pnfawmfwdkuf aqmufvkyfonf/
oabmudk azmfjyxm;onf/ 0if;av;rsuEf mS ywfvnfjyif0if;em;wGif vuf0b J ufu ud, k &f H
]]0if;av;rsufESmrSm jrif;Murf;uyfumonf/ txufudk aewef; 10aqmif? vuf,mbufu ud, k &f aH ewef; 10aqmif?
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xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ aumifae[efwef;oH;k ? taemufwcH g;jyifuvnf; onfenf;wl
0if;wHcg;rsm;xm;yHkESihf ywfoufí aqmufvkyfonf(1)}} [lí azmfjyxm;onf/ xdkazmfjycsufudk
]]avsmif;awmfO;D avSum;qDwnfw h iG f 0if;wHcg;? taemuf tajccHNyD; Adokumoabm ae&mcsMunhfygu yl;wGJazmfjyyg
rsuEf mS uonf tv,fcsuw f iG f aemuf0if;wHcg;wpf? 0if;wHcg; yHkpHtwdkif; yEéufyHk&&Sdrnfjzpfonf/
12qlxm;onf}} [kazmfjyxm;onf/ 0if;twGi;f ü taqmuf tdraf wmfü xm;0,faqmif ESpaf qmif? xm;0,fvsm;aqmif
ttHkrsm;udk ae&mcsxm;&müvnf; wpfaqmifygonfukd awGU&onf/ ESpx f yfwpfvnfay:ü pkvpf
]]twGi;f wGif vuf0u J tdraf v;? vuf,mbufu tdraf v; rGr;f cRerf sm;pGm rwyf&? wk&ifv;kH wyfonf/ pdezf ;l rwyf&onf
aqmif?aygif;ud;k aqmif? tdraf qmifaqmufonf/ onftwGi;f udkvnf; jyxm;onf/ Adokumoabmt& uefYowfcsuf?
udkrm&bifuyfumoef;í twGif;u 0if;wHcg;ig;xm;onf/ owfrw S cf sut f wdik ;f xnh&f wyf&onfukd owdxm;rd&monf/
0if;awmfjyifu a½SU0if;wHcg;wpf? jyifvuf,mbufu ½H;k rwpf? rmefatmif&wembk&m;'g,um rif;w&m;vufxuf nDawmf
vuf0Jbufu ½Hk;i,fwpf? taemufwHcg; vuf,mbufu &Sief ef;qufukd tdraf &SUt&may;onft h cg ]]trd;k tkw<f uyfEiS fh
taemuf½Hk;wpf? xm;0,fvnfay: trGrf;jcifydwf wk&ifjym; trGrf;jcifydwfwk&ifudk teDokwfaMumif;(2) wdkifzHk; urÜwfBuD;
xnfo h nf/ 0if;wGi;f u avomaqmif? ajrmufrm&biftwGi;f wGif i,fudk teDokwfaMumif;(3)}} awGU&onf/
aoewfaqmifESpfaqmif? avsmif;awmfOD; vuf,mrm&bif 1/ tif½Hk (nTef;NyD;)pm- 11-12/
em;wGif ud,
k &f aH ewef; ESpaf qmifp?D avsmif;awmfO;D vuf0b J uf 2/ ,if; pm- 12/
0if;em;wGif aoewfwef;aqmif;wpf? onfajrmufuu kd ,
kd &f aH e 3/ ,if; pm- 236/
jynfrif; (at'D 1661-1672) vufxuf aemifawmf 0gacgifvqef; (4)&uf (1) aomMumaeY tdrfawmfwuf(2)
awmifirl if;udk awmifiu l akd y;Ny;D rif;jyK&mü ]]tdrjf zL ig;quf? aMumif; ordkif;pmrsufESmwGif tao;pdwfazmfjyxm;onf/
ESpfxyf? a&mifOD; oHk;xyf? ajrmufavom uGrf;aq;? tdrfom tdrfawmfwufonftxd tcsdefwdkumvwpfvtwGif;rSm
trGrf;jcifydwf cHkwdkifoHk;? uHywf teDay;}} (1) awGU&onf/ NyD;pD;atmif tjref tifwdkuftm;wdkufaqmufvkyfcJhaMumif;
&rnf;oif;rif; (rif;&Jausmfxif) (at'D 1673-1698) od&monf/
vufxuf tdraf &SUrdz&k m;r,fawmf&iS rf zd &k m; tdraf wmfaqmuf
vkyfyHkudk
ouú&mZf 1047 ck? 'kwd,0gqdkvjynhf(2) we*FaEGaeY
opfxGif;?
vjynhfausmf (1)&uf(3) wevFmaeY tdrfawmfyEéuf½dkuf?
vjynhfausmf (3) &uf(4) Ak'¨[l;aeY tdrfawmfopfxl?
vjynfhausmf (5) &uf(5) aomMumaeY tdrfawmfwGif;
wl;wGif;cs? xkyfavsmufwif?
vjynhaf usmf (10)&uf(6) Ak'[ ¨ ;l aeY tdraf wmftrGr;f csiyf w
d f
wif?
1/ OD;ukvm;? r[m&mZ0ifBuD;? w? pm228/
2/ 5 Zlvdkif? 1685/
3/ 6 Zlvdkif? 1685/
4/ 8 Zlvdkif? 1685/ 1/ 24 Zlvdkif? 1685/
5/ 10 Zlvdkif? 1685/ 2/ OD;ukvm; r[m&mZ0ifBuD;? w? pm- 255/
6/ 15 Zlvdkif? 1685/
a[mif;rsm;url t0dkif;yHkraqmifaomfvnf; NrdKU½dk;axmifh
cRef;rsm; auG;0ef;aeaomaMumihf t0ef;yHkaqmif NrdKU½dk;[kyif
owfrw S Ef ikd o
f nf/
ysLNrdKUjyEdkifiHrsm; acwfvGefNyD; yk*HacwfESihfaemufydkif;
anmif&rf;acwf Adou
k mpepfqikd &f mtcsKd ;;;; acwfNrKd UjyEdik if rH sm;wGif NrKd U½d;k rsm;udk av;axmifph wk*yH jkH zpfap?
pwk&ef;yHjk zpfap? axmifrh eS af xmihcf sKd ;jzihf wnfvyk v f mMuonf/
jrefrmAdokuma0g[m&wGif armfvdkifcsdK;? armf,Gef;csdK;? rEÅav;? tr&yl&? a½Tbdk? awmifil? [Hom0wD (yJcl;) NrdKU½dk;
cdek ef;csKd ;[laom tcsKd ;oH;k rsKd ;&So
d nf/ a&S;acwfAo d u k mwdYk wHwikd ;f rsm;rSm tqdyk gav;axmifph wk*yH ?kH pwk&ef;yHk NrKd U½d;k rsm;jzpfonf/
cwf&mwGifvnf;aumif;? taqmufttHk\ atmufajcudk tif;0NrdKU½dk;url xdkNrdKU½dk;yHkrsm;ESihfrwl? wpfrluGJjym;pGm
yHkazmfaqmufvkyf&mü csdK;avh&Sdaom tcsdK;oHk;rsdK;jzpfonf/ &So
d nf/ tif;0NrKd U½k;d yHuk kd armf,eG ;f csKd ; csKd ;Ny;D wnfvyk xf m;jcif;
xdok ;kH rsKd ;teuf armfvikd cf sKd ;rSm auGUauGUaumufaumuf jzpfonf/ uke;f abmifrif;qufrS qifjzL&Sirf if; (at'D 1763-
tcsKd ;rsKd ;jzpfonf/ armf,eG ;f csKd ;rSm axmifah xmif, h eG ;f ,Ge;f tcsKd ; 1776) vufxufNrdKUawmfudk topfzGihfí wnfonfhtcg
rsKd ;jzpfonf/ cked ef;csKd ;rSm axmifrh eS af xmifq h uftcsKd ;rsKd ;jzpfonf/ a½TNrdKUawmf ta½SUrsufESmudk armf,Gef; (5)csufcsdK;í
a&S;jrefrmrif;rsm; NrdKUopfrsm;wnfvkyfonfhtcg NrdKU½dk; awmifrsufESmudk armf,Gef; (9)csuf? taemufrsufESmudk
yHkpHoHk;rsdK;oHk;pm;jzihf wnfvkyfavh&SdaMumif; od&onf/ armf,eG ;f (11)csu?f ajrmufrsuEf mS udk armf,eG ;f (5)csucf sKd ;í
a&S;tusqHk; jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxuf (ysLNrdKUjyEdkifiHrsm;) ü wnfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ armf,Gef;tcsdK;aygif; 30 &Sdonf/
NrKd U½d;k udk t0dik ;f t0ef;yHk wnfvyk w f wfMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf pOfhul;rif; (at'D 1776-1782) vufxufa&mufonhftcg
oa&acwå&mNrKd Ua[mif; NrKd U½d;k yHrk sKd ;jzpfonf/ 0dik ;f 0dik ;f pufpuf ajrmufrsuEf mS wGif ESpcf sKd ;avsmo h mG ;ojzihf armf,eG ;f 28 csKd ;om
r[kwaf omfvnf; t0dik ;f yHak qmif NrKd U½d;k [kqEkd ikd o f nf/ tvm;wl usefonf[k od&onf/
waumif;? 0wD;? oJukef; ponfhNrdKUa[mif;rsm;onfvnf; tif;0udk þodaYk rmf,eG ;f csKd ;csKd ;í wnf&onfrmS tif;0NrKd U
t0dkif;yHkNrdKU½dk;rsm;yifjzpfonf/ AdóEdk;? [efvif;paom ysLNrdKU ukef;ajronf a&pyf? tif;pyf? ukef;csdKihfa&maeaom ae&m
152
jzpfaeaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf a½S;usaom ysLNrdKUjy axmifha&muf wnfvkyf&jcif;jzpfonf/ wHcg;ayguf 33
Edik if rH sm;uJo h Ydk t0dik ;f yHNk rKd U½d;k vnf;wnfr&? pwk&ef;yH?k pwk*yH kH &So
d nf/
jzpfatmif rsOf;ajzmifhNrdKU½dk;tem;a&;rsm;udk ajzmihfajzmihf ig;ydwef;NrKd Uaxmifw
h iG f ta½SUudak zmufí rd;k aumif;wHcg;?
rwfrwfcwfívnf;r&ojzihcf sKd ;vdu k ?f apmif;vdu k ?f qufvu dk f ¤if;awmifta½SUudkazmufí aiGpifacsmif;0ausmfatmif
ESit fh csKd ;rsm; pyf[yfum NrKd U½d;k cwf&jcif;jzpfaMumif; em;vnfEikd f wHcg;?
onf/(1) ¤if;awmif armf,Gef;uGif;awmifudk azmufí &efa½GwHcg;?
tif;0NrKd U\ armf,eG ;f csKd ;yHNk rKd U½d;k udk uke;f abmifacwf qifjzL ¤if;awmifuakd vQmufí ta&SUudak zmufvsuf &efpifwcH g;?
&Sifrif;vufxuf wnfvkyfonf[kqkdaomfvnf; ueOD; ¤if;awmifta&SUudkazmufí &efESdyfwHcg;?
armf,eG ;f csKd ;tpudk anmif&rf;acwf r[m"r®&mZm"dywd (at'D ¤if;u ta&SUudkarmf,Gef;csDí ajrmufudkazmufvsuf
1733-1752) vufxufNrdKUwnf&mü pcJhonf/ uif;vGwfwHcg;rom?
r[m"r®&mZm"dywdrif;vufxuf ouú&mZf 1110 jynfEh pS f ¤if;ta&SUudkazmufí &efuif;wHcg;?
(at'D 1748) wGif wyfBuD;udk odrf;íNrdKUwnfcJhonf/xdkodkY ¤if;awmifta&SUudkazmufí &efNrdKUwHcg;?
wnf&mü qif;&Jom;uReaf wmfrsKd ;wdrYk mS yifyef;vSonf/ rcefY ¤if;awmifta&SUudkazmufí uif;vwfwHcg;rom?
rxm; rvkyaf qmifapbJ &Sib f &k ifu, kd wf ikd rf pS Ny;D rif;rdz&k m;? ¤if;awmifta&SUudkazmufí cHvGwfwHcg;?
rif;nDrif;om; rSL;awmf? rwfawmfwYkd xdu k &f moif&h m wma0Ny;D ¤if;u NrdKUaxmifhxm;cJhNyD;vQif taemufudkavQmufí
vkyfMu&onf/ rif;{u&mZfu wm 500? rif;rdzk&m;wdkYu awmifudkazmufvsuf pHa0;wHcg;?
wm 250 pD? awmifi&l mZmu wm 300? rSL;awmfrwfawmfwu Ykd ¤if;pHxm;wHcg;?
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xdkvuFmyg qHxHk;rsm;onf anmif&rf;acwf qHxHk;rsm;[k wdavmu*k½kvdkPf*lrS yef;csDt&vnf; trsdK;om;rsm;rSm
qdkaomf qdkEdkif&monf/ ,Ofaus;rI ul;vl;qufqHa&;t& vufputuso Ð ifwikd ;f udk 'l;zH;k atmif0wfNy;D ykq;kd udk cg;yHck sí
&cdkifESihf jrefrm,Ofaus;rIonf qufpyfrI&SdEdkifaomaMumihf 0wfqifaMumif; awGU&onf/ xdkacwfa,musfm;0wfykqdk;rSm
jzpfonf/ tvsm; (16) awmif&n S í f teH (5) xGm&So d nf/ vufputusÐ
t0wftqif rSmudk,fxnfcyfyGyGjzpfonf/ odk&if;tusÐ[k ac:Edkifrnf
anmif&rf;acwfü ]]tcsdwf}} [laom t0wftqifrsdK; xifonf/(1) rif;nDrif;om;yHrk sm;udk rud#k af qmif;yHk odrYk [kwf
ay:aygufaeNyD[k ,lqEdkifonf/ 0efBuD;ya'o&mZm\ o&zlaqmif;yHkjzihf jc,fvS,fwwfMuonf/ tusÐta&mifrSm
]]olZmysdKU}} wGif tpdr;f a&mifjzpfojzihf xdak cwfu tpdr;f a&mifukd toH;k jyKrsm;
]]e*dk&fpdk;csm? rif;wdkYomvQif? 0wf&mpOf½dk;? &mjrihfrdk;\? [ef&o dS nf/ olaX;ol<u,fwyYkd u kH rkd l aAmif;xkyEf iS fh awGU&onf/
ykqdk;vQyfoGif}} [laompmyk'fESihf
1/ &mZ0ifopf (w) (nTef;NyD;) pm- qD/
1/ MuL&wem (nTef;NyD;) pm- 14/
tif ; 0ol w d k Y \ t0wf t qif r sm;rS m uef Y v ef Y p if ; ES i h f rsm;ESihf opfvGifawmufyaom t0wftpm;rsm; 0wfqifMu
tjzLcHwGif yef;yGifhazmfxm;aom xbDrsm;udk ajcrsufpdtxd aMumif; odEdkifonf/(1)
0wfqifvsuf tusÐrsm;uvnf; vufryg? &ifom;txufrS eH&Haq;a&;yef;csDrsm;wGif uacsonfrsm;\ yHkwGif tuÐs
'l;avmuftxd pGyfí 0wfqifxm;Muonf/ ycHk;ESpfzufwGif vuf y G E S i h f xbD t em;yG B uD ; rsm;ud k 0wf q if x m;onf /
y0gjzLESifhwbufudk vTrf;NcHKxm;onf/ y0gjzLudk ycHk;wpfzuf trsdK;orD; wl&d,m0dkif;rsm;udk yk*H? tmeE´mtkwfausmif;eH&H
wnf;odkif;í wGJvsm;csxm;onf/(1) yef;csDü awGU&onf/n§if;rIwfol? ywåvm;wD;ol? apmif;?
taemufbufveG rf if;\ q&mawmfwpfyg;a&;aom yk*NH rKd U? rdausmif;wD;ol ponfjzihf ygonf/ wbufNcKH onf"h avhonf
"r®&mZdubk&m; rifpmvuFmoHk;yk'füvnf; anmif&rf;acwf xif&mS ;onf/ ]]awmify<H u<uNr;D yGyEG iS ?fh rEÅ&oGi?f Oa'gif;½Tio
f }Ykd }
(2)
trsdK;orD;rsm;\ 0wfpm;qif,ifyHkudk awGU&onf/ [laom pmESihfudkufnDatmif <u<u&G&GyHkrsm; jzpfonf/
]]ewfoGifndrfhav;? ysdKi,faoG;wdkY? eHYarT;aygufjy? 0wfqif a,bk,stm;jzihq f &kd ygu anmif&rf;acwfjynforl sm;onf
Muí? aZmwvTJajymif;? em;a#mif;vufMuyf? vufpGyfa½Tyef;? qif;&Jcsrf;omra½G;? *kPfjrihf *kPfedrfhrcGJjcm;bJ wpfyHkpHwnf;
aom ykqdk;? xbD? tuÐs? wbufwdkYudk 0wfqifMuaMumif;
ajymif½eT ;f ysKd ;jyuf? vQw
H ufqu H si?f ud,
k pf q
D ifí ewfoiG pf aH jrmuf?
od&onf/ rif;nDrif;om;? rSL;rsKd ;rwfE, G f ponfwu Ykd uwåyD g?
BudKifopfatmuf0,f? 0if;awmufajymif½Tif? azmfyift&Sdef?
cgom? Zy,if? w½kwfykqdk;? ydk;? ywåL? ykqdk;? zJ? rIdif;vHk;
Edk;bda½T&if}}[lí vuf0wfvufpm;? qHxdk;? qHusifponfwdkY
ponftzd;k wef t0wftpm;rsm;udk 0wfNy;D qif;&Jom; jynfol
0wfqifaMumif;od&monf/ rsm;u csnx f nftnHph m;udk csKyv
f yk 0f wfqifonfom uGmjcm;
,if;"r®&mZdubk&m;rifpmüyif rI&adS yonf/f ta&mifvnf; teD? tpdr;f ? tjym? tjzLESifh ykpeG q f D
]]yefwsmonfr? ,OfppESi?fh oG,v f savsmv h sn;f ? ezl;pnf; a&mifwdkYom acwfpm;[ef&Sdonf/ (3)
ESihf? cg;pnf;vufMuyf? 0if;0if;vQyfom;? wD;cwfpnf;us? 1/ xHk;zGJUrI (nTef;NyD;) pm- 47/
qdt k uwGi?f ½Tiyf sEv S ;kH }} [lí uacsonfrsm; ezl;pnf;? cg;pnf; 2/ xHk;zGJUrI (nTef;NyD;) pm- 46/
3/ a&Tudkif;om; ]]jrefrmwdkY\ 0wfqifxHk;zGJUrIrsm;}} BuD;yGm;a&;
1/ apmrHknif;\ ]]jrefrmtrsdK;orD;qif,ifxHk;zGJUrI}} pmayAdrmef? tvkyw f ukd ?f rEÅav; pm- 43 (aemifwiG f ]]a&Tuikd ;f om;}} [kom
&efuek ?f 1989 ckEpS ?f pm- 45 (aemifwiG f ]]xH;k zGUJ rI}} [kom nTe;f rnf) nTef;rnf/)
anmif&rf;rif;quf paerif;vufxufwGif tdE´d,jynf? rSL;pk? pma&;awmfBuD;? emcH? oHqifh olaX; ol<u,fponfwdkY
r'&yfNrdKUrS bk&ifcH\ oHwrefzvd0kESihf vufpvDwdkYonf onf ajceif;udk pD;avh&SdMuonf/ xdkYjyif xdktxufwef;vTm
vufaqmifyPÖmrsm;ESihf tif;0aejynfawmfudk a&mufvm rif;aqGpdk;rsdK;ESihf rSL;rwfEG,fwdkYrSm wpfae&mrS wpfae&modkY
onf/xdkvufaqmifawmfpm&if;wGif ydk;xnf? csnfxnf ajcusiftoGm;enf;vsuf &xm;xrf;pif? oefvsif;ESihf jrif;
trsdK;rsdK;? a½TpvG,fodkif;t0wf oHk;ck? a½Ta&SSmapmif wpfck wduYk kd pD;eif;oGm;onfomrsm;onf/ jrif;pD; trIxrf;i,fww Ykd iG f
ponfwdkY yg0ifonfudk awGU&onf/(1) trsm;tm;jzihf zdeyfrygay/ ajceif;uGi;f wGif ajccsn;f xnfí h
(1)
trsdK;om;wdkY\acgif;rSm OaoQmifqHxHk;ESihfjzpfonf/ pD;eif;avh&SdMuonf/
rif;nDrif;om;wdu Yk aygif;oif;uspw
f Ykd 0wfqifMuovdk awmf? ppfonfrsm;rSm vufwaH wmifqpfx&d n S Nf y;D atmuftem;
'l;? penf;? ba0gae&mae rSL;rwfoal umif;wdv Yk nf; qif,if aygifv,fcefYtxda&mufaom 0wfvHktusÐESihf 'l;qpftxd
aygif;xkyfcGifh &Muonf/ xdkatmufedrfhaom rif;rIxrf;rsm; a&mufaom ykqdk;cg;awmif;usdKufudk 0wfqifMuonf/
acgif;wGif yg;um? em;umESihf armufwdk? armuf½l? carmuf
teuf ynmonftrnf&? tvkyfonftrnf&? Adokum
wdkYudk aqmif;Muonf/(2)
trnf&wdkYrSm aygif;jzLaygif;í vTwfwwfcGihf&Muonf/
em;awmif;udkrl vlwef;pm;ra½G;0wfqifavh&SdaMumif;
usefaomolrsm;rSm aygif;? oif;uspf0wfqifvsuf rif;crf;
rif;em;odkY wufa&mufcpm;cGihfr&Muay/(2) od&onf/
awmolawmifom;qif;&Jom;wdrYk mS ½d;k ½d;k omref acgif;aygif; anmif&rf;rif; (10) qufwiG f (7) qufajrmufeef;pHrif;jzpf
rsm; 0wfqifavh&MdS uonf/ eH&aH q;a&;yef;csrD sm;ü qif;&Jom; onfh 0rf;bJtif;pHrif;w&m;vufxufü jynfol jynfom;
a,musfm;wdkYrSm ukd,ftxufydkif;wGif tusÐAvmusif;vsuf wd\ Yk 0wfpm;qif,ifrrI sm;onf vQyaf y:avmfvnfvmonf/
&Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ xdkYtwl zdeyfvnf; pD;avh&Sd[efrwl? xdaYk Mumihf 0rf;bJtif;pHrif;u jrefrmouú&mZf 1040 jynfEh pS ?f
zdeyfryg ajccsn;f om tawGU&rsm;onf/ rif;? rdz&k m;? rif;orD;? e,kefvqef; (10)&ufwGif trdefYawmfwpf&yfxkwfjyef
rif;om;? 0efBuD;? 0efaxmuftwGif;0ef? NrdKU0ef? ppfuJ? 0efpk? &onf/
1/ &mZ0ifopf (w) (nTef;NyD;) pm- qD 1/ &mZ0ifopf (w) (nTef;NyD;) pm- ql
2/ &mZ0ifopf (w) (nTef;NyD;) pm- qD 2/ ,if; pmqk
]]ig\ EdkifiHawmftwGif; qif;&Jom;uRefawmfrsdK;wdkYonf
bdk;bpOfvmtwdkif; 0wfpm;qif,ifMu&rnf/ armifrif;wdkY
a½T&SdaMumif;txdrf;trSwftjzpfjzihf om;orD;rsm;udk a½Tajc
csi;f r0wfqifap&}} [laomtrdeaYf wmfjzpfonf/ xdt k rdeaYf wmf
twdkif; aemufrif;tqufqufvnf; vdkufemMuojzihf anmif&rf;acwf jrefrmrI 37 yg;pk
anmif&rf;acwftwGif; qif;&Jom;rsm;onf a½Tajccsif;
r0wfMu&acs/ rdk;BudK;ESihf aiGajccsif;om 0wfcGihfjyKonf/(1) a&S;txufu ordik ;f acwfrsm;ESirfh wlbJ anmif&rf;acwfü
anmif&rf;acwfwiG f t0wftpm;ESifh ywfoufí rSwo f m; jrefrmrI 37 yg;pkonf acwfpm;vmonf/ 37 yg;pk qdkif&m
zG,&f mwpfcrk mS [Hom0wDa&mufrif;Bu;D (at'D 1733-1752) jrefrmrIrsm;onf a&S;txufacwfumvrsm;uwnf;u
vufxufü &Siaf vmif;rsm;udk pvG,?f oif;uspq f ifí omuD &SdcJhonfcsnf;jzpfrnf/ odkYaomf ta&twGuf*Pef;url 37
0ifrif;rsdK;odkY oGwfoGif;awmfrlcJhjcif;jzpfonf/(2) jzpfcsifrSjzpfrnf/ xdkxufausmfcsifausmfrnf? avsmhcsif
avsmrh nf/ anmif&rf;acwf omvGerf if; (at'D 1629-1648)
vufxufa&mufonfhtcg xdkjrefrmrItyg;pkrsm;udk wlwl
nDnjD zpfatmif 37 *Pef;jzihf pnf;abmifacwfvu kd jf cif;jzpf
onf/ 37 *Pef;ukd,l&müvnf; Ak'ömoemudk ,HkMunf
udk;uG,fonfhtavsmuf aAm"dyud©&w&m; 37 yg;udk tjrifh
tjzpfqHk;,lNyD; xdkaAm"dyud©&w&m; 37 yg;rS 37 *Pef;udk
,ljcif;jzpfrnf[k em;vnfEdkifonf/
omvGerf if;vufxuf acwfpm;aom jrefrmrI 37 yg;pkwiG f
odkif;a&; 37? uma&; 37? 'dkif;a&; 37? "m;a&; 37? vSHa&;
1/ a½Tudkif;om; (nTef;NyD;) pm- 41/ 37? jrif;a&; 37? wufa&; 37 ponfwdkYygonf/ þjrefrmrI
2/ ,if; pm- 41/ rsm;onf ppfa&;qdik &f m jrefrmrIrsm;jzpfonf/ þjrefrmrI tpk
173
rsm;teuf odkif;a&; 37? uma&; 37? 'dkif;a&; 37wdkYudk pmay vnfavsmuf? (32) aemufvnfavsmuf? (33) "m;oGJU?
rSww f rf;rsm;wGif rawGU&ao;í razmfjyEdik af o;aomfvnf; (34) "m;jy? (35) wpfzufEIwf? (36) ESpfzufEIwfESifh (37)
"m;a&;? vSaH &;? jrif;a&;? wufa&;rsm;udrk l azmfjyEdik af yonf/ aemufvSn(1) fh wdkYjzpfonf/
"m;a&; 37/ jrif;a&; 37? vSaH &; 37
a½S;jrefrmwdkYonf "m;xufMuolrsm;jzpfonf/ "m;a&; jrefrmwdkY\ aoe*FAsL[m ppft*Fgav;yg;udk ]]qif? jrif;?
uRr;f usio f rl sm;yDyD yk*aH cwfü yxrjrefrmEdik if aH wmfBu;D ? bk&ifh &xm;? ajconf}} tm;[lí txift&Sm;jyqdx k m;onfEiS t
fh nD
aemifrif;w&m;Bu;D \ awmifial cwfü 'kw, d jrefrmEdik if aH wmf a&S;acwfppfqifa&;wGif jrif;wyfonf t"dutcef;u yg0if
BuD;udk vuf&SdjrefrmEdkifiHe,fedrdwfxuf ausmfvGefatmifyif cJhonf/ jrif;pD;jrefrmwyfrawmfom;rsm;onf jrif;pD;vnf;
xl a xmif x m;Ed k i f c J h M uonf / anmif & rf ; acwf w G i f v nf ; uRrf;Mu&onf/ jrif;pD;vsuf wpfzuf&efoludk "m;? vSHwdkYjzihf
us,f0ef;aom tifyg,mudk a&S;acwfrsm;enf;wl xlaxmif xd;k ESuwf u kd cf ukd &f ojzihf jrif;pD;&if;vSx H ;kd &müvnf; uRr;f usif
cJo
h nfrmS "m;vufeufEiS fh "m;a&;ynm\ tcef;u@u t"du Muonf/ jrif;a&;uRrf;usif&eftwGuf owfrSwfxm;aom
tcef;rS yg0ifaeayonf/ xd"k m;a&; ynm odrYk [kwf "m;a&; jrif;pdkif;vrf;aMumif; yHkpHtwdkif; jrif;pD;avhusihfMu&onf/
37 yg;rSm- xdkjrif;pdkif;vrf;aMumif;yHkpHonf 37 rsdK;&Sdonf/ ¤if;udkyif
]](1) "m;csD? (2) "m;cif;? (3) rsufESmum? (4) "m;vS? (5) jrif;a&; 37 [kac:jcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;jrif;a&; 37 rsKd;rSm-
"m;vQKd ;? (6) arSmufx;kd &yf? (7) &ifc?JG (8) tom;vS?H (9) "m;ckw?f ]]y,f0ef;? y,fpdwf? y,fcGJ? pE´&,Suf? av;uRef;rSeful?
(10) Zifa,mfokwf? (11) Zmyufxdk;? (12) a½SUvSnf;? (13) bHek ef;wefaqmif? qifx;l ? a½Teef;wdik pf ?D Mumcsyf pGe0f ?J tke;f yif
aemufvn S ;f ? (14) a½TEw I >f ruf,mvS? (15) a½TEw I >f ruf0vJ ?S a&oGe;f EG,x f u G ?f pGeo
f w
k ?f &Spaf jrmihcf ekd ef;? vuf,mqufMum
(16) pGeo f w k ?f (17) yg;uyf? (18) yef;uH;k jzwf? (19) "m;vTi?hf zl;EG,f0if? e0&wfa&vnf? &mZrwf? ckdeef;yHkvdrf? a½TwHcGef?
(20) yef;uHk;oD? (21) quf&ufckef? (22) rD;jywdkif? (23) jrif;rdk&fyHkvdyf? Mum,yf? ewfom;Adrmef? uRJwHk;wif? rifwef?
ydk;csnfvTm;? (24) oufwifa&aomuf? (25) a½Tb,uf 1/ t&SifMobmombd0Ho\ ]]okawoe o½kyfjytbd"mef}}
vnfavsmuf? (26) a'gif;Nr;D um? (27) usm;Nr;D pG?J (28) "m;&Gu?f ok"r®0wDpmyHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef? 1996? pm- 338-339
(29) vufaumuf0wf? (30) armif;uyf? (31) a½TEIwf aemifwGif ]]o½kyfjytbd"mef}} [kom nTef;rnf/
uGef;½Hk;wuf? c½kywf? atmufcsif;yHkwHqdyf? ydk;csnfvTm;? (14) tNr;D aoG;[ef? (15) vuf0pJ vG,w f if[ef? (16) jynfv;kH
MumoGwftdk;? a½TwHqdyf? 0ef;usifywfoef;? bDvl;wdkifa&;vk? &pfvnf[ef? (17) Muufr;kd pGwcf g[ef? (18) a&&pfvnf[ef?
bDvl;ykcufpD;? bDvl;em;xGif;[ef,Of? a&uefoufqif;(1) (19) uanmif;wif[ef? (20) yifv,fawmifa0S;pG[ J ef? (21)
wdjYk zpfonf/ vuf0JuOD;[ef? (22) vuf0J&iftkyf[ef? (23) vuf,m
jymodkv jrif;cif;obifusif;yonfhtcg jrif;pD;orm;rsm; &iftyk [ f ef? (24) a&>yuf[efv[ JT ef? (25) 0gBuwd vf rd pf ef?
u þjrif;pD;a&; 37 yg;udk pD;eif;jyoMu&onf/ jrif;a&;jyo (26) jcnfow G [
f ef? (27) ykpeä ;f wef;pG[ J ef? (28) a½TvaHS rmuf
&mü jrif;pD;&if;vSu H kd trsKd ;rsKd ; udik w
f ,
G [
f efjyMu&onf/ vSu H kd wd&k yd uf pm;[ef? (29) b,fnmvSaH &;upm;[ef? (30) a½TvSH
a½S;acwfu tJarmif;[k ac:onf/ xdaYk Mumihf vSaH &; 37 yg;udk 0J&pfaxmufupm;[ef? (31) qifuef;awmwdk;[ef? (32)
]]tJarmif;}} a&; 37 yg;[kvnf; ac:Muao;onf/ tJarmif;a&; orufapmif&ef;pD;[ef? (33) a½TvSHusm;NrD;qGJ[ef? (34)
37 yg;onf jrif;pD;a&; 37 yg;ESihf qufpyfaeonf/ jrif;a&; uRNJ r;D cwf[ef? (35) a½Tvq HS x H ;kH &pf[ef? (36) a½Tvx HS uf0J
(1)
wpfckcsif;pDonf vSHa&;wpfckcsif;pDESihf wGJpyfaeonfqdkygu udik [f ef? (37) a½Tvb HS ,fnmvT[ J ef wdjYk zpfonf/ vSw H x
H ;kd
jrif;a&;wpfckcsif;wdkif; xdkjrif;a&;ESihfavsmfaomvSHudk [ef [efjya&;[lívnf; owfrw S Ef ikd of nf/
trsdK;rsdK;? taetxm;trsdK;rsKd; udkifaqmifvIyf&Sm; upm;jy wufa&; 37
&jcif;jzpfonf/ a&S;acwfppfyrJG sm;wGif uke;f wyf ac: Munf;wyf wku d yf rJG sm;ü
,if;vSHa&; ac: tJarmif;a&; 37yg;rSm (1) oufwif "m;a&;? vSaH &;? jrif;a&;rsm;onfta&;ygouJo h Ykd a&aMumif;
a&aomuf[ef? (2) jcaoFhwef;pGJ[ef? (3) pvG,fwif[ef? wdu k yf rJG sm;wGif avSavSmcf wfjcif;qdik &f m wufa&;rsm;u ta&;
(4) odMum;wefaqmifudkif[ef? (5) jA[®mvufvSrf;[eff? (6) ygvSonf/a&aMumif;wdkufyGJ tusOf;tusyfBuHKonfhtcg
uOD;[ef? (7) [oFmawmif,Suf[eff? (8) pGefawmifjzefY[ef? wufa&;uRr;f usirf u I wdu k yf \
JG tEdik tf ½I;H udk tqH;k tjzwfay;
(9) Muif p yef ; wif [ ef ? (10) wif y d k u f p D [ ef ? (11) Edik af yonf/ xdaYk Mumihf a&wyfom;rsm;onf ESppf Ofawmfo
*VKefawmifny§ [ f ef? (12) wdrcf snzf ;kH [ef? (13) wHyo Ykd UJG [ef? vif;v? vIid ;f avNird o f ufpOf ppfyrJG sm;&yfem;xm;pOfumv
1/ MuL&wem (nTef;NyD;) pm- 12/ 1/ o½kyfjytbd"mef (nTef;NyD;) pm- 120-121/
avSobif yGu J si;f y&mü wufa&; 37 rsKd ;jzihf wufa&;jyMu wl&d,m 37 rsdK;wGif tNidrfhwD;½dk; (6) rsdK;? wHydk; (8) rsdK;?
&onf/ wpfenf; tm;jzihf rdrw d wYkd ufa&;ynmudk tppfaq; aMu;oH½;kd (10)rsKd ;? pnf (11) rsKd ;wdjYk zpfonf/ wpfcck si;f a&wGuf
cHMu&jcif;vnf; jzpfonf/ wufa&; 37 yg;rSm- jy&ygu wa,m?rdausmif;?apmif;? jiif;? ywåvm;? atmif;uav;
(1) bk&m;&Sdcdk;? (2) a½Tavmif;csD? (3) a½Tavmif;xGuf? wdkYrSm tNidrfhwD;½dk; (6) rsdK;jzpfonf/ yavG? ESJ? csnfacsmif;?
(4) azmifawmf,OS ?f (5) wufaumuf? (6) wufajrm§ uf? (7) wufwef;? wkavmif;? c&maumuf? c&mjrmT ? vufw&H n S ?f zufvyd w f o
Ykd nf
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(12) wufv?S (13) tdrrf ;kd jcifwif? (14) pifa&mfow k ?f (15) aMu;td;k pnf? e&nf;p&m? qnf;vnf;? acgif;avmif;? armif;?
pifa&mf0?J (16) 0rf;bJawmifjzef?Y (17) 0rf;bJuef? (18) wufjyef? cGucf iG ;f ? pnf;pkyw
f oYkd nf aMu;oH (10) rsKd ;jzpfonf/ pnfajAm?
(19) ac:awmfr?l (20) udE&é mawmifcwf? (21) ewforD;? rk&m;pnf? ajr§mufpnf? pnf0ef;? pnfykwf? pnfao;? pnftdkif?
yef;qGw?f (22) ewforD;yef;vSr;f ? (23) ewforD;yef;awmif;? pnf'dk;? pnfyef;awmif;? wpfzufydwfpnf? pnfoHvGif?
(24) oefvsux f rf;? (25) aq;wHawmfx;kd ? (26) &mZrwfBu;D ? pnf'Hkrif;wdkYonf pnf (11) rsdK;jzpfonf/ pkpkaygif;wl&d,m
(27) &mZrwfi,f? (28) aea&mifum? (29) aea&mifjy? (30) (37) rsdK;jzpfonf/ þwl&d,m 37 rsdK;udkyif a½S;u&uif
wif;wdr&f ?H (31) wif;wdrv f pS ?f (32) pHy,f½?kH (33) qifp, G f 37 rsdK;[k ac:Muao;onf/(1)
0ef;,Su?f (34) udE&é mawmif,u S ?f (35) oH;k csuaf ygufjref? tqdk 37 csi;f rSm oDcsi;f cH½;kd 37 rsKd ;udk qdv k jkd cif;jzpfonf/
(36) wufapmif;? (37) ewforD;yef;cd;k (1) wdkYjzpfonf/ ¤if;wdrYk mS (1) tcsBD u;D oH? (2) tcsiD ,fo?H (3) q&mawmif;oH?
anmif&rf;acwfwiG f ppfa&;qdik &f m jrefrmrIrsm;tjyif tjcm; (4) q&myefoH? (5) q&mnTef;o?H (6) twGif;wD;ajyoH? (7)
jrefrmrIqikd &f m 37 yg;pkrsm;vnf;&Sad o;onf/ *DwtEkynmESifh tjyifw;D ajyoH? (8) qifjzLa&cso?H (9) a½Tyv’iw f nfo?H (10)
ywfoufí 37 rsKd ;[lí&So d nf/ toH 37yg; [kvnf; ac:Mu aAm"d&GwfoH? (11) ZrÁKoajyoD;a<uoH? (12) ig;Muif;
ao;onf/ xdkYjyif tqdk 37 csif;vnf;&Sdao;onf/ NrD;cwfoH? (13) c½koif;oH? (14) cGufcGif;oH? (15) bDvl;
1/ MuL&wem (nTef;NyD;) pm- 10 1/ MuL&wem (nTef;NyD;) pm- 15

0rf;pnfBudK;oH? (16) jrpfawG;vefYwGefoH? (17) jrpfawG; cspfcifjrwfEdk;olrsm; aovGefonfhtcg ewfb0a&mufoGm;
iSuw f ?H (18) odMum;tkyaf qmif;oH? (19) odMum;cvkwo
f eG o f ?H onf[k,lrSwfNyD; ewfpm&if;oGif;um udk;uG,favh&SdMuí
(20) odMum;a&uefwifoH? (21) odMum;avmufypfoH? (22) rlv&SNd y;D om; ewfpm&if;wGif Ekww f efonf Ekwí f ? jznfw
h ef
uif;ywfBu;D oH? (23) uif;ywfi,fo?H (24) oajyvm;oH? (25) onfjznfhojzifh ewfpm&if; tuGJuGJtjym;jym;jzpfaejcif;
xk;H ukxd o J ?H (26) arsmufrif;tlo?H (27) rdwv D¬ m uefaygufo?H jzpfonf/ 37 rif;ewfü a½Tpnf;cHkbk&m; wHwdkif;tjyifü
(28) NyK;H um&,f½iT o f ?H (29) aemufjrif;vSo?H (30) uom0ef; ½kyyf EkH iS w
fh uGxm;aom ewfrif; 37 yg;udk tjyif 37 rif;?
vnfo?H (31) yGiv hf aS &T0goH? (32) vkvifoaH wmpnfo?H (33) a½Tpnf;cHkbk&m; wHwdkif;twGif;ü ½kyfyHkESihfwuGxm;aom
vuFmukEÅDoH? (34) jrif;vSpmawmif;oH? (35) jrif;vScGmoH? ewfrif; 37 yg;udk twGi;f 37 rif;[líac:Mujcif;jzpfonf/
(36) wHigrtJcsif;oH? (37) pMumrif;bdodufajr§mufoH(1) tjyif 37 rif;ewfpm&if;rSm anmif&rf;acwfpmqdk 0efBu;D
wkdYjzpfonf/ þoDcsif; cH½kd; 37 csif;udk &uifoH 37 csif; ya'o&mZm\rlt&-
[lívnf; jyonf/ (1) odMum;? (2) r[m*D&?d (3) ESrawmf? (4) oH;k yefv?S (5)
anmif&rf;acwf 37 yg;pkwGif aemufqkH;azmfjyvkdonfrSm a½Teay? (6) rESrJ ?d (7) a½TzsO;f Bu;D ? (8) a½TzsO;f i,f? (9) rif;pnfo?l
37 rif;ewfrsm;jzpfonf/ ewftrnftrsKd;rsKd;? bJGUtrsKd;rsKd; (10) ausmpf mG ? (11) atmifpmG rBu;D ? (12) ig;pD;&Si?f (13) rif;w&m;
&Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ ae&ma'oESifh acwfumvtay:
ewfqifjzL&Si?f (14) armifz;kd wl? (15) a½Taemf&xm? (16)
rlwnfNy;D uJjG ym;jcif;jzpfonf/ xif&mS ;ausmMf um;olrsm;? rdrwd Ydk wyifa½Tx;D ? (17) ajrmufbuf&iS rf ? (18) awmifi&l iS rf if;acgif?
(19) teEÅypön;f ? (20) &EÅypön;f ? (21) jrifpikd ;f a½Teef;&Si?f
1/ OD;odef;vIdif? 'kwd,ñTefMum;a&;rSL;csKyf? wuúodkvfrsm; ordkif; (22) oD [ yawh ? (23) &rnf ; oif ; pm;oD v 0? (24)
okawoeOD;pD;Xme\ ]]acwfa[mif;? jrefrmhordik ;f okawoe
pnf;wjypfBu;D ? (25) rif;vSi,f? (26) rif;Bu;D &efaemif? (27)
tbd"mef}} wuúodkvfrsm;ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? &efukef?
2000jynfh? pm-140-141? aemifwGif ]]okawoetbd"mef}} owd;k rif;apm? (28) ig;ql'g,umrif;? (29) rif;&J'Ad Á? (30)
[kom nTef;rnf/ &Siw
f ½kw?f (31) r[mowd;k oD[ol&? (32) rif;&Jo[ D ausmx
f if?
(33) a0gBu;D rSL;? (34) owd;k rif;Bu;D ? (35) ocifppf? (36)
xdvyf? (37) rif;&JZ,ol(1) wdkYjzpfonf/þewfpm&if;wGif
anmif&rf;rif;qufrS taemufbufveG rf if;\om; rif;&J'Ad ?Á
omvG e f r if ; BuD ; \om;awmf &S i f w ½k w f wd k Y y gonf u d k
owdxm;rd&monf/ anmif&rf;acwfrif;rsm;\ bdou
d o
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uGjJ ym;pGm&So
d nf/ usr;f av;rnfp;kd í tao;pdwrf azmfjyawmh anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rItaMumif;ajymonft h cg
Ny/D anmif&rf;acwfrif;rsm;\ &mZbdou d of bifqif,ifusi;f yyHk
udv k nf; csev f yS xf m;í r&ay/ anmif&rf;acwfrif;rsm;onf
vnf; a½S;acwfrif;rsm;\ xH;k wrf;enf;emtwdik ;f xD;eef;quf
cHonft h cg &mZbdou d cf MH uonf/ &mZbdou d rf mS rif;tjzpf
wifajrm§ ufonfh tcrf;tem;yifjzpfonf/
]]t&Sirf if;Bu;D ? t&Sirf if;Bu;D tm; tuREykf w f Ykd ESpo
f ufMu
ygonf? t&Sirf if;Bu;D uvnf; uREykf w f t Ykd m; ausmom;&ifom;
rjcm;? oem;u½kPm arwåmtjynfx h m;&Sad Mumif; ay:vGiyf gonf?
odyYk gí ]]&mZ}} [laom bGUJ udck , H ul m rif;jyKawmfryl gavmh}} [lí
1/ OD;odef;vIdif? 'kwd,ñTefMum;a&;rSL;csKyf? wuúodkvfrsm; ordkif; a&pifjzihf OD;xdyx f uf oGe;f jcif;jyKMuonf/ þbdou d u f kd &mZ
okawoeOD;pD;Xme\ ]]acwfa[mif; jrefrmhordkif; okawoe bdou d [f ak c:onf/w&m;ojzihf tkycf sKyaf om bk&if[í l tod
tbd"mef}} wuúodkvfrsm;ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? &efukef? trSwjf yKjcif;yifjzpfonf/(1)
1/ od'ad¨ tmif\ ]]r*Fvmbdaouvufpu JG sr;f }} um,okcyd#uwf
2000jynfh? pm- 140-141? aemifwGif ]]okawoetbd"mef}}
yHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukefNrdKU? 1979 ckESpf? pm-24 (aemifwGif
[kom nTef;rnf/ ]]bdaou}} [komnTef;rnf/)
183
jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxufu oGef;cHaom bdoduf 13 yg; xdkbdodufrsm;\ oabmrSm-
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1/ cwåd,bdoduf bdou d jf zpfonf/
2/ &mZbdou d f 2/ &mZbdodufonf rif;ajr§mufaom bdodufjzpfonf/
3/ ouvmbdoduf 3/ ouvmbd o d u f o nf wd k i f ; Ed k i f i H a t;csrf ; om,m
4/ 0dZ,mbdoduf ap&efcHaom bdodufjzpfonf/
5/ aZ,mbdoduf 4/ 0dZ,mbdou d of nf &efatmifjrifa&;twGuf cH,al om
6/ oD&dya0oebdoduf bdou d jf zpfonf/
7/ r[mbdoduf 5/ aZ,mbdodufonf ppfatmif&efcHaom bdodufjzpf
8/ r*Fvmbdoduf onf/
9/ 0d0g[bdou d f 6/ oD & d y a0oebd o d u f o nf bk e f ; usuf o a&wd k ; &ef
10/ 'Gg&mbdou d f cHaombdoduf jzpfonf/
11/ tm,k'DCbdoduf 7/ r[mbdodufonf pD;yGm;csrf;omrsm;ap&efcHaom
12/ Oy&mZmbdou d f bdoduf jzpfonf/
13/ ra[oDbdodufwdkYjzpfonf/(1) þbdoduf 13 yg;udk 8/ r*Fvmbdodufonf qif&wemponfudk odrf;&ef
jrefrmrif;tkyfcsKyfyHkpmwrf; yxrydkif;wGif azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpf cHaombdoduf jzpfonf/
onf/ ukef;abmifacwf? bdk;awmfbk&m; (A'Hkrif;) (at'D 9/ 0d 0 g[bd o d u f o nf vuf x yf x d r f ; jrm;aomtcg
1782-1819) vufxufwiG f ]]rk'g¨ bdaou&mZbdou d }f }[lí cHaombdoduf jzpfonf/
trnfopfwpfrsdK;jzihf &mZbdodufwpfrsdK;wdk;vmonf/ 10/ 'Gg&mbdodufonf eef;rsm;? NrdKUrsm; odrf;aomtcg
1/ jrefrmrif;tkyfcsKyfyHkpmwrf;? yxrydkif;? jynfaxmifpk jrefrm cHaombdoduf jzpfonf/
Edik if aH wmf? awmfveS af &;tpd;k & ,Ofaus;rIXme? a&S;a[mif;pmay
ESifh ,Ofaus;rIXmepdw?f 1962 ckEpS ?f pm- 247-248 (aemifwiG f 11/ tm,k'C D bdou d o
f nf touf&n S &f efcaH om bdou d f
]]tkyfcsKyfyHk? y}} [kom nTef;rnf/) jzpfonf/
12/ Oy&mZmbdodufonf tdrfa½SUESif;onfhtcgcHaom atmif a jrt&yf ü tvG e f o m,mBuD ; us,f o nh f r*F v m
bdou d jf zpfonf/ eef;awmfudkaqmufNyD;(1)bdodufcHcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
13/ ra[oDbo d u
d o
f nf rdz&k m;Bu;D ajrm§ ufaomtcg cHaom xdkbdodufonf omvGefrif; yxrtBudrfcHaom &mZ
bdodufjzpfonf/(1) bdodufjzpfonf/ omvGefrif;onf ouú&mZf 997 ckESpf?
bd;k awmfb&k m;vufxufrpS í oGe;f cHaom rk'g¨ bdaou e,kefvjynhfausmf (4)&uf(2)ü 'kwd,tBudrf bdodufoGef;
&mZbdou d o f nf w&m;ojzihf usiBhf ut H yk cf sKyyf grnf[k 0efcH cHcahJ o;onf/ þtBurd u f rkd l [Hom0wDrmS r[kwaf y/ tif;0
uwdopömqdkícHaom bdodufjzpfonf/ aejynfawmfwiG f oGe;f cHjcif;jzpfonf/ qd&k ygu omvGerf if;onf
bdodufcHpmwrf;rsm;tvdkt& rif;jzpfvQif bdodufcH& jrefrmhx;D eef;udk [Hom0wDü qufcpH ;kd pHcjhJ cif;jzpfonf/ [Hom
onf/ bdou d rf cHvQif rif;rjzpf[q k o kd nf/ xdaYk Mumihf a½S;rif; 0wDüodyfrMum/ aemufydkif;ü rif;aejynfawmfudk tif;0odkY
rsm;onf xD;eef;wufprSmyif &mZbdou d u f kd oGe;f cHMuonf/ a½TUajymif;pdk;pHcJhonf/
rif;jzpfNy;D ig;ESpt f wGi;f bdou d o f eG ;f cH&rnf[k qdx k ;kH &So
d nf/ omvGefrif;\ yxrtBudrf &mZbdodufoGef;cHjcif;
oD&d"r®maomurif;rSm rif;jzpfNyD;aemuf av;ESpfwdkifwdkif taMumif;udk OD;ukvm;\ ]]r[m&mZ0ifBuD;}} wwd,tkyfü
jynfxJa&;udk okwfoifNyD;rS bdodufcHcJhonf/ xdkrZösdra'o pmrsufESm 210 rS 217 xd azmfjyyg&Sdonf/ anmif&rf;acwf
oD&"d r®maomu rif;xH;k udk ESv;kH rlNy;D yk*aH cwfusepf pfom;rif; qdik &f m ]]&mZbdou d }f } oGe;f cHykH ,Ofaus;rI"avhwpfcjk zpfojzihf
(at'D 1084-1113) onf yk*x H ;D eef;ud&k ,lNy;D ESpEf pS Mf umrS xdk&mZ0ifBuD;rS aumufEkwfazmfjyvdkayonf/
bdou d of eG ;f cHco hJ nf/ xdtYk wlyif anmif&rf;acwf omvGerf if; omvGefrif; [Hom0wDjynfü &mZbdodufoGef;cHonhf
(at'D 1629-1648) onfvnf; ouú&mZf 991(2)ckEpS ?f [Hom tcg yd#uwf? aA'ifwwfaom jrefrmq&m? rGefq&m? A[k
0wDx;D eef;ud&k Ny;D av;ESpyf wfv;kH jynfa&;&GmrIukd pD&ifonf/ okwESihf jynhfpHkaom jrefrmtrwf? rGeftrwf? ,Gef;trwf?
ouú&mZf 995 ckESpf? ewfawmfvjynhfausmf (9)&uf(3)wGifrS yka&m[dww f EYkd iS fh n§Ed idI ;f wdik yf ifNy;D pD&ifcif;usi;f aMumif; ordik ;f
&mZbdou d cf cH ohJ nf/ [Hom0wDjynf\ taemufajrmuf,eG ;f q&mu qdkonf/
1/ tkyfcsKyfyHk (y) ñTef;NyD; pm 247/
2/ at'D 1629/ 1/ OD;ukvm;? r[m&mZ0ifBuD;? wwd,tkyf? pm-210/
3/ 14 'DZifbm 1633/ 2/ 24 ar? 1635/
xdok Ykd pD&ifcif;usi;f &mü r[mor®wrif;rSpí oka'¨g"e aiGBudK;wdkYjzihf wefqmqifum a½TxGef? aiGxGefwdkYjzihf xGef&
rif;Bu;D wdik f oH;k ode;f oH;k aomif; av;axmifih g;&majcmufq,hf onf/ xGef&mü ykPÖm;&Spfa,mufudk a½SUwnfNyD;xGefonf/
&Spyf g; (334568) aom rif;wd\ Yk toH;k taqmiftpDt&ifwYkd ol<u,fvu©PmESifh jynfph akH om ol<u,fom;ajr;wdu Yk kd
vnf;ygonf/ tZmwowfrif;rSpí oD&d"r®maomuwdkif a½Taygufwl;? aiGaygufwl;rsm; pGJudkifapNyD; N*dK[fewfwdkYudk
ESpu
f syd uf ;kd yg;aomrif;wd\ Yk toH;k taqmiftpDt&ifwv Ykd nf; ylaZmfum wl;qGaponf/
ygonf/ oa&acwå&mpaom ayguúH&mr? yif;,? ppfudkif;? ajrjyif
tif;0ü bke;f Bu;D aom rif;wdYk toH;k taqmiftpDt&ifvnf; onfhaemuf pyg;rsdK; ckepfyg;BuJonf/ a&rsdK;ckepfyg;?
ygonf/ xdktoHk;taqmiftpDt&ifwdkYudk EdIif;,SOf cif;usif; av;uRef;ajrESihf ajrrsdK;ckepfyg;? ajrZm? EGm;acs;wdkYjzihf
onf(1)[kqx kd m;onf/ nDnGwfpGm usH&onf/
eef;awmfaqmufvyk jf cif; 0gacgifvjynfhausmf (12)&uf(1) t*FgaeYwGif N*dK[fewf
bdoufcH&eftwGuf a½S;OD;pGm r*Fvmeef;awmfudk wduYk ykd al ZmfNy;D yEéupf ukd o
f nf/ jirf;aqmufonf/ awmfovif;
(2)
aqmuf&onf/ eef;awmfukd ouú&mZf 995 ckEpS ?f awmfovif; vqef;(3)&uf we*FaEGaeYwiG f jyKNrt J wdik ;f N*Kd [ef wfwu
Ykd kd
vqef; (5)&uf(2) t*FgaeYwGif aqmufvkyfonf/ ylaZmfNy;D bdou d ef ef;opfw;l onf/ eef;awmf&m ta&SUodMum;
eef;awmfaqmuf&ef ouú&mZf 995 ckEpS ?f 0gacgifvqef; rif;utp ewftyg; ESpfusdyfwdkYudk tkef;tdyf&mpHk? qefwif;?
(12) &uf(3)? wevFmaeYwiG f N*Kd [ef wfwu Ykd kd pm;Nred t
f &omwdYk pyg;wif;? tkef;yifayguf? MumoGwftdk;? vifyef;? zvm;?
ESihf ylaZmfonf/ xdkokdY ylaZmfNyD;rS ajrtjyifudk nDnGwfpGm xrif;jzL? EGm;EdkY? axmywf? ysm;wifvJ? tNrdeft&om? uGrf;?
pD&ifonf/ 0gacgifvjynfah usmf (2)&uf(4)paeaeYwiG f Mueftif vufzuf? qDrD;eHYom? xD;? wHcGefwdkYjzihf ykPÖm;rsm;u rEÅef
vu©PmESihfjynfhpHkaom EGm;&Spf&SOf;udk a½TjcL? aiGjcL? a½TBudK;? &Gwyf al Zmf&onf/ atmufüvnf; acgpmauR;&onf/ acgpmü
1/ OD;ukvm;? r[m&mZ0ifBuD;? wwd,tkyf? pm-210/ tcsuf? taMumf? tavSmf? aopmuGrf; vufzufwdkYygonf/
2/ 28 Mo*kwf? 1633/
3/ 6 Mo*kwf? 1633/ 1/ 21 Mo*kwf? 1633/
4/ 11 Mo*kwf? 1633/ 2/ 26 Mo*kwf? 1633/
wGi;f 0ef; ykqdk;wkdYjzihf rGrf;rHjc,fvS,f&onf/ twGif;ü teDa&mif?
awmfovif;vqef; (5)&uf(1) t*FgaeYwGif pnfarmif; a½Ta&mif[oFmjy'g;wdkYjc,fvS,f&onf/
c&mwD;rIwNf y;D a½Tw;l &Ti;f ? aiGw;l &Gi;f wdjYk zihf wpfNyKd ief ufw;l ap ajreef;xkyfudk;awmifoHk;rkduf
onf/ wHcg;wGif;ajcmufwGif;? ajcmufawmifESpfrdkuf
eef;aqmuf Ouifeef;jrihfESpfrdkuf
awmfovif;vjynhfausmf (2)&uf(2) aomMumaeYwGif wk&ifig;awmifwifNyD; aqmuf&onf/
ajreef;ESihfwuG jymom'fav;aqmifudk wpfNydKifeufaqmuf r*Fvma&cyftpDtpOf
onf/ r*Fvma&cyfomG ;rnfv h rf;ESpzf ufukd tqifwefqmrsm;
ajreef;tpDt&if csdwfqGJqif,if&onf/ vrf;qHkwdkif;rSmvnf; obifBuD;pGm
r*Fvmeef;awmfta½SUpl;pl; ajrtjyifudk nDnGwfatmif cH&onf/ r*Fvma&cyfrnfah &uefuv kd nf; tqifwefqmrsm;
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1714-1733) rif;oHk;yg;onf eef;awmftopfrsm;wnfvkyf tkef;oD;udk ykqdk;jzLtkyfonf? vifyef;zvm;ü xrif;? EGm;EdkY?
202
axmywf? qDOD;? ysm;? wifvJ? oum? BuH? iSufaysm? tcsdK? r*Fvma&cyftpDtpOf
tcsO?f tqdrw hf uYkd kd jynhaf tmifxnfí h wnfonf/ qDr;D ESpw f ikd f r*Fvma&awmfcyf tpDt&ifudk tusOf;csHK;NyD;jy&ygu
pdkufonf/ txHkrSm cGufüeHYom? u&ruf? tausmf? prÜm? a½SUqH;k u umeDpo J G &l rJ sm;? onfah emufa½Tum? onfah emuf a½Tav;?
pE´mul;? xif;½SL;? opfBuHydk;? uysnf;? yGJvsufwdkYudkwdkufí onfah emuf a½Tv?HS onfah emuf uacsobif? onhaf emuf
wnfNy;D rS rD;xnho f nf? acgif;xd;k í rE eÅ f &Gw&f onf/ oifjzL;cif; tdk;p&nf;BuD; &SpfvHk;udk qdkif;ESihfxrf;í oGm;&onf/ jrLwm
onfrpS í pDro H rQukd rEÅe&f w G Nf y;D pD&if&onfcsn;f jzpfonf/ (18) vHk;udk olaumif;wdkYu 0wfpm;wefqmqifNyD; xrf;í
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ckepfyg;? vTwfawmfudk oD&dewfESihfudk;yg;? Ouifoudk ra[
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ewfESihf ig;yg;? þewfrsm;udk MumoGwftdk; wpfvHk;pDxnfhí &Gmpm;wdkYu qifjrif;xrf;pifwdkYjzihf vdkuf&onf/
vifyef;wGif xrif;? EGm;EdYk ponfxnfí h ykPmÖ ;wpfa,mufpD jrpfqdyfwGif a½TavS? a½Tavmif;wdkYudk ESJ? wH&Snf? c&m?
e0EÅdudk&Gwfí ylaZmfaponf/ AHak rmif;wD;rIwv f suf obifcaH eMu&onf/ yka&m[dw&f pS yf g;
ta&SUwHcg;udk eEéwf? awmifwHcg;udk &u©Kdufewf? ESihf owdkYorD;wdkY jrpfqdyfodkYa&mufonfhtcg jrpfBuD;ig;oG,f?
ajrmufwcH g;udk o&pd;k ? NrKd Uav;rsuEf mS ü ta&SUwHcg;udk "w&| jrpfi,fig;&mudk tpd;k &aom rPdarcvmewfjrwftm; a½Tyef;?
ewfBuD;ESihf oHk;usdyfaomewfapmifh\/ taemufwHcg;udk aiGyef;? a&Taygufayguf? aiGaygufayguf? a½Twefaqmif?
0d½yk u©ewfrif;Bu;D ESifh ewfo;Hk usyd ?f ajrmufwcH g;udk uka0&ewf aiGwefaqmif? a&TcJ? aiGcJ? e0&wfudk;yg;wdkYjzihf qkawmif;
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MumoGwt f ;kd ? tke;f oD;? vifyef;? zvm;ü tNred t f &omxnfNh y;D tvdiYk mS aA'ifusr;f rsm;rSvmaom rEÅeu f &kd w
G Nf y;D cyf&onf/
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r*Fvma&cyfNyD;aomf jrpfqdyfodkYvmpOfutwdkif; tpD eef;opfrwufrD BuKd wiftpDt&if
tpOfjzihf jyefMu&onf/ a½Teef;awmfrwufrD BudKwifí vkyfaqmifpD&if&onf
oBuFefawmfac:awmfrrlrD [Hk;ewfudk ylaZmf&onf/ rsm;&Sdonf/ eef;awmfütwuf ta½SUpl;pl;ü rD;r,fzsL;ESihf
oBueF af c:aomtpDt&if qefawmif;xm;&onf/ ta&SUawmifaxmifhü xD;? wHcGef?
oBueF af wmfac:&eftwGuf jymom'ftxuf av;aqmifü qD r D ; ? ayguf a yguf x m;&onf / awmif p l ; pl ; ü r[myd E é J
MumoGwt f ;kd av;vH;k udk a&tjynhx f nf&h onf/ o&uf? rk&m;? ausmufysOfausmufoGm;xm;onf/ taemufawmifaxmifhü
OoQp?f oajy? ajrpmñGeiYf g;yg;xnfNh y;D ykq;kd cif;í wnf&onf/ urÁvmeDxm;&onf/ taemufpl;pl;ü &wem? a½T? aiGESihf
xrif;yGJü tNrdeft&omxnfhonf/ tkef;oD;yifayguf wHcg; orD;unm aMumifudk ydkufíae&onf/
av;rsufESmwGif MumoGwftdk;wpfvHk;pD? yef;ig;yg;xnfhum taemufajrmufaxmifhü jzLpifpGmaom xrif;? [if;?
ykqdk;? vifyef;? zvm;ESihfxm;&onf/ jymom'f &SpfrsufESmü tNrdeft&om tpHkxm;onf/ ajrmufpl;pl;ü c½koif;a&jznfh
N*dK[f&SpfvHk;? a½Tudkae½kyf? aiGudkv½kyfvkyfNyD; wefaqmif;ESihf xm;onf/ ta&SUajrmufaxmifüh a&td;k Bu;D ig;vH;k a&jznfx h m;
xm;&onf/ onf/ tv,fü bk&m;usrf;OD;yd#uwfxm;onf/ atmufü
oBuFefawmfac:&ef a&rsdK;ckepfyg;? wa&mfckepfyg;? a½T? jrif;jzLom;trd? EGm;om;trd xm;onf/
aiG? e0&wfwdkYjzihfxnfhí rEÅef&Gwf&onf/ NyD;vQif ajcawmf? a½TovGet f yg;üxm;onfrmS ta½SUpl;pl;ü eef;OD;oP²mef
vufawmfwu Ykd kd vufpyG q
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oBueF af wmfac:Ny;D aemuf oBueF af wmfac:aom t0wf oP²mefxm;&onf/
wefqmwdkYudk ,if;jymom'fü pkíxm;&onf/ onfhaemuf a½Teef;awmfudk wufawmfrl&mü vuf,m&pfvnfí
t0wfjzLudk vJ0wfNyD; wpfaqmifaom jymom'fawmfodkY wuf&rnfjzpf\/ xdv k rf;ü ukumú ;? wHceG ?f qDr;D ? wefaqmif?
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qifü&Hí aeap&onf/ wdkYjzifhNcH&Hvsuf rif;ajr§mufwefqmig;yg;ESihf ajrmufpnf?
a&Teef;awmf ta&SUwHcg;pl;pl; ol&ZÆt&yfü vuf0b J uf pnf0ef;? pnfaAsm? wkavmif? oajy? c½koif;? wH&Snf? wH>rm?
u qifrudk ppfvufeufud&d,mESihfwuG we*FaEGom;pD;í wHaumuf? cGucf iG ;f ? vufcsy?f vif;uGi;f ponfwu Y k d k d wD;rIwv
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vmawmfr&l onf/
ESif h paeom;pD;íaeap&onf/ armufwrk d ed n f Kd0wfvsuf vufopf
a½Teef;awmfapmif;wef;odkY a&mufonfhtcg jA[®mrsdK;?
vufa&G; ol&JESpfusdyfu qifudk&Híae&onf/
jA[®mEG,f yka&m[dw&f pS af ,muf? aAmif;Bu;D nGeYf oG,af ygif;Ny;D
ajrmufwHcg; tNrdwå&t&yfü vuf0Jbufu qifrudk 0wfjzLpifMu,f0wfqifxm;aom AdokumwdkY\ tBuD;trSL;
ppft*Fg vufeufud&d,mESihf Ak'¨[l;om;pD;í aeap&onf/ Adou k m q&mBu;D wdu Yk ]]a&ESiafh jrudk tpd;k &awmfral om? r[m
vuf,mbufu qifaygufudk ppfud&d,mESihf aomMumom; "r®&mZf?bkef;awmfBuD;í oufawmfwpf&mhESpfq,fywfvHk;?
pD;íaeap&onf/ armufwrkd ed n f Kd 0wfvsuf vufopfvufa½G; omoemawmf jrwfpD;yGm;? om;awmftpOf ajr;awmftquf
ol&JESpfusdyfESpfa,mufwdkYu qifudk&HíaeMu&onf/ jrpfawmftnGefYwdkYpD;yGm;? jynfolwumwdkY\ pD;yGm;udkaqmif
awmifwHcg; aumvDt&yfü vuf0Jbufuqifrudk awmfrl pdrfhaomiSm þonhfa½Teef;awmfudk vkyfaqmifpD&if
ppfu&d , d mESifh wevFmom;pD;í aeap&onf/ vuf,mbufu awmfrlonf? wufawmfrlavmh}} [kac:&onf/
qifaygufukd ppfu&d , d mESifh Mumoyaw;om;pD;í aeaponf/ eef;awmfopfwuford ;f yHk
armufwrkd ed n f Kd 0wfvsuf ol&&J pS u f syd f ud;k a,mufwu Ykd qifukd eef;opfwufodrf;&eftwGuf &wema0gawmfay:rS
&Hí aeMu&onf/ qif;awmfrrlrD ajray:ü oifjzL;cif;&onf/ xdkrS ydwfykqdk;
xyfcif;&onf/ xdkodkYcif;NyD;rS a0gawmfay:rS qif;awmfrlNyD; ylaZmfawmfr&l onf/ rkaemvifyef;ü tNred t f &om pm;awmf
ueuú'Pf xD;jzLudkaqmif;um <uvmawmfrl&onf/ ac:NyD;rS a½Tyv’ifxuf wufí aeawmfrlonf/ uacsonf
a½Teef;awmfapmif;wef;odkY a&mufonfhtcg a½S;OD;pGm obiftpHt k pHw
k u Ykd toH;k awmfcMH uonf/xdo k Ykd obifc&H if;
&wemoHk;yg;udk ylaZmfawmfrl&onf/ NyD;rS odMum;? jA[®m? rif;om;? rif;ajr;? rif;aqGpdk;rsdK;? rSL;BuD;rwf&mwdkYudk txdkuf
N*dK[fudk;yg;? orm"dwnfaomewf? t&yfq,frsufESmudk tavsmuf xD;? pnf? pvG,f? oif;uspf? taqmifta,mif
apmihfaomewf? udk,fawmfü apmihfaomewf? a½Teef;awmfü trnf? NrdKUjyaus;&GmwdkYudk ay;awmfrlonf/
apmihfaomewfwdkYudk ylaZmfawmfrl&onf/ Adou k mtBu;D rSpí Adou k mtaygif;wdu Yk vkd nf; qkvmbf
yka&m[dwf&Spfa,mufudkvnf; c½koif;vuf,m&pfESifh rsm;pGm ay;awmfrlonf/ jynfwGif; jynfyü&Sdaom apwD?
bdou d af wmfay;í wufNy;D rS trsKd ;tEG,t f m;jzihf jrwfaom qif;wk? ½kyfwk? t&d,moHCmyk*¾dKvfoljrwfwdkYudkvnf;
trwfBu;D u a½Teef;awmfxufraS eí ]]bke;f awmfBu;D jrwfawmf tvSLBuD;ay;awmfrlonf/ wdkif;um; EdkifiHrSm&Sdaom apwD?
rlí oufawmfwpf&mhESpfq,f ywfvHk;? omoemawmfpD;yGm;? qif ; wk ? ½k y f w k ? t&d , moH C myk * ¾ d K vf j rwf w d k Y t m;vnf ;
udk,fawmfjrwfpD;yGm;? om;awmftpOf? ajr;awmftquf? rsm;pGmaom tvSL0w¬Krsm; ay;vSLonf/ jrwfaomqkuv kd nf;
jrpfawmftnGefYwdkYpD;yGm;? jynfol vlwumwdkY\ pD;yGm;udk awmif;awmfrlonf/
&Snjf rihpf mG aqmifEikd af paomf0}f } [lí bdoud rf *Fvmpum;udk þazmfjycsurf sm;rSm ouú&mZf 997 ckEpS f e,kev f jynfah usmf
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Ykd rkd S vuf,majcawmf udkcsDNyD; wufawmfrl& av;&uf paeaeY omvGefrif;w&m;BuD; eef;awmfopfwuf
onf/ xdrk S OuifowHcg;udk 0ifawmfrNl y;D &wemtwdNy;D aom odrf;jcif; r*Fvmtcrf;tem;tpDt&ifrsm;yifjzpfonf/
usufoa&wdkufü aeawmfrl&onf/ pmacsmatmif tenf;i,fjyifí a&;onfrv S NJG y;D rSeef ef;&mZ0if
&wemoHk;yg;? N*dK[fudk;yg;? odMum;? jA[®m? pwkavmu awmfBuD;wGif vmonfhtwdkif; azmfjyvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/
ygv? bkr®pdk;? ½ku©pdk;? tmumopdk; omoemawmfudkapmihf anmif&rf;acwfbk&ifwpfyg;\ eef;awmfopfwufodrf;jcif;
aomewf? t&yfq,frsuEf mS udk apmihaf omewf? ud, k af wmfü obifukd pdwrf supf jd zihf jrifa,mifvrd rhf nf[k rSe;f qrdygonf/
apmihfaomewf? orm"dwnfaom ewfwdkYtm; vufawmfESihf 1/ 24 ar? 1635/
oN*ØK[fyHkuGmjcm;ouJhodkY oN*ØK[fonfhae&mvnf; rwl
uGjJ ym;rI&o dS nf/
&Sib f &k ifrsm; aovGeo f nhtf cg eef;NrKd UwGi;f ? vTwaf wmf
ta&SUajrmufaxmifw h iG of m oN*KØ [af vh&odS nf/ omvGerf if;
anmif&rf;acwf 'kr*Fvusi;f yyHpk epf (at'D 1629-1648) onf 17 &uf Mo*kwv f 1648 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v
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onf/ 19 &uf Mo*kwv f 1648 ckEpS w f iG f om;awmf yif;wvJrif;
anmif&rf;acwf,Ofaus;rI"avhtaMumif;ajymvQif (at'D 1648-1661) u crnf;awmf tavmif;udk oN*KØ [af y;
'kr*Fv"avhuv kd nf; csev
f yS x
f m;ír&ay/ wpfcef; wpfu@ onf / vT w f a wmf t a&S U ajrmuf w G i f pMu0aw;rif ; ud k
zGihfía&;om;oihfonf[k xifjrif,lqNyD; xdkacwf"avh oN*ØK[fouJho(1) dkY oN*ØK[fonf[k &mZ0ifrsm;u a&;onf/
xHk;wrf;rsm;udk tusOf;rQ azmfjyvdkayonf/ tvm;wljynfrif; (at'D 1661-1672)? e&m0&rif;
anmif&rf;acwfü vlwef;pm;tqift h wef;? &mxl;tqifh (at'D 1672-1673)? &rnf;oif;rif; (at'D 1673-1698)
tedrt hf jrihf rwlujJG ym;onft h avsmuf 'kr*Fvudpu ö si;f y&mü wdkY aovGefonfhtcgvnf; vTwfawmfta½SUajrmufaxmifh
rwlujJG ym;rI&o dS nf/ rif;rdz&k m;rsm; aovGeo f nft h cg oN*KØ [f wGio f m oN*KØ [Mf uonf/ we*FaEGrif; (at'D 1714-1733)
onfhxHk;wrf;? rdzk&m;a[mif;rsm; aovGefonfhtcg oN*ØK[f aovGefpOfurl prkwfawmfaqmif ta&SUawmifaxmihfwGif
onfx h ;kH wrf;? rdz&k m;r,fawmfrsm; aovGeo f nft h cg oN*KØ [f oN*ØK[fonf(2) udkawGU&onf/
onfx h Hk;wrf;? udk,fvkyfawmfrsm; aovGefonfhtcg oN*ØK[f rdz&k m;rsm; aovGeo f nfth cgvnf; &Sib f &k ifrsm;udk oN*KØ [f
onfhxHk;wrf;? rif;orD;rsm; aovGefonfhtcg oN*ØK[fonfh ouJhodkY vTwfawmfta&SUajrmufaxmihfwGif oN*ØK[fMuonf/
xHk;wrf;? tdrfa&SUrif;rsm; aovGef&mü oN*ØK[fonfhxHk;wrf;? rdzk&m;a[mif;rsm; aovGefonfhtcg eef;NrdKUtjyifwGif
rif;nDrif;om;rsm; aovGe&f mü oN*KØ [o f nhx f ;kH wrf;? 0efBu;D ?
oN*ØK[faMumif;(3) od&onf/
rSL;awmf rwfawmf? ae&m &r&wdkY oN*ØK[fonfhxHk;wrf;[lí 1/ &mZ0ifopf (w) (nTef;NyD;) pm- 87/
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udpöusif;y&mü crf;em;rI? BuD;us,frI uGmjcm;ayonf/ 3/ ,if;? pm- 318/
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0efBuD;? rSL;awmfrwfawmfrsm;? uawmfr,m;rsm;ponfwdkY a½TykpGefcGHuGyfonf/ ywåjrm;ausmufpDonf/}}(1)
aovGefvQif eef;NrdKUtjyif tif;0qifusHK;teD;wGif oN*ØK[f rdzk&m;a[mif;rsm;twGuf wvm;udkrl ]]ysOfudk,fESihf
Muonf/ tzHk;udk uwåDygrTrf;onf/ urÜwfudk a½Txnfhonf/ arSmfBuJ
oN*KØ [of nfx h ;kH wrf;pOfvm trsKd ;rsKd ;&Sad omfvnf; wlnD onf/}}(2)
onfh"avh tpOftvmwpfckurl &Sifbk&ifrStp rnfolrqdk udk,fvkyfawmfwdkYtwGuf wvm;udkrl ]]ysOfudk tzHk;
aovGefvQif <uif;usef&pfaom ½kyfuvmyfudk wpfnom a&uefyg;ESihf pyfvkyfNyD;vQif ysOfudk,fESihftzHk;udk uwåDygrTrf;
eef;awmftdrfawmfwGif xm;&NyD; aemufaeYwGif oN*ØK[frnfh í a½TarSmfBuJonf/ urÜwfudk a½Tydef;xnfhonf/}}(3)
ae&modkY ydkYaqmifum rD;oN*ØK[f&jcif;jzpfonf/ &mxl;tqihfedrfhoGm;onfESihftrQ trGrf;trHtqif
oN*ØK[f&mü ½kyfuvmyfxnfh&ef acgif;wvm;ysOf? wefqmenf;yg;NyD; wefzdk;t&mvnf; avsmhusoGm;onf/
o,f,lydkYaqmif&ef oefvsif;? rD;oN*ØK[f&ef avmifwdkuf? þenf;ESifESif oefvsif;awmf? taqmifawmf? avmifwdkuf?
iSuaf cs;cHwefaqmif;ponfwu Ykd kd jyKvyk &f onf/ &mxl;tqifh iSuaf cs;cHwefaqmif;tqiftjyif rGr;f rHrrI sm;rwlujJG ym;oGm;
tjrihftedrfhtvdkuf wefqmqifrI? crf;em;rI uGJjym;pGm onf/ tao;pdwfudk avmuAsL[m (tif½Hkpmwrf;)wGif
owfrSwfcsuf? uefYowfcsuftwdkif; aqmif&GufMu&onf/ avhvmEdkifonf/
oN*ØK[f&modkY vdkufygydkYaqmifonfh tpDtpOf? oN*ØK[fonfh rif;a,musmf ;rsm;wGiv
f nf; &Sibf &k ifNy;D vQif tdraf &SUrif;
tpDtpOf? t½dk;aumufonfhtpDtpOf? a&rSm oN*ØK[fonfh onf tqihftjrihfqHk;jzpfonf/ olUatmufwGif usefrif;nD
tpDtpOfrsm;vnf; xdkenf;wl&Sdonf/ rif;om;rsm;? 0efBuD;rSL;awmfrwfawmfwdkY&Sdonf/ tqihfjrihf?
&Sifbk&ifESihf rdzk&m;wdkYtwGuf acgif;wvm;jyKvkyf&mü tqihfedrfhuGJjym;ouJhodkY 'kr*FvudpöpD&ifcif;usif;&mü rwl
]]ysOfudktzHk;a&uefyg;ESihf pyfvkyfNyD;vQif twGif;jyifudk uGjJ ym;onf/
a½Tyed ;f xnfoh nf/ wvm;ysOu f , kd Ef iS t
fh zH;k udk uwåyD geDrrT ;f í 1/ tif½Hk (nTef;NyD;) pm- 303/
2/ ,if; pm- 319/
arSmfBuJonf/ urÜwfudk a½TykpGefcGHrTrf;onf/ urÜwfaxmifhudk 3/ ,if; pm- 322/
acgif;wvm;rSmyif tdraf &SUrif;twGurf mS ]]ysOu f pkd yfvyk f ukvm;tcsKyo f rm;wdrYk mS rif;nDrif;om;? rSL;awmf rwfawmf
Ny;D vQif twGi;f tjyif a½Tyed ;f xnfo h nf/ tzH;k rSm a&uefyg;ESifh wdkYu aovGef&m vkyfaqmifxrf;ydk;vdkuf&vQif t&Gwf0efu
pyfvkyfonf/ a½Tydef;xnfhonf/ ysOfudk,fESihftzHk;udk uwåDyg zsiEf pS pf ?kH t&Gwpf ma&;u zsiw f pfp?kH wdik jf zpfol t&Gwo f m;wdrYk mS
(1)
rTrf;í urÜwfESihf vif;EdkYawmifudk a½TykpGefcGHrTrf;onf/}}(1) aMu; (30)ay;&onf/
rif;om;ae&mwdt Yk wGuu
f rl ]]ysOu f kd tzH;k a&uefyg;pyfí vly*k Kd¾ vrf sm; oN*KØ [o f nft
h cgrSmom tqifch jJG cm;onf
ysOfudk,fESihf tzHk;udk,fudk uwåDygrTrf;í a½TarSmfBuJonf/ r[kwfay/ q&mawmfrsm; ysHvGefonfhtcgvnf; tqifh
urÜwfudk a½Tydef;xnhfonf/}}(2) cGJjcm;um oN*ØK[favh&Sdonf/ rif;rdzk&m;wdkY udk;uG,fonfh
vdu
k yf gydaYk qmif&mü eef;NrKd UwGi;f rSm oN*KØ [o f nfukd vduk yf g q&mawmfBuD;rsm; ysHvGefawmfrlvQif ]]ysOfBuD;ysOfi,fudk
ydaYk qmifonfh tcif;tusi;f ESifh eef;NrKd UjyifwiG f oN*KØ [o f nfukd a½Tydef;xnfhonf/ ysOfBuD;wif&xm;jymom'f? ysOfi,fwif
vdu k yf gydaYk qmifonfh tcif;tusi;f rwlay/ eef;NrKd Ujyifü oN*KØ [f &xm;jymom'f? t½dk;tdk;wifjymom'f? tvSLwifjymom'f
onfukd vdu k yf gydaYk qmif&mü vHNk cKH a&;twGuf a&SUwyf? aemuf ajcmufaqmif? aygif;&xm;jymom'f udk;aqmif? roN*ØK[fcif
wyfponfwdkYjynfhpHkpGm vdkufygydkYaqmifaMumif; awGU&onf/ wpf&ufu obifawmfpHkcHNyD; oefvsif;ESihf oN*ØK[f&onf/(2)
anmif&rf;acwf 'kr*Fvrsm;ü t&Gwfpk ukvm;? rGef? tcsKd Uausmif;q&mawmfrsm;udrk l &xm;jymom'f ig;aqmif?
jrefrmwdkYu pnf? ESJ? c&m? tNidrfhpHkwD;rIwf&onf/ &Sifbk&if? tcsKd Uudk oH;k aqmif ponfjzihf oN*KØ [o f nf/ rif;om; rif;ajr;
rdz&k m;? rif;nDrif;om;wdYk aovGev f Qif rGeu f rGet f wD;trIw?f rSL;awmfrwfawmfwdkYu aqmufonfhausmif;udk emrHwHqdyf
jrefrmu jrefrmtwD;trIw?f ukvm;wdu Yk tcsKyt f pyfvyk af qmif vSLonfh q&mawmfjzpfvQif jymom'fo;kH aqmifEiS o fh N*KØ [&f jcif;
&onf/ rde;f rwdrYk mS t0wfjzL0wfí taqmifuikd &f onf/ ylwm jzpfonf/
&Gu&f onf/ a,musmf ;wdrYk mS Adwefuikd f rD;td;k xrf;? tavmif; q&mawmfwYkd ysv H eG af wmfrol nht f cg vGeo f nhaf eYupNy;D
(3)
pifrsm;udk xrf;Mu&onf/(3) wpfvtwGi;f Ny;D atmifvyk í f oN*KØ [&f onf/ q&mawmfwYkd
1/ tif½Hk (nTef;NyD;) pm- 344/ 1/ NrdKU½Gme,fy,fordkif; (jznfhpGufwGJ) (nTef;NyD;) pm- 40/
2/ ,if; pm- 344/ 2/ tif½Hk (ñTef;NyD;) pm- 349/
3? NrdKU½Gme,fy,fordkif; (jznfhpGufwGJ) (nTef;NyD;) pm- 40/ 3/ NrdKU½Gme,fy,fordkif; (jznfhpGufwGJ) (nTef;NyD;) pm- 40/
ysvH eG af wmfro l nfuv kd nf; t&Gwpf o k m;wdu Yk vkyaf qmifuikd if if jzpfonf/ &Gmpm;vnf;ay;onf/ a½Tusyf? vufzuftdk;?
&onf/ t&Gwpf k twD;tNird ?hf rGe?f jrefrmwdYk wD;&rIw&f onf/ a&waumif;? carmufwpfckpDvnf;ay;onf/(1)
ukvm;wdrYk mS jymom'fvyk ?f ay:yefuv k m; a&TpuúL tvS;D tcRwf rdzk&m;qdkygu rdzk&m;\ uRefawmfrsdK;wdkYwGif oifhol
rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&onf/ puúLayg ukvm;a&Trsm;udk olaX; wpfa,mufa,mufudk t½dk;aumufcefY&onf/(2)
wdu Yk ay;&onf/ rGejf refrmrde;f r a,musmf ;wd0Yk wf&ef zsirf sm;udk tdrfa&SUrif;wdkYqdkygu tdrfa&SUrif; uRefawmfrsdK;xJu
ykqdk;wdkufpdk;u ay;&onf/(1) oifholudk a½G;cs,fcefYxm;&onf/(3) rdzk&m;a[mif;rsm;udk
&Sifrdzk&m;tygt0if rif;rdef;rrsm;\ tavmif;jyif&ef oN*KØ [o f nft h cgrl t½d;k aumuftjzpf vlMurf;iSm; vkyaf qmif
pnfw;D &mü rde;f rpnfw;D pH&k olvnf;&So d nf/ r&olvnf;&So d nf/ Muonf/(4)
&olu rdef;rpnfwD;pHkudk wD;&onf/ r&olu rompnfom oN*ØK[fyHktpDtpOfrsm;udk pdwftm½HkxJ jrifxifEdkif&ef
wD;&onf/ &Sib
f &k ifrsm; aovGeo f nft h cg oN*KØ [yf t
kH pDt&ifukd avmu
oN*KØ [&f mü o&P*Hw k ifNy;D zdjk zihf rD;uRr;f atmif oN*KØ [f AsL[m (tif½Hkpmwrf;) rS tusOf;rQ aumufEkwfazmfjyvdkay
½HkESihf 'kr*Fvudpöonf rNyD;ao;ay/ t½dk;aumufNyD; jrpfxJ onf/
oN*KØ [Nf y;D rS tNy;D wdik Nf y;D pD;onfjzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumihf rD;oN*KØ [f oN*KØ [yf tkH pDt&if
Ny;D onfukd t½d;k aumuf&onf/ t½d;k aumufou l v kd nf; rif;rSm &Sifbk&ifwdkYaovGefí <uif;usefaom ½kyfuvmyfudk
wpfrsdK;? rdzk&m;rSmwpfrsdK;? tdrfa&SUrif;rSmwpfrsdK;? a&G;cs,fcefY a&csKd ;oefpY ifNy;D tavmif;pifay:wifonft h cg xD;jzLzGijfh cif;?
xm;avh&Sdonf/ pnfw;D jcif;? avSum;a,mifaxmifay;&jcif;? uky;Dæ ac:aool
&Sifbk&iftwGuf taemuftwGif;trIxrf;oaygufrSL; twGuf pm;aomufz, G &f m jyifqifjcif;ponft h pDtpOfig;&yf
wdrYk S oihaf vsmo f ul kd a&G;cs,o f nf/ xdo k u l kd bGUJ vnf;ay;tyf udk wpfNydKifwnf; pD&if&onf/
onf/ bGUJ url o0efvuf,m? o0efvuf0?J oa&yknmwpfcck k 1/ tif½Hk (nTef;NyD;) pm- 305/
2/ ,if; pm- 314/
1/ NrdKU&Gme,fy,fordkif; (jznfhpGufwGJ) (nTef;NyD;) pm- 40/ 3/ ,if; pm- 333/
4/ ,if; pm- 320/
½kyfuvmyf (tavmif;aumif) xnfh&ef acgif;wvm; xm; &onf/ &mZrwfjyifywfvnf&adS xmifh av;axmif?h wHcg;
vky&f onf/ oN*KØ [&f modYk ydaYk qmifo,f,&l ef oefvsi;f jyKvyk f av;ckESihf wHcg;ESihf axmihfNcHpyfMum;wdkYü vSH? um? vTm;? 'dkif;?
xm;&onf/ pE´m;? ,yfrm;? a½TjrLwm? aiGjrLwm? a½Twaumif;? av;jrm; cif;usif;xm;&onf/
aiGwaumif;? a½TycsKy?f aiGycsKyrf sm;ponfh taqmifrsm;vnf;
t½d;k td;k ESifh t½d;k aumuf
xm;&onf/ zdxif;ac: zdw;kH ig;wH;k udv k nf; wifxm;&onf/
rD;oN*ØK[fNyD; t½dk;aumuf&eftwGuf t½dk;tdk;? t½dk;tdk;
rD;oN*KØ [cf geD; o&P*Hw k ifNy;D aemuf <uvmorQaom oHCm
awmfrsm;udkvSL&ef cgom? ykqdk;jzL? vufzufacsmif; ponf wifrnfh yef;axmifudkvnf; jyKvkyfxm;&onf/ t½dk;tdk;udk
rsm;udv k nf; ,laqmifum avmifwu kd tf eD;rSm pkyx kH m;&onf/ opfjzihf yGwv f yk &f onf/ t½d;k aumuf&eftwGuf t½d;k aumuf
avmifwu kd rf mS rD;oN*KØ [&f ef tavmif;wifpifygonfh jymom'f udkvnf; a&G;cs,fcefYxm;&onf/
ukqd vkd o kd nf/ avmifwu kd o
f Ykd ydaYk qmifonft
h pDtpOf
avmifwu kd t f pDt&if ½kyfuvmyfudk rD;oN*ØK[fonfhae&modkY ydkYaqmif&mü
avmif w d k u f ü tk w f e H & H E S p f z uf p D o nf / tay:u a½SUqHk;u rD;tdk;xrf;orm;? aemufuzdxif;ac:zdwHk; ig;wHk;
oHuGef&uf cif;onf/ tkwfeH&HESpfzufü pjrif;wdkif? yGwfvHk; xrf;olrsm;? xdkYaemufpE´m;? ,yfrm; ponfhtaqmifudkif
ajcmufvkH;pdu k Nf y;D xif;ig;xyfy&kH onf/ xif;yHak y:wGif rD;td;k &Spfa,muf? rD;owftdk; q,fvHk;&Gufí vdkuf&ol q,fOD;?
ajcmufvHk;udk acgif;&if;buf? ajc&if;buf? vuf0Jbuf? uGrf;bl; oHk;ckudk oHk;a,muf? eHo Y mwH;k &Spw f ;kH xrf;ol &SpOf ;D ?
vuf,mbufwdkYü xm;onf/ ESi;f &nf oH;k vH;k udik o f ?l onfah emuf ukyæD;yGJudkif/
rD;oN*KØ [rf nfh tavmif;pifay:wGif iSuaf cs;cHwefaqmif; xdkYaemufrSmrS t½dk;aumufpD;onhfqif? aygif;0ef;
&Sdonf/ ½dkiftrdk;ESihfjzpfonf/ rsufESmMuufcgom Mum,yf wifqif? tH;k arG&Y mwifqif? aAmif;wk&ifwifqif? twGi;f awmfNrJ
ESpqf ihjf zpfonf/ 0g;yd;k av;vH;k udk av;wdik pf u kd Nf y;D eD;yg;xnf trwfwpfa,mufu aAmif;xky0f wfjzLESifh aAmif;wk&ifawmf
rGrf;BudK;ESihf iSufacs;cHwefaqmif;udk qGJwifonf/
udkydkufvsuf qif&JuwGifpD;&onf/ a&SUawmfajy;rSL;ESihf
avmifwu kd \f ywfvnfuzkd siu f m&onf/ tjyifywfvnf
a&SUawmfajy;pkom;wdkYonf pnfawmfpHkudk wD;ívdkuf&onf/
udkvnf; &mZrwfaxmihfNcHum&onf/ wHcg;av;rsufESm
xdjYk yif usKid ;f awmf &Sppf if;udk usKd i;f awmfom; &Spaf ,muf udvk nf; acgif;&if;u ESppf if;? ajc&if;u ESppf if;? &mZrwfurkd í SD
udkifvsuf vdkuf&onf/ a0gawmfudk a0gom;wdkYxrf;&onf/ pdu
k xf m;&onf/
pm;awmfuGrf;cGuf-wpf? aomufawmfa&-wpf? vufzuftdk;- t½dk;aumufudk qifay:u qif;oufapNyD; ukyæD;yGJESihf
wpf? ,yfawmf-wpf? aq;wHawmf-wpf? ajceif;awmf-wpf aeap&onf/ t½d;k aumufqif? aygif;0ef;wifqif? tH;k arGU&m
udik of rl sm;vdu k &f onf/ ysOBf u;D udk trwfysKd wYkd rívdu k &f onf/ wifqif? aAmif;awmfwifqif? qifav;pD;udk &mZrwfjyif?
jrif;rSL; &Spaf ,muf&jH rm;BuKd ;udik í f vduk &f onf/oefvsi;f awmf awmifuaeap&onf/ pnfawmfpHku &mZrwfjyif? ta½SUu
udk trwfwx Ykd rf;í vdu k &f onf/ oefvsi;f awmfa½SUu xD;jzL tqufrjywf wD;ae&onf/
a0gawmf usdKif;awmfudk &mZrwftjyif ajrmuft&yf
ESpfpif;? aemufuxD;jzL ESpfpif;? jrif;awmfonfwdkYudkifí
a0gawmfpifwGif cif;usif;xm;&onf/ NyD;aemuf ysOfBuD;udk
vdu k &f onf/ rif;om;? jrif;rSL;ae&mae? ES;D acgufae trnf&
xif;ay:wGif wif&onf/ oefvsi;f awmfu, kd OS Nf y;D ½kyu
f vmyf
jrif;Bu;D jrif;acgif;trSL;tBu;D pma&;pmcsD aoG;aomufBu;D pk?
tavmif;awmfukd ysOBf u;D wGif oGi;f &onf/ oefvsi;f awmfukd
jrif;awmfonfwdkY vdkuf&onf/ &mZrwftwGif;wGif xm;&onf/ taqmifrsm;udkvnf;
xdo k Ykd vdu k &f mü aAmif;xkyaf ygif;? 0wfjzLESifh vdu
k &f ovdk &mZrwftwGif;wGif taqmifudkifwdkY udkifí ae&onf/
0wfjzLESihfom vdkuf&olrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ ydkYaqmif&mü rif;om;? rif;ajr;? rSL;awmf? rwfawmf taygif;wdkYvnf;
ajreef;awmf ajrmufvuf0rJ m&bifwcH g;u xGuNf y;D vTwaf wmf &mZrwfywfvnfudk 0ef;&Hí aeMu&onf/
ajrmufwHcg;u xGufum oGm;Mu&jcif;jzpfonf/
bk&ifrif;jrwfwYkd ydaYk qmifoN*KØ [yf kH
avmifwu kd t
f eD;cs&yf tcif;tusi;f &Sifbk&ifrsm;aovGefonfhtcg om;awmf odkYr[kwf
ydkYaqmifolrsm; rD;avmifwdkufodkY a&mufvQif rD;tdk;? nDawmfrsm;u xD;eef;udk qufcH&pNrJjzpfonf/xD;eef;qufcH
rD;owftdk;? uGrf;bl;? eHYombl;? ukyæD;yGJrsm;udk &mZrwf aom bk&ifrif;jrwfrsm;u aovGefol &Sifbk&ifrsm;\
twGi;f rSm xm;&onf/ pE´m;? ,yfrm;paom taqmifrsm;udk ½kyfuvmyfudk OD;aqmifoN*ØK[f&onfh xHk;&SdonfESihftnD
&mZrwfywfvnf &mZrwfurkd NDS y;D pduk &f onf/ xD;jzLav;pif; bk&ifrif;jrwfrsm;u vdkufygydkYaqmifoN*ØK[fay;&onf/
ydkYaqmifoN*ØK[fay;onfhtpDtpOfrSm ½kyfuvmyfudk aemuf&if;awmfvu kd f aoewfvv k ifwu
Ykd a0gawmf\ vuf0J
ydkYaqmifoGm;í eef;awmfrSm NidrfoufpOf bk&ifrif;jrwfu vuf,mrSmcif;í aeMu&onf/ a0gawmf&yfonfhtcg
a½Teef;awmfNAw J u kd f a0g,mOfu a0gpD;vTwaf wmfukd xGuaf wmf ajymhBuD;rSL;u ae&muOD;csNyD;vQif xí usKdif;awmfa&SUvdkuf
rl&onf/ aemufawmfu vdu k &f onfrmS a&SUzsm;usKdi;f awmf? ud,k &f aH wmfwaYkd &SUwGif ykqpfwyk í
f ae&onf/ xdaYk emuf bk&if
a&SUvdu k f ud,
k &f aH wmfwu Ykd ykq;kd rJao;0wfí ppf0wfwefqm rif;jrwfu tavmif;awmfudk rD;ylaZmfap[k trdefY&SdvQif
ESihf vufpGJvdkuf&onf/ twGif;0efwdkYu trdefYawmfudkcHí ajymhBuD;rSL;&Sd&mvmNyD;
onfhaemuf awmfae&mae? rif;om;ae&maewdkYu ykqdk; trdefYawmfudk jyef&onf/
rJao;? oif;usp?f ykq;dk 0wfí vku d &f onf/ usKid ;f awmf-&Sppf if;?
ajymhBuD;rSL;u trdefYawmfudkcHNyD; rD;avmifwkdufwGif
usdKif;awmfpyfMum;ü av;q,fawmfom;? ig;q,fawmfom;
oN*ØK[foltBuD;udk ajymhBuD;rSL;trdefYawmfudkcHum jyefNyD;rS
wdu Yk ykq;kd oif;uspEf iS v hf u kd &f onf/ a0gawmf? a0gxrf;wdv Yk nf;
tavmif;awmfukd zdak jcmufv;kH xd;k í rD;ylaZmf&onf/ rD;xí
yuwd 0wfNrJt0wfESifh vdkuf&jcif;jzpfonf/ pm;awmf
uGrf;a&udkif? twGif;awmfNrJvlysKdwdkY ykqdk;rJao;ESifh vkduf& rD;cd;k jrifrS bk&ifrif;jrwfvnf;eef;awmfoYkd jyef0ifawmfro
l nf/
onf/ aemuf&if;awmfvkduf aoewfvkvifwdkY ykqkd;rJao;? t½d;k aumufoN*KØ [jf cif;
ppf0wf? aoewfESifh vdkuf&onf/ a0gawmfaemufvkduf? ½kyu f vmyfukd rD;oN*KØ [í f rD;uRr;f vQif t½k;d aumufwu Ykd
udk,f&HawmfwdkY ykqdk;rJao;? ppf0wf? pGJudkifNrJvufeufESifh t½dk;awmfaumufMu&onf/ t½dk;udk cgomESifhxkyfNyD; t½dk;
vku d &f onf/ aumufwdkYvG,faponf/ pnfawmfpHku a&SUuoGm;&onf/
vTwaf wmfa&ScU s&yfonfth pDtpOf t½d;k aumufux kd ;D jzLESppf if;tkyNf y;D rif;om;? rif;ajr;? rSL;awmf
vTwaf wmfa&SUa&mufonft h cg vTwaf wmfta&SUavSum; rwfawmfwdkYNcH&Hvsuf vuf0JwHcg;u xGuf&onf/ avom
ESifh ESpfwmcGmí a0gawmfudk a0gom;wdkYxrf;&yfNyD; a&SUrS wHcg;u xGufíNrdKUjyifodkY xGuf&onf/
vdkuf&olrsm;u tpOftwdkif; a&SUrScif;í &yfaeMu&onf/ a&qdyef m;wGif avSmu f m;wpfpif;cHxm;onf/ xdak vSmu f m;
aemufrv S dkuf&olrsm;uvnf; aemufrSmcif;í aeMu&onf/ ESiphf ;D Ny;D AHak rmif;wD;um t½d;k awmfukd jrpfv,frmS oN*KØ [&f onf/
oN*KØ [Nf y;D aemuftpDt&if eef;wGif;? eef;jyifwpfOD;OD;aovGefvQif wm0ef&SdolrS
t½dk;awmfaumufudk ppfudkif;bufrSm csxm;&onf/ rnfo?l rnfonft h qif?h rnfonfah &m*gjzif?h rnfonfah eYwiG f
avSmfum;udk &mZrPdplVmbk&m;0wfodrf; r[mocF&mZmrSm aoqHk;aMumif; bk&ifrif;jrwfxH owif;yYdk&onf/ bk&ifrif;
tyf&onf/ pnfawmftpHkESifh qif&Juaygif;0ef;rsm;udk jrwfu rnfolaovGefpOfu oN*ØK[fonfhenf;jzifh oN*ØK[f
tarGwu kd rf mS oGi;f xm;&onf/ tH;k arGU&mawmfukd q&mawmf ap[k trdex Yf wk &f onf/ bk&ift h rdeaYf wmftwdik ;f oN*KØ [Mf u
&onf/
ausmif;rSm vSL&onf/ a0gawmfusKid ;f awmfrsm;udk tarGwu kd f
rdz&k m;wGif jrifonfrh if;om;? ud,
k v
f yk af wmfwwYkd iG f jrifonfh
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8/ ndKacsm\ ]]tif;0acwf yef;csDvuf&mrsm; pka0;&m}} tvif;yHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef? 1953 ckESpf? yÍörtBudrf/
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a½S;a[mif;okawoe? trsKd ;om;jywdu k Ef iS fh pmMunhw f u
kd f 21/ jrefrmtbd"mef? ynma&;0efBuD;Xme? jrefrmpmtzGJU?
OD;pD;Xme? ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme? 2011 ckESpf? rwfv/ 1991 ckESpf? pufwifbmv/
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EdkifiH NrdKU½Gme,fy,fordkif; jznfhpGufwGJ}} jrefrmrI Adrmef? 34/ oD&Od Zem? tif½½kH mG pm;0efBu;D \ ]]avmuAsL[musrf;
pmaybPfvufESdyfpufrl/ (tif½Hkpmwrf;)}} jynfaxmifpk,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme?
27/ a&S;a[mif;pmayokawoDwpfO;D \ ]]anmif&rf;acwf jrefrmha½S;a[mif;pmayESifh ,Ofaus;rIXmepdw?f &efuek ?f
oGif;pmrsm;}}
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28/ a½Tudkif;om;\ ]]jref r mwd k Y \ 0wf q if x H k ; zG J Y r I r sm;}} okcyd#uwfyHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukefNrdKU? 1979 ckESpf/
BuD;yGm;a&;pmtkyfwdkuf? rEÅav;/ 36/ odef;vIdif? OD; 'kwd,nTefMum;a&;rSL;? wuúodkvfrsm;
29/ a½Tudkif;om;\ ]]ESpf 600 jynfh tif;0 (tif;0acwf ordkif;okawoeXme? wnf;jzwf? wGif;opfwdkuf0ef
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r[mpnf o l OD ; xG e f ; ndK \ ]]r[m&mZ0if
2008 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv/ (anmif&rf;quf) wwd,wGJ? &efuek ?f 1997 ckEpS /f
37/ ode;f vIid ?f OD; 'kw,
d nTeMf um;a&;rSL;csKy?f wuúov kd rf sm;
ordik ;f okawoeOD;pD;Xme\ ]]acwfa[mif; jrefrmhordik ;f
okawoetbd"mef}} wuúov kd rf sm; ordik ;f okawoe
OD;pD;Xme? &efukef 2000 jynfhESpf/
38/ Mobmombd 0 H o ? t&S i f \ ]]ok a woeo½k y f j y
tbd"mef}} ok"r®0wDyHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef? 1996 ckESpf/

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