ASSESMENT OF SOIL FERTILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY:

A MICRO LEVEL STUDY

1
RANGANA DEY
INTRODUCTION
Soil is a natural body with its own dependent characteristics. It is formed by the
interaction between parent material climate and vegetation.
Soil fertility refers to the inherent quality that enables the soil to provide power
compounds in proper balance for specified plants, when other factors such as light,
temperature, moisture and the physical condition of the soil are favourable. It is thus the
capability of soil of producing a plant yield under defined conditions.
Soil productivity can be defined as the ability of soil to produce crop under a
physically defined set of management practices. It is measured in terms of input of
production factors in relation to outputs or harvests. Thus productivity is not itself an
inherent quality of the soil. All the physical, chemical, and biological properties of a soil,
together with the associated climate determine its response to management, inputs of
labour and materials.
Soil productivity and yield productions are achieved in two principle ways:
(a) Through judgement based upon evidence afforded by actual yield data from
sample areas of the soil unit,
(b) Through judgement based on the comparisons of the characteristics of the soil
and basic knowledge of the plant requirements.
Soil fertility is influenced by countless of factors in an integrated way viz. Soil depth, soil
texture, soil structure, soil pore space, soil temperature, soil compaction and tillage, soil
reaction, nutrient content, humus content, humic and non-humic substances. Thus it is
necessary to study both physical and chemical properties of soil in assessing soil fertility.
The productivity of soil is dependent on soil fertility. Normally, fertile soil gives
good productivity. Every year soil is loosing natural fertilizer through the process of
production. So it is necessary to study the fertility and productivity of soil carefully to use

1
RESEARCH SCHOLAR, THE UNIVERSITY OF BURDWAN, BURDWAN
soil rationally as well as intensively and there by the agricultural production would be
able to keep pace in the increasing population.

NEED FOR THE STUDY

Commercialization and technological breakthrough i.e. use of modern implements,
fertilizers, pesticides and H.Y.V. seeds is still limited in the field of Indian agriculture.
Consequently, most of the Indian farmers basically depend on the natural fertility of the
soil. So there is an urgent need to study the soil for assessing soil fertility towards
increasing soil productivity.

SELECTION OF THE STUDY AREA

Akna mouza of Chinsurah Police Station lies between 22º 53´ 30˝ N and 88° 21´
E - 88° 21´ 30˝ E is agriculturally prosperous area situated in the bank of River Saraswati.
The study area is very adjacent to Hoogly township. The area concerned has been
selected for the assessment of soil fertility and productivity because of its riverine
location and closeness to Hoogly industrial belt.

DATABASE & METHODOLOGY OF THE ASSESMENT

DATABASE:
The entire study is based on both primary and secondary data. For
secondary information, several govt. institutions, private organization, libraries and
related administrative sector etc. are used. The detailed data bases used in the present
context includes :
 Extensive field work has been conducted to collect primary information
regarding tenain characteristics, microrelief, slope Character, enviourmental
hazards. .
 Soil sample has been collected during the field work and
analysed subsequently in the laboratory .
 Survey of India´s Topographical sheets ( 79 B/5 ) has provided
an excellent base.
 Data regarding land use particularly agricultural land use has
 been collected directly from field as well as from agricultural
extension office of the concerned block .
METHODOLOGY:
The entire exercise has been divided into three district phases – pre-field
methods, field and post-field method.
Pre-field Method:
1. Collection and consultation of available maps viz. Topographical sheet, Soil map,
Thematic map etc.
2. Planning for field work.
3. Collection of available literature and statistical information ( both published and
unpublished ) related to geology, relief, slope , drainage soil, climate, vegetation,
land use, irrigation, production etc.
Field Method :
1. Observation of the drainage pattern.
2. Identification of general land use pattern.
3. Study of the cropping pattern.
4. Collection of production data from the farmers directly.
5. Detection of the problems in the fields through personal observation as well as
through questionnaires.
Post-Field method:
1. Preparation and preservation of soil samples for laboratory analysis.
2. Determination of P.H, NPK, organic matter, soil moisture, texture, in the
laboratory with the standard analytical method.
3. Correlation and analysis of soil properties and productivity of the study area.
4. Formulation of strategies-and recommendations for improving the productivity
towards prosperous agricultural development.

CONTROLLING FACTORS OF SOIL FERTILITY

Soil fertility of a region depends on countless of factors:
PHYSICAL FACTORS:
GEOLOGY
 As the Akna Mouza is a micro level unit it is very difficult to exhibit the
geological formation distinctly. The study area is traversed by the river Saraswati and is a
part of lower Hoogly basin. The entire geological structure of this area consists of the
following sucession.-
(ì) Newer alluvium.
(ìì) Older alluvium.
(ììì) Clay silt.
(ìv) Clay.
(v) Fine to medium grained sand.
(vi) Coarse graind sand occasionally mixed with gravels.
Thus the geological formation of the area reflects newer alluvium.
TOPOGRAPHY
Surface configuration of Akna Mouza represents monotonously flat
alluvial plain with absence of remarkable relief features. This Mouza is situated in the
older flood plain region of the river Hoogly. Slight undulation and a few depression are
also found scatteredly in some places. The general slope of the land surface is from South
East to North West.
Local topographical variation influences soil formation. Besides a few
months of rainy season, the rest of the year is passing through a continuous dry period.
Therefore, on the slope loss of moisture by surface run off reduced the amount of water
seepage into the soil. Keeping in view with the slight elevations or depressions in
topography local types of soil are envisaged which are quite different in their
morphological, physical and chemical properties then the other regions.
DRAINAGE
The drainage condition of this river is governed by the river Saraswati,
which is following to the northern most boundary of this region separating the study area
from Panchmukhi (P.S. Polaba) in the north-west and also Naldanga (P.S. Chinsurah) in
the north-east.
The Saraswati is a lost river with a glorious past. The river bed probably
sitted up during the 16th century and now-a-days, the current flow except during the rainy
season reflects a measurable trickle. It is an abandoned channel of river Hoogly, that
branches out of the Hoogly near Tribeni and trickles south across the district and finally
reaches river Hoogly near Sankriel. The Saraswati is connected with the Kana Damodar
and receives water supply from the Damodar also. Being a narrow channel the river
Saraswati some times spills over due to heavy torrential rainfall. The resultant flooding
contributes significantly to the agricultural field in the form of silt giving rise to the
productivity and fertility.
CLIMATE
Climate influences as well as accelerates the process of soil formation. The
elements of climate i.e. temperature, precipitation, water and heat reacts with the
parentmaterial and indirectly determines the flora which is the sources of organic matter.
An oppressive summer season profuse rain and high humidity all through the
year are the main characteristics of the climate of Akna Mouza. The year may be divided
into four seasons:
MONTHS SEASONS
March to May Hot Summer
June to September South West Monsoon
October to Middle of November Post Monsoon Period
End of November to February Cold Winter

SOIL
The soil of Akna Mouza is mainly alluvial in nature. The sub soil is mainly clay.
The river Saraswati has developed surface with clayey soil locally called entel mati. The
swampy areas have clay soil on surface. The NPK status is moderate. As a whole the soil
of the area is acidic in reaction with some amount of organic matter.
NATURAL VEGETATION
Patches of scrub jungle are scatteredly distributed throughout the
area. The Mouza is characterized by the availability of mango, banana and bamboo
garden. The area is truly enriched with different types of fruit trees. There is no
remarkable forest coverage in the study area. Some gardens are cleaned for agricultural
activities.

HUMAN FACTORS:
GROUND WATER TABLE
 Under ground water table greatly influences the production of different variety
of crops. HYV of Boro paddy is cultivated here with the help of irrigation from under
ground water. The under ground water level is 15 feet in the post-monsoon and 30 feet in
the pre-monsoon period respectively. The study area is also fed by river lift irrigation
from the river Saraswati although the channel bed remains dry for a considerable period
of the year.
USE OF FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES
Technological break through in Indian agriculture was started in the mid sixties.
As a result green revolution in some pockets has taken place. The literacy rate is being
increased day by day and the farmers motive is going ahead in adopting the modern
techniques of agriculture.Through printed booklets, radio and T.V, the farmers have been
realized about the use of fertilizer and pesticides. All this efforts have really augmented
the agricultural production by the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It is also
interesting to observe that use of NPK is increasing year after year because of
comparative mentality among the farmer to get high return from the field.
FERTILIZER USE OF AMAN PADDY
BEFORE SOWING AFTER TRANSPLANTATION IN THE TIME OF
BLOSSING
Calcium all types of Amonium Sulphate Urea and Only Urea
Compost and green Superphosphate proportionately
mannures
IRRIGATION
Nature has compelled the farmers to set up irrigation due to the vagaries of
monsoon. Besides the HYV mainly Boro is cultivated on commercial basis, Aman paddy
is another important crop. Irrigation system has been developed for pre and post monsoon
agricultural practices. To save the area from failure of rainfall, go get a return and to
facilitate double and multiple cropping irrigation has been developed.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND SOIL FERTILITY

Out of a several numerous factors, only some aspects of physical properties of
soil have been taken into account in the study area:
STRUCTURE
 The term structure relates to the grouping or arrangement of soil particales.The
soil structure of the study area is bloc like. In the bloc like structure, the original
aggregates have reduced to blocks, irregularly six-faced, with their three dimentions more
or less equal.
SOIL TEXTURE
The texture of the soil is one of the fundamental criterion in soil
classification.The texture analysis also indicates the soil degradation to some extent. Soil
texture has a prime importants than soil construction as a factor affecting the fertility of
the soil for paady production.
The characteristics and proportion of various size groups in the soil of the area
are clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay etc.
SOIL COLOUR
The colour of the soil helps in the identification and characteristics of different
soil. Where, there is deeper the colour greater the productivity. The colour of the top soil
is indicative of soil drainage. Well and moderately well drained soil have generally a
uniform brown colour, but in the same cases there may be a varios shades of red and
yellow. The variation in soil colour are taking place due to organic matter content, which
generally impacts black todark gray tinge.
Physical Properties According To Depth:
LAYER DEPTH COLOUR TEXTURE STRUCTURE
(IN INCHIES)
0-3 Dark Grayish Brown Silty clay loam Block like
3-6 Dark Grayish Brown Clay loam Block like
6-12 Dark Grayish Brown Clay loam Block like
12-24 Grayish Brown Clay loam Block like
24-36 Grayish Brown Loamy sand Block like
36-48 Light Grayish Brown Loamy sand Block like
>48 Light Grayish Brown Loamy sand Block like

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES & SOIL FERTILITY

Chemical properties of a soil are the essence of numerous chemical
transformation in the solid, liquid and gaseous phases.
SOIL REACTION
Soil reaction is the degree of acidity and alkalinity of the soil. Soil pH
influences the rate of plant nutrient released by weathering. The pH is a very good guide
for prediction of a soil which is likely to be deficient in plant nutrients.
Most Nitrogen and Sulpher mineral compounds (except calcium sulphate ) are
highly soluble at any pH and subject to rapid leaching. The rate of mineralization of these
elements from organic matter is very fast between pH 6 and 8, pH between 6.5 and 7.5 is
the best for Phosphorous availability. This availability of all plant nutrient is reasonably
satisfactory at pH values between 6.5 and 7.5.
NITROGEN
Nitrogen is a major structural constituent of the cell. Nitrogen plays an important
role in plant metabolism. When the Nitrogen supply is the limiting factor, both the role
and the extent of protein synthesis are depressed. Excessive amounts of Nitrogen are also
harmful. High Nitrogen in plants becomes susceptible to lodging, pathogens and pests.
PHOSPHORUS
Phosphorus plays an important role as structural component of the cell constituent
and metabolically active compounds. Its role in energy transformations and metabolic
process of plants is very important. It is also involved in the activation of a number of
enzymes participating in the dark reaction in photo synthesis.
POTASSIUM
Potassium involve in the maintenance of cellular organization by regulating the
permeability of cellular membranes and keeping the protoplasm in a proper degree of
hydration by stabilizing the emulsions of highly colloidal particles.
ROLE OF POTASSIUM:
Potassium Deficiency Produce water imbalances
Potassium Salt  Have a buffering action
 Stabilization of enzyme system
Potassium as a catalyst  Organization
 Electro mechanical role
Potassium  Increase resistence power
 Improves properdevelopement
ORGANIC MATTER
Organic matter is an important plant nutrient and exerts a pronounced influence
on physical, chemical and biological activities of the soil. Decomposed organic matter or
humus can be considered to be a stone-house of various nutrients essential to plant
growth. During the slow microbial decomposition of the soil humus, there is a gradual
release with subsequent mineralization of carbon, nitrogen, sulpher, phosphorus and other
element. Humus improve the structure of soil, its drainage and aeration increase its water
holding, buffer and exchange capabilities, influence the solubility of soil materials and
serves as a source of energy for the development of micro organisms.
The study area has been classified on the basis of fertility rating chart of R.E. Storie:

SOIL TESTING CHART:

SAMPLE SOIL NITRATE AMONICAL pH PHOSPHATE POTASSIUM ORGANIC
NO TEXTURE NITROGEN NITROGEN CARBON
lbs / acre lbs / acre IN %

1 Silty Loam 18 13 5.5 0 100-250 0.5

2 Silty Clay Loam 45 180 6.0 >65 100-250 0.5
3 Clay Loam 45 65 5.5 >65 100-250 0.5
4 Silty Loam 9 65 4.0 52-65 <100 0.5
5 Silty Clay Loam 45 13 5.5 >65 <100 0.5
6 Silty Clay Loam 4 13 6.0 >65 <100 0.5
7 Silty Clay Loam 45 13 6.0 20-50 <100 0.5
8 Silty Loam 45 13 6.0 50-65 100-250 0.5
9 Silty Clay Loam 18 13 7.5 50-65 <100 0.5
10 Clay Loam 9 65 6.0 >65 <100 0.5
11 Silty Clay Loam 4 13 6.0 0 <100 0.5
12 Silty Clay Loam 4 13 6.0 50-65 <100 0.5
13 Silty Clay Loam 9 >180 6.0 20-50 <100 0.5
14 Clay Loam 18 180 6.5 0 <100 0.5
15 Silty Clay Loam 4 13 5.5 >65 <100 0.5
16 Silty Clay Loam 45 65 7.5 60-65 <100 0.5
17 Silty Clay Loam 4 65 5.5 50-65 100-250 0.5
18 Silty Clay Loam 45 13 6.0 <20 100 0.5
19 Clay Loam 9 65 6.0 50-65 100-250 0.5
20 Silty Clay Loam 4 13 6.0 <20 100-250 0.5
pH AMONICAL NITROGEN
4.5= Very strongly Acidic 5.5= Moderabely Acidic 7.5 = Very Slightly Alkaline 180= High
4.0= Intencely Acidic 6.0= Strongly Acidic 65 = Medium
5.0= Strongly Acidic 6.5= Very Slightly Acidic 13 = Low
NITRATE NITROGEN POTASSIUM ORGANIC CARBON PHOSPHATE
45= High 100-250=Medium < 0.5 %= Low >65 = High , 0 = Blank
18= Medium <100= Low 0.5%-0.7%= Medium 50-65 = Medium High
09= low 20-50 = Medium
04= Very low <20 = Low

LAND CLASSIFICATION
Land capability means productive potentiality and ability of land. It generally
refers to an expression of all environmental parameters as applied to the biological
potential of a specific unit of land at a given time. Land capability classification is an
exercise for interpretative grouping and grading of soil according to their potentialities
and limitations. It helps to organize significant soil factors for conservation. It also gives
detail information regarding the productivity of different types of land.
VALUE FOR DIFFERENT PROPERTIES OF SOIL (BASED ON R.E.STORIE)
SOIL TEXTURE NITRATE NITROGEN PHOSPHATE POTASSIUM
90= Silty Clay Loam 100 = High 100 = High 100 =Very high
95=Silty Loam 80 = Medium 80 = Medium high 80= High
85=Clay Loam 60 = Low 80 = Medium high 80= High
65= Silty Clay 40 = Very Low 40 = Low 40 = Low
20 = Blank 20 = Blank
SOIL REACTION (pH) AMONICAL NITROGEN
100 = Neutral 25 = Strongly acidic 100 = High
70 = Very slightly acidic 10 = Very strongly acidic 80 = Medium
55 = Slightly acidic 85 = Very slightly alkaline 60 = Low
40 = Moderately acidic

FERTILITY RATING CHART (BASED ON R.E.STORIE)

SAMPLE SOIL NITRATE AMONICAL pH PHOSPHATE POTASSIUM ORGANIC TOTAL LAND
NO TEXTURE NITROGEN NITROGEN CARBON RATING CLASS
VALUE
1 95 80 60 55 20 60 60 430 II
2 90 100 100 70 100 60 60 580 I
3 85 100 80 55 100 60 60 540 I
4 95 60 80 10 80 40 60 425 II
5 85 100 60 55 100 40 60 505 I
6 65 40 60 70 100 40 60 455 II
7 65 100 60 70 60 40 60 455 II
8 95 100 60 70 80 60 60 525 I
9 90 80 60 85 80 40 60 495 II
10 85 60 80 70 100 40 60 495 II
11 65 40 60 70 20 40 60 355 III
12 90 40 60 70 80 40 60 440 II
SAMPLE SOIL NITRATE AMONICAL pH PHOSPHATE POTASSIUM ORGANIC TOTAL LAND
NO TEXTURE NITROGEN NITROGEN CARBON RATING CLASS
VALUE
13 90 60 100 70 60 40 60 480 II
14 85 80 10 85 20 40 60 380 III
15 65 40 60 55 100 40 60 420 II
16 65 100 80 85 80 40 60 510 I
17 90 40 80 55 80 60 60 465 II
18 90 100 60 70 40 40 60 460 II
19 85 60 80 70 80 60 60 495 II
20 65 40 60 70 40 60 60 395 III

Where,
>500 = Land Class I ( Good to Excellent)
400- 500 = Land Class II ( Medium to Good)
<400 = Land Class III (Poor to Medium)
LAND CLASS TYPES BASED ON RATING VALUE OF R.E. STORIE
LAND CLASS – I (Above 500)
This category of land found patches in western, west central, northern and south
eastern parts at about 25% of the study area. The tract under this category is utilized for
multiple cropping.
LAND CLASS – II (400-500)
Covering 65% of the study area medium to good land class lies in the northern,
southern, central and eastern parts. The area under this category is devoted for vegetables
and cereals.
LAND CLASS – III (Below 400)
This category of land is also found scattered in south eastern parts covering only
10% of the study area. Agriculture is practice in the tract under this land category which
needs rational management practices.

RELATION BETWEEN SOIL FERTILITY AND SOIL PRODUCTIVITY

The term Soil fertility should not be confused with the term Soil productivity,
though both of them are sometimes used in a synonymous sence. A fertile soil is one
which is rich in available plant nutrients to be taken by the plants throughout their groth
period. Thus it depends on the factors of soil that determine its crop production potential.
A productive soil on the other hand, is one which has the capacity to produce good crops.
This capacity to produce good crops is derived not only from the fertility of the soil, but
also from other ancillary factors such as availability of moisture facilities from drainage,
soil depth etc.
A soil may be fertile but may not be productive. A water logged soil may be
highly fertile but may not produce good crops because of the unfavourable physical and
over moist conditions. Similarly, a fertile soil may be saline or alkaline, which being
toxic to plant growth, restrict soil potential power to produce crops. Soils, which are
inherently of low fertility, can be made productive through adequate management
practices. The application of fertilizers and manures can even make soils of low fertility
highly productive, which are inherently high fertility , but not adequately productive
because of adverse environmental conditions. Low fertile soil can be also made
productive through proper management measures. Precisely, soil fertility is the status of a
soil to produce crops, while soil productivity is the resultant of various factors
influencing soil management. Thus soil productivity is a function of environmental
factors combined with soil fertility or more correctly it can be said that soil fertility in
combination with environmental factors and management practices constitutes soil
productivity.
TABLE: PADDY PRODUCTION
SAMPLE AMAN PADDY BORO PADDY TOTAL AVERAGE PADDY PRODUCTION
NO PRODUCTION PRODUCTION PRODUCTION (QUINTAL/ ACRE)
(QUINTAL/ACRE) (QUINTAL/ACRE)
1 15 12 27 13.5
2 10 13 23 11.5
3 12 6 18 9.0
4 10 7 17 8.5
5 8 12 20 10.0
6 7 10 17 8.5
7 10 8 18 9.0
8 9 11 20 10.0
9 7 13 20 10.0
10 8 3 11 5.5
11 3 6 9 4.5
12 5 4 9 4.5
13 10 12 22 11.5
14 15 13 28 14.0
15 6 4 10 5.0
16 5 4 9 4.5
SAMPLE AMAN PADDY BORO PADDY TOTAL AVERAGE PADDY PRODUCTION
NO PRODUCTION PRODUCTION PRODUCTION (QUINTAL/ ACRE)
(QUINTAL/ACRE) (QUINTAL/ACRE)
17 10 8 18 9.0
18 16 15 31 15.5
19 15 17 32 16.0
20 5 6 11 5.5

TABLE: RANK CORRELATION BETWEEN SOIL FERTILITY RATING AND

PADDY PRODUCTION (BASED ON R.E.STORIE)
SAMPLENO. SOIL FERTILITYINDEX (x) PADDYPRODUCTION (y) (x²) (y²) xy

1. 430 13.5 184900 182.25 5805

2. 580 11.5 336400 132.25 6670
3. 540 9.0 291600 81.00 4860
4. 425 8.5 180625 72.25 3612.50
5. 505 10.0 255025 100.00 5050
6. 455 8.5 207025 100.00 3867.5
7. 455 9.0 207025 72.25 4095
8. 525 10.0 275625 81.00 5250
9. 495 10.0 245025 100.00 4950
10. 495 5.5 245025 30.25 2722.5
11. 355 4.5 126025 20.25 1597.5
12. 440 4.5 193600 20.25 1980
13. 480 11.0 230400 121.00 5280
14. 380 14.0 144400 196.00 5320
15. 420 5.0 176400 25.00 2100
16. 510 4.5 260100 20.25 2295
17. 465 9.0 216225 81.00 4185
18. 460 15.5 211600 240.25 7130
19. 495 16.0 245025 256.00 7920
20 395 5.5 156025 30.25 2172.5
N=20 Σ x = 9305 Σ y = 185 Σ x² = Σ y² = Σ xy =
4388075 1961.5 86862.5

(r= rank co-relation coefficient)

r = N Σxy- (Σx) (Σy) / √ {NΣx²-(Σx) ²} {NΣ y²- (Σy) ²}
=20×86862.5 – (9305)(185) / √{20×4388075 – (9305)²}{20×1961.5-(185)²}
=1737250-1721425 / √(87761500-86583025) (39230 -34225)
=15825 / √(1178475)(5005) = 15825 / √5868267375 = 15825 / 76800.17822
=0.206054209
 The rank correlation (rank correlation of Spearman) is made with the help of
two variables i.e. rating index (x) and paddy production (y). The rank correlation
coefficient (r = 0.206054209) shows positive correlation between soil fertility and
productivity.

CONCLUSION
Akna is pre-dominantly an agricultural area. But its agricultural activities
are affected by some adverse environmental and social problems. These problems may be
analysed in brief as follows:
a. Due to fragmentation of holdings agricultural operations are conducted in
small scale.
b. This area is some times affected by vagaries of monsoon. As a result,
Aman paddy cultivation is too much hampered.
c. Most of the farmers are still now superstitions and they follow the
tradition bound agricultural practices. They are inefficient due to scarcity
of proper training for the modern achievement of agricultural science.
d. In sufficient supply of high yielding variety seeds.
e. Loans and subsidies from the government are not much more for
purchasing equipments of increasing cost.
The following facilities have to be provided to combat the problems related to the
agricultural practices:
By using only chemical fertilizers, good return can not be achieved. The farmers
have to use green manures and organic matters side by side as complementary to
chemical fertilizers. So the farmers of Akna use a considerable amount of compost
manures in the field. Mono cropped area can be converted into double or multiple
cropped by supplying H.Y.V. seeds, manure, loans, subsides etc. Training facilities
should be provided to the farmers on large scale. Soil testing facilities should be
increased.
REFERENCES:
1. Bhattacharyya J. (1996): Kulchaura Mouza: A study in soil and land use,
P.G.Dissertation. Department of Geography. The University of Burdwan.
2. Biswas, T.D. and Mukherjee, S.K. (1996): A text book of soil science, Tata M.C.
Grow hill public co, New Delhi.
3. Brady, N.C.(1988) The Nature and properties of soil, Eurasia publishing house
Pvt Ltd. New Delhi.
4. De, N.K.and Jana. N.C. (1997): The land: Multifaceted Appraisal and
management, Shribhumi Pub. Co. Calcutta.
5. D.E, N.K. and Ghosh, P.(1993): India- A study in soil Geography, Shribhumi
Pub. Co. Calcutta.
6. De, N.K. and Sarkar. H.K.(1993): Soil Geography, Shribhumi Pub. Co. Calcutta.
7. Storie, R.E.(1933): “ An index for rating the agricultural value of soil” Berkley,
California Univ. Agric. Experi, Station Bulletin 556.