年代

Concerto
Harpsichord suite
Historia vocal concerto
instrumental concerto
Orchestral concerto
Passions drama, music, ballet French Overture ballet，opera，oratorio，instrumental works Concerto grosso
Solo Concerto Toccata and Prelude
Polychoral motets
Tragedie lyrique (法國的 opera 名稱)
Dance music Binary form Fugue
opera , cantata 清唱劇, instrumental concerto

曲種
Oratorio Sonata

oratorio 神劇
prelude
allemande
recitatif simple recitatif measure airs gavotteminuet
courante gigue
church sonata
sarabande sonata da camera
Cantata
Trio Sonata
dance music solo sonata
solo voice+basso continuo

Louis XIV (1643-1715)

Girolamo Mei Telemann Handel

Heinrich Schütz
Dieterich Buxtehude Metastasio
Keiser
Zarlino
Corelli
Artusi Cruda Amarilli Girolamo Frescobaldi Jacob Froberger Georg Muffat Georg Böhm Frescobaldi Froberger Buxtehude. J. S. Bach

⼈物
Corelli Giuseppe Torelli Johann Pachelbel Vivaldi
Cavalli, Cesti, Monteverdi A. Scarlatti Rameau

Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Domenic Mazzocchi

Lully
Chambonnieres, Jacquet de la Guerre, Francois Couperin
Jean Racine, Jean B. Moliere Giovanni Gabrieli
Bardi Corsi), Mei, Peri, Caccini

Orazio Vecchi Rossi,

Claudio Monteverdi
Rinuccini , Carissimi, Strozzi
Caccini
Cesti
Cavalieri Peri
Striggio

Recitavivo obbligato Recitativo secco

monody, basso continuo ⾳樂將劇本歌詞的表

Modal music (Church modes) 調式

現變得更有戲劇張⼒ Traite de l’harmonic《和聲學)
短裝飾⾳:trill, turns, appoggiaturas, mordents 擴⼤樂團編制
Arioso

⼿法
採⽤ Strophic variatio The Art of playing the Harpsichord
長裝飾⾳:scales, arpeggios 裝飾⾳⼿法稱為 division, diminution, figuration 法
n⼿

對位模仿⼿法 aria / solo madriga

(polyphony) Homophony, Harmony
Treble-Bass Polarity (Monody) recitative style 加入 duets, dances, ensemble madrigal,
聲部平等 ballettos,

每個聲部都寫出來 :basso continuo / thoroughbass/ figured bass Continuo instruments:

Tonal music harpsichord, organ, lute, stile concitato
(Tonality) theorbo 低⾳魯特琴，viola St .John passion
da gamba, cello, bassoon
Embellishment and Improvisation 裝飾即興⼿法
St .matthew passion

Almira

聲樂
The concerto medium 協奏風格:強調不同⾳⾊團體的抗衡與 1624 Combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda
合作 例如聲樂 vs.器樂，重唱 / 奏 vs. 獨唱 / 奏
Ex: Concerted madrigal 協奏風格的牧歌 (聲樂 vs.器樂) 1640 Il ritorno d’Ulisse
Sacred concerto 宗教協奏曲 (聲樂 vs.器樂) English oratorio Messiah
1643 L’ incoronazione di Poppea

Pastoral drama Dafne concertato works Concerted madrigal Hippolyte et Aricie (1733)
Rappresenta- tione di Anima et di
Madrigal Comedy/madrigal cycle
corpo basso ostinato Castor et Pollux (1737)
Les lndes galantes
L’ Euridice
Intermedio
L’Orfeo cantata
L’Amfiparnaso (1594)

Lute and Keyboard music

器樂
Settings of existing melodies: chorale preludes
The concerto medium 協奏風格:強調不同⾳⾊團體的抗衡與 Toccata
Fiori
musicali
合作 例如聲樂 vs.器樂，重唱 / 奏 vs. 獨唱 / 奏
Ex: Concerted madrigal 協奏風格的牧歌 (聲樂 vs.器樂) The Four Seasons op. 8
Sacred concerto 宗教協奏曲 (聲樂 vs.器樂) Les Nations
Canzona Sonata Variations

編制區分: solo Dance music

chamber large-ensemble
The harpsichord suites
器樂曲的演出場合及其功能來區分: church chaconne passacaglia The well-tempered keyboard
chamber theater
以⼿法來區分: Goldberg variations
即興 (improvisatory)-toccata, fantasia, prelude 對比樂段 (contrasting sections)-sonata, canzona
模仿對位 (imitative counterpoint)-ricercare, fantasia, fugue 為既有旋律加上其他聲部-chorale prelude
變奏⼿法-chaconne, passacaglia, partita
The Art of Fugue
舞曲-suite A Musical offering
Prima pratica
Seconda pratica La catena d’

理論
Prima pratica Adone
Brandenburg concertos
Affections 情意論
Dissonance 的使⽤? 歌詞含有特殊情感時，可以不遵守作曲
Dissonance 的使⽤? ⼀律嚴格遵守作曲規則 規則，⾃由使⽤ Dissonance Chromaticism 的使⽤? 頻繁被
使⽤，尤其⽤於表達強烈激進的情感

整個古希臘悲劇從頭⾄尾都是⽤唱的

古希臘悲劇的⾳樂是單旋律的 (monophony)，由獨唱或合 唱
團唱出，伴奏可有可無。
單旋律的⾳樂藉由⾳⾼、⾳域、節奏、速度的改變，可引發
聽者強⼤的情感效應。

根據⽂字的輕重⾳韻演唱， court ballet

Regular and flexible Rhythm 規律和⾃由的節奏並存
節奏⾃由彈性

特⾊
star singers and arias:
Stadtpfeifer
⾼雅、平衡、沉靜 Dramatic, dynamic 有動能的, emotional expression

Teatro San
五幕減為三幕歌劇 da capo aria Collegium musicum
Cassiano Aria 的數量增加
強調聲⾳的和諧共鳴
diva (歌劇女伶)
基本上以譜上記載為主， Prima donna (第⼀女主⾓) Castrati (閹歌⼿)
The Florentine Camerata 佛羅倫斯協會
較少裝飾⾳和即興
加入史詩 Castrati

注重華麗的舞台效果 Conservatories 孤兒院 The Pietà

aria 更有旋律性，recitative 更像說話。 A new kind of serious opera by Pietro Metastasio

建立序曲 sinfonia 的傳統 Agréments
Castrati Arioso Style luthé

The concerto medium 協奏風格:強調不同⾳⾊團體的抗衡與

合作
Violin 成為最重要的獨奏樂器並使⽤許多聲樂曲技巧