MATERIALS & PROCEDURE:

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a parameter to measure the quantity of pollutants

present in the water and to measure the amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by
microorganisms during the biological reaction of oxygen with organic material. BOD is
commonly expressed in mg/L after 5 days of incubation at 20C.The greater the BOD value,
the more rapidly oxygen is depleted in the water, therefore the lower the dissolved oxygen
available in the water. The consequences of high BOD in water is aquatic organisms die.

MATERIALS:

1. BOD Bottles with stoppers

2. Pipette
3. Measuring Cylinder
4. Aerator
5. Dissolved Oxygen Meter
6. Incubator
7. Water sample
8. Distilled water
9. Dilution water

PROCEDURE:

 Preparing sample into BOD bottles

1. Four BOD bottles were rinsed with distilled water to avoid the contamination of
sample.
2. One BOD bottle was rinsed with distilled water and then full-filled with distilled
water which serves as Blank for quality control.
3. Three BOD bottles are rinsed with water sample then full-filled with the solution.
 Measuring Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
1. DO meter was calibrated by switching it on for 15-30 minutes to allow it reached the
stable status before using.
2. Initial DO concentration for distilled watrer which serves as Blank was measured.
The self-stirring sensor was inserted carefully into the BOD bottle to avoid any air
entrapment. The stirrer was turned on to measure the DO concentration until sound
signal was given by DO meter which indicates the result was obtained.
3. The stirrer was turned off and was removed from the BOD bottle.
4. The self-stirring sensor was rinsed with distilled water before returning to its original
position for calibration.
5. Sound signal were given once DO meter was ready for the next measurement.
6. Step 2, 3, 4 and 5 were repeated by replacing the Blank with 3 BOD bottles with
water sample.
7. Initial DO concentration for each bottle were recorded.
8. All BOD bottles were sealed carefully with the stoppers by tipping the bottle to one
side to ensure there was no air bubble in the bottle.
9. Distilled water was added to the top of the BOD bottles around the stopper to create a
water seal. Aluminium foil was capped over the stopper on the BOD bottle to
minimize evaporation from the water seal.
10. The sealed BOD sample was placed into the air incubator for incubation at 20°C for 5
days.
11. At the 5th days of incubation, BOD bottles were took out from the incubator and the
result of final DO concentration of the samples was obtained.
12. The DO concentration after 5 days should less 1.0mg/L.
13. The result was tabulated.
TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID (TSS)

Total Suspended Solid ( TSS ) is the dry-weight of suspended particles, that are not
dissolved, in a sample of water that can be trapped by a filter that is analyzed using a
filtration apparatus. It is a water quality parameter used to assess the quality of a specimen of
any type of water or water body, ocean water for example , or wastewater after treatment in a
wastewater treatment plant.

MATERIALS:

1. Gooch crucible
2. Measuring cylinder
3. Filter paper
4. Beaker
5. Vacuum Pump
6. Water sample
7. Distilled water

PROCEDURE:

1. 2 crucible was labelled and weighted. The data was recorded.

2. The forceps was used to lift the filter paper and put into both crucible. Both crucible
was weighted. The data was recorded.
3. The sample was analysed.
4. The filtering apparatus was assembled.
5. The water sample was measured 350ml using measuring cylinder. The sample was
poured into the filtering apparatus to pass through the filter paper. The pump was used
to make the filtering process faster. The distilled water was poured around the filter
holder to make sure all the water sample pass through filter paper.
6. The crucible were dryed together with the filter paper in the oven for 4 hours at
105℃. The crucible was leaved cool in the room temperature for 10 minutes. Then,
the crucible was weighted with the filter paper and the data was obtained.
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)

The chemical oxygen demand (COD) is the amount of oxygen consumed to completely
chemically oxidize the organic water constituents to inorganic end products. COD is an
important, rapidly measured for the approximate determination of the organic matter content
of water samples. Oxidation of most organic compounds is 95%-100% the theoretical value.

MATERIALS:

1. Vial
2. Beaker
3. 10ml pipette
4. DR200 reactor
5. DR2800 Spectrophotometer.
6. Potassium dichromate
7. Sulphuric acid.

PROCEDURE:

1. The dilution for water sample was performed and was divided into two which are
10% and 50%.
2. 4 COD vials was took with stopper and marked one vial as ‘Blank’ and other vials as
10%, 50% and 100%.
3. The distilled water was measured 2.5ml, sulphuric acid 3.5ml and potassium
dichromate 1.5ml using pipette and was add it into sample for ‘Blank’ vial.
4. The diluted sample 2.5ml was added into ‘10%’ and ‘50%’ vials and add 2.5ml pure
water sample into ‘100%’ vial.
5. The sulphuric acid 3.5ml was added and 1.5 ml of potassium dichromate into three
vials by using pipette. The all vials were capped.
6. DR200 reactor was switched on and the temperature was fixed at 150℃ and the time
was set for two hours.
7. The vials was placed into DR200 reactor for two hours.
8. The vials was removed from reactor and cool it down at room temperature.
9. All the vials was placed into DR2800 Spectrophotometer and the reading was
measured.
10. The data was recorded.
NITROGEN AMMONIA

Ammonia is a product of the microbiological decay of an animal and plant protein . It can be
directly reused by plants to produce protein. Ammonia and nitrogen compounds are applied
directly as fertilizers. The presence of ammonia nitrogen in surface water usually indicates
domestic pollution. High concentrations of these nutrients may indicate a well construction
problem or an environmental impact in the vicinity of the water supply. Potassium
tetraiodomercurate (II), (K2[Hg14]) is the inorganic compound consisting of potassium
cations and the tetraiodomercurate(II) anion, it is mainly used as Nessler's reagent.

MATERIALS:

1. 2 glass sample tubes (10ml mark)

2. Chamber

3. Measuring Cylinder 100ml

4. Pipette

5. Beaker

6. Conical flask

7. Sample water

8. Distilled water

9. Mineral stabilizer

10. Nessler reagent

11. Polyvinyl alcohol dispersing agent

PROCEDURE:

1. For sample preparation, pour the 25ml sample water and distilled water into the
measuring cylinder separately. Then pour into the 100ml beaker.
2. The mineral stabilizer was added 3 drops into the sample water and distilled water and
mix it several times.
3. Then the polyvinyl alcohol dispersing agent was added 3 drops into each beaker and
mix it several times also.
4. The 1.0 ml pipette was used to add 1.0 ml of Nessler reagent into each beaker. Mix
the beaker several times.
5. After one minute reaction, the sample cell was rinsed and filled a solution (sample
water) into sample cell to the 10ml line. The sample cell was capped and wiped dry.
6. The sample cell was inserted into the chamber, being sure to align the index line with
the arrow on the meter. Closed the lid.
7. The READ button was pushed to turn the meter on. The ZERO button was pushed
and hold it for 2 seconds until BLA was displayed. The button was released to take a
blank reading.
8. The blank reading cannot read because the sample water too diluted. The dilution

sample was prepared to take a blank reading.

9. To prepared the dilution sample, the dilution factor is 1:10 which is 1 is sample and

10 is distilled water. The sample was measured 10ml and the distilled water was

measured 100ml. The sample was poured into conical flask then distilled water also

poured into the conical flask. The dilution sample was mix several times.

10. Then, step 2 until 7 was repeated for dilution sample to take as blank reading.

11. The lid was opened to take out the sample cell
12. The step 5 until 7 was repeated for distilled water sample.