ECE 101

Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I

https://github.com/topics/electric-circuits

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 Academic Staff
❑ Instructor
Dr. Fatma Elzahraa Elshahaby
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering, EUI
fatma.elshahaby@eui.edu.eg
Office: Room 224

❑ Teaching Assistant
Eng. Tadrous Mamdouh
tadrous.mamdouh@eui.edu.eg
Office: Room 303

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 Textbooks
❑ Textbook [1]: James Nilsson, Susan Reidel, Electric Circuits, Pearson, 11th Edition,
Global Edition.
❑ Textbook [2]: Adel S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith, Tony Chan Carusone, Vincent
Gaudet, Microelectronic Circuits, Oxford University Press, 8th Edition.

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 Course Style
❑ Lectures
▪ Theoretical part and some examples.
❑ Tutorials
▪ More theoretical parts.
▪ More examples.
❑ Learning resources
▪ Lecture slides and notes + Textbooks (it is very important to refer to textbooks).
❑ Assessment
▪ Homework: Problems.
▪ Quizzes and/or in-class assignments (always be prepared!)
▪ Mid-term exam
▪ Final exam.

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 Attendance
❑ Minimum attendance rate is 75% for both lectures and tutorials.

❑ 25% absence rate or more, without appropriate excuse, means that

the student will be:
▪ prohibited from entering the final exam.

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 Academic Integrity and Misconduct

! Cheating
 Work on assignments individually.
 Don’t share problems solutions with other students.
 Don’t share results with other students.
 Don’t copy solutions, or results from any other source.

The university will know.

It has one of the best plagiarism checkers.
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 Academic Integrity and Misconduct

! Cheating
 Don’t cheat during exams.

Cheating during exams is a serious violation

of the academic ethical regulations.

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 About the course …

https://www.empirical.ee/behaviour-driven-development-for-hardware/

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 About the course …
❑ This course aims to offer the student a general understanding of basic analysis
methods for circuits using various electric (e.g. resistors, capacitors, and inductors)
and electronic (e.g. diodes and transistors) components and their combinations.

❑ Also, the student learns about the different types of current and voltage sources; such
as the independent and dependent sources, as well as the direct current (DC) and
alternating current (AC) sources.

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 About the course …
Knowledge you will learn Skills you will develop
▪ Know the basics of electricity. ▪ Using circuit simulation software.

▪ Understand the difference between various types ▪ Expanding research abilities (self-
of voltage and current sources and realize the search for material).
effect of these types on the behavior of electric
circuits.

▪ Identify different basic electric circuit elements

and their combinations.

▪ Know different laws and theorems to solve an

electric circuit.

▪ Solve first-order circuits for different types of

responses using RC and RL circuits.

▪ Recognize the structure and operation of different

electronic circuit components and build circuits
using them.
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 ECE 101
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Circuit Elements
Simple Resistive Circuits
Techniques of Circuit Analysis

https://github.com/topics/electric-circuits

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 Educational Material in References
❑Textbook [1]: James Nilsson, Susan Reidel, Electric Circuits,
Pearson, 11th Edition, Global Edition.
▪ Chapter 2: Sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5.
▪ Chapter 3: Sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.7.
▪ Chapter 4: Sections 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, 4.6, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11 (example
4.17), 4.13.

* Proofs provided on smart board are available in textbook [1].

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** Most materials (figures, equations, etc.) are from textbook [1].
 ECE 101
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Circuit Elements
Simple Resistive Circuits
Techniques of Circuit Analysis

https://github.com/topics/electric-circuits

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 Voltage and Current Sources
❑ An ideal voltage source is a circuit element that maintains a
prescribed voltage across its terminals regardless of the current
flowing in those terminals.

❑An ideal current source is a circuit element that maintains a

prescribed current through its terminals regardless of the voltage
across those terminals.

+
vs is
-

(a) (b)
Circuit symbol for ideal (a) independent voltage source (b) independent current source.
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 Voltage and Current Sources
Independent source

+
vs is
-

(a) (b)
Circuit symbol for ideal (a) independent voltage source (b) independent current source.

Dependent source

vs + is
-

(a) (b)
Circuit symbol for ideal (a) dependent voltage source (b) dependent current source. 15
 Ohm’s Law
❑It is named after the German physicist and
mathematician Georg Simon Ohm.

❑This law states that the current passing

through a resistive load is directly
proportional to the voltage across it.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ohm

v= i R + v -

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 Kirchhoff’s Laws
❑ A circuit is solved when we determine the voltage across and the
current in every element.

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 Kirchhoff’s Laws
❑ A circuit is solved when we determine the voltage across and the
current in every element.
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
The algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit equals zero.

Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)

The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path in a circuit equals zero.

Can we solve the circuit?

Rl
+
vs
-

R1 Rc 18
 Circuit with Dependent Sources
❑ It is a circuit with voltage and/or current source(s) whose value(s)
depend(s) on the value of voltage(s) or current(s) elsewhere in the
circuit.

Question:
Find the voltage vo

Answer:
1) Label the nodes and apply KCL. → how many nodes do we really have?
2) Define the loops and apply KVL. → how many loops do we really have?
3) The voltage vo = 480V

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 ECE 101
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Circuit Elements
Simple Resistive Circuits
Techniques of Circuit Analysis

https://github.com/topics/electric-circuits

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 Resistors in Series
❑ Definition:
Any two elements connected at a single node are said to be in series.

❑ Property:
Series-connected circuit elements carry the same current.

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 Resistors in Parallel
❑ Definition:
Any two elements connected at both of their nodes are said to be in parallel.

❑ Property:
Parallel-connected circuit elements have the same voltage across their terminals.

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 Example

Question:
Find Req.

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 Example

Question:
Find Req.

Answer:

Req = R1 //(R2 + R3)

series
parallel

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 Voltage and Current Divider Circuits
❑ Definition 1:
A voltage-divider circuit produces two or more smaller voltages from a single
voltage supply.

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 Voltage and Current Divider Circuits
❑ Definition 1:
A voltage-divider circuit produces two or more smaller voltages from a single
voltage supply.

❑ Definition 2:
A current-divider circuit produces two or more smaller currents from a single
current source.

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Voltage and Current Division

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Voltage and Current Division

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Delta-to-Wye (Pi-to-Tee) Equivalent Circuits

Delta-to-Wye Wye-to-Delta

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 ECE 101
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Circuit Elements
Simple Resistive Circuits
Techniques of Circuit Analysis

https://github.com/topics/electric-circuits

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 The Node-Voltage Method
❑ Definitions:
▪ A node is a point where two or more circuit elements meet.
▪ A node voltage is the voltage rise from the reference node to a nonreference
essential node.

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 The Node-Voltage Method
❑ Definitions:
▪ A node is a point where two or more circuit elements meet.
▪ A node voltage is the voltage rise from the reference node to a nonreference
essential node.

Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)

The algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit equals zero. 32
 The Node-Voltage Method
❑ Special case: Dependent sources

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 The Mesh-Current Method
❑ Definitions:
▪ A loop is a path whose last node is the same as the starting node.
▪ A mesh is a loop that does not enclose any other loops.
▪ A mesh current is the current that exists on the perimeter of a mesh.

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 The Mesh-Current Method
❑ Definitions:
▪ A loop is a path whose last node is the same as the starting node.
▪ A mesh is a loop that does not enclose any other loops.
▪ A mesh current is the current that exists on the perimeter of a mesh.

Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)

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The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path in a circuit equals zero.
 The Mesh-Current Method
❑ Special case: Dependent sources

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 Source Transformations
❑ Definition:
Source transformation allows a voltage source in series with a resistor to be
replaced by a current source in parallel with the same resistor or vice versa.

WHY?
To simplify circuits

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 Source Transformations: Example
Question:
Find the power associated with the 6 V source for the circuit shown.

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 Source Transformations
❑ Special cases:

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Thévenin and Norton Equivalents

WHY?
To simplify circuits

Only information
about terminal behavior

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 Thévenin and Norton Equivalents
❑ Thévenin equivalent circuit:
It consists of a single voltage source in series with a single resistor.

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 Thévenin and Norton Equivalents
Question:
Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit for the circuit shown below.

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 Thévenin and Norton Equivalents
❑ Norton equivalent circuit:
It is the source transform of the Thévenin equivalent circuit.

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 Thévenin and Norton Equivalents
Question:
Find the Norton equivalent circuit for the circuit shown below.

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 Thévenin and Norton Equivalents
The source transformations can not be used
if the circuit has some dependent sources

Source
Transformations
Thévenin Norton
equivalent circuit equivalent circuit
Independent Sources

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 Linearity and Superposition
❑ Linearity:
It is a property of a system, where the output is a linear function of the input.

voltage
Slope = R1 R1 > R2

Slope = R2

current
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 Linearity and Superposition
❑ Superposition:
Whenever a linear system is excited, or driven, by more than one independent
source of energy, the total response is the sum of the individual responses.

Deactivate current source = open circuit

Deactivate voltage source = short circuit

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 Linearity and Superposition
❑ Superposition and dependent sources:
For a linear circuit that has both dependent and independent sources, the dependent
sources are never deactivated when applying superposition. Only the independent
sources are deactivated.

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