ECE 101

Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I

Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

https://github.com/topics/electric-circuits

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 Educational Material in References
❑Textbook [1]: James Nilsson, Susan Reidel, Electric Circuits,
Pearson, 11th Edition, Global Edition.
▪ Chapter 9: sections 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3.
▪ Appendix B: Complex numbers.
▪ Appendix F: An abbreviated table of trigonometric identities.
In this course, it is always important to refer to and read the textbooks.

* Proofs provided on smart board are available in textbook [1].

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** Most materials (figures, equations, etc.) are from textbook [1].
 Introduction
❑ Importance: Studying the effect of sinusoidal sources on electric circuits is
important because power sources and different types of signals are transmitted and
distributed as pure or modified sinusoidal waves.
❑ Transient response: It is the temporary response; which will decay to zero after
some period of time.
❑ Steady state response: It is response that persists as long as the switch remains
closed and the sinusoidal source continues to supply the circuit.

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 The Sinusoidal Source
❑ Consider a sinusoidally varying voltage source v:
𝑉𝑚 : amplitude
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) 𝜙: Phase angle
𝜔: angular frequency of the sinusoidal function
T: period of the sinusoidal function
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f: frequency of the sinusoidal function =
𝑇

v
Vm

Vm

0 t

-Vm

T
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 The Sinusoidal Source
❑ Consider a sinusoidally varying voltage source v:
𝑉𝑚 : amplitude
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) 𝜙: Phase angle
𝜔: angular frequency of the sinusoidal function
T: period of the sinusoidal function
1
f: frequency of the sinusoidal function =
𝑇

Note 1: 𝝎𝒕 and 𝝓 should have the same units.

1800
(number of degrees) = (number of radians)
𝜋

Note 2: The rms value of a periodic function is defined

as the square root of the mean value of the squared function.

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 The Sinusoidal Response

▪ Apply KVL to the circuit

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 The Sinusoidal Response

▪ Apply KVL to the circuit

▪ The solution to the above equation becomes

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 The Sinusoidal Response
▪ The solution to the above equation becomes

Transient response Steady state response

What are the characteristics of the steady state solution?

(Textbook [1], page 352)

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 The Phasor
❑ A phasor is a complex number that carries the amplitude and phase
angle information of a sinusoidal function.

❑ The phasor concept is rooted in Euler’s identity, which relates the

exponential function to the trigonometric function.

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The Phasor

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