Project Report (Batch 4)

Malnad College of Engineering
(An Autonomous Institution under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgavi)
Hassan – 573202
ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE-PHASE BIDIRECTIONAL INVERTER

WITH BUCK/BOOST MPPT FOR DC-DISTRIBUTION
APPLICATIONS
A Project Report submitted to Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan, during the year
2022 in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
in
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
by
KAVANASHREE T M (4MC18EE015) NALINA M J (4MC18EE023)

SNEHA H K (4MC18EE044) ANUSUYA N M (4MC18EE004)
under the guidance of

Mrs. YOGITHA S.K. Mrs. POOJA SUMAN
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Hassan-573202
Tel.: 08172-245093 Fax: 08172-245683 URL: www.mcehassan.ac.in
2021-22
(An Autonomous Institution under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
Hassan-573202
Department of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering
(Accredited by NBA For 3 years up to April, 2023)
CERTIFICATE
Certified Project
that the Work titled
Inverter with
Analysis of Single -Phase Bidirectional
Buck/Boost MPPT For DC Distribution Applications
is a bonafide work carried out by
4MC18EE044
KAVANASHREE TM 4MC18EEO15 SNEHA HK
ANUSUYANM 4MC18EE004
NALINA MJ 4MCI8EE023
in partial fiulflment for the award of
Electronics Engineering
Bachelor Degree in Electrical&
of
atfiliated to
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi

that all corrections/suggestions indicaed
during the year 2021- 2022. It is certified in the Project report deposited in
for Internal Assessment have been incorporated
has been approved, as it satisfies the
the Department Library. The Project Report
academic requirements in respect of Project Work prescribed for the Bachelor of
Engineering Degree.
(M&Togitha S. K) (Dr. Kkothi) (Dr.C.V. Venkatesh)

Assistant Professor Head of the Department Principal
(Mrs. Pooja Suman)

Assistant Professor
External viva
Name of the Examiners Signature with Date
1. r. Gepuya NaS
Aade
Vision of the Institution
To be an institute of excellence in engineering education and research, producing
socially responsible professionals.
Mission of the Institution
• Create conductive environment for learning and research.
• Establish industry and academic collaborations.
• Ensure professional and ethical values in all institutional endeavors.
Vision of the Department

To become a department of excellence in the domain of Electrical and Electronics
Engineeringproducing competent engineers with acumen having moral and social
values.
Mission of the Department
• Enhance industry and alumni interactions.

• Promote continuous up-gradation of faculty and technical staff.
• Time-to-time modernization of departmental infrastructure to provide state of the art
laboratories.
• Create research-oriented culture to invoke the desire and ability of lifelong
learning among thestudents for pursuing successful career.
• Create and sustain environment of learning in which students acquire
knowledge and learn toapply it professionally with due consideration of social
and ethical values.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any work would be incomplete without
naming the people who made it possible with their continuous guidance and encouragement.
We wish to sincerely express our heartfelt gratitude and respect to Yogitha S.K and Pooja Suman,
Assistant Professors of Electrical and Electronics Engineering department, for providing matured
guidance and interactions.
We are thankful to Dr. M Ramesh, Assistant Professor and Project Coordinator, Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for his continuous encouragement to successfully complete our
project work in-time.
We would like to thank Dr. N S Jyothi, Professor and Head of the Department, Departmentof Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, MCE, Hassan, for his support and encouragement throughout this Project
work.
We are grateful to Dr. C. V. Venkatesh, Principal, MCE, Hassan for having provided us an excellent
academic environment.
Finally, we would like to thank every Teaching and Technical staff member of the Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering and all our friends for their co- operation and help in carrying out
this Project work.
Name of students USN

Kavanashree T M 4MC18EE015
Sneha H K 4MC18EE044
Nalina M J 4MC18EE023
Anusuya N M 4MC18EE004
i
ABSTRACT
Renewable energy-based systems are rapidly growing. Many types of renewable energy, such as photovoltaic
(PV), wind, tidal, and geothermal energy, have attracted a lot of attention over the past decade. Among these
natural resources, the PV energy is a main and appropriate renewable energy for low voltage dc-distribution
systems. This project covers understanding of a solar energy system with integration and operation of single-
phase bidirectional inverter with MPPT for a domestic application.
This study is focused on integration and operation of a single-phase bidirectional inverter with buck/boost
maximum power point trackers (MPPTs) for dc-distribution applications. MPPT is realized with a buck/boost
converter to step up/step down the PV-array voltage close to the specified dc-link voltage. In a dc-distribution
system, a bidirectional inverter is required to control the power flow between dc bus and ac grid, and to
regulate the dc bus to a certain range of voltages. A droop regulation mechanism according to the inverter
inductor current levels to reduce capacitor size, balance power flow, and accommodate load variation is
proposed. Since the photovoltaic (PV) array voltage can vary from 0 to 12 V, especially with polycrystalline
solar panel, the MPPT topology is formed with buck and boost converters to operate at the dc-bus voltage
around 12V, reducing the voltage stress of its followed inverter. Experimental results obtained from 24W
system have verified the discussion and feasibility.
ii
List of Figures
Fig.2.1: Block Diagram 7
Fig 2.2: Arduino Nano 8
Fig 2.3: Arduino nano Pinout Description 10
Fig 2.4: Solar Panel 12
Fig.2.5: MPPT 13
Fig.2.6: Bidirectional Inverter 15
Fig.2.7: Circuit diagram of Inverter 16
Fig.2.8: Circuit diagram of Rectifier 17
Fig.2.9: LCD Display 17
Fig.2.10: Pin Configuration 18
Fig.2.11: Boost Converter 20
Fig.2.12: Complete Circuit Diagram 23
Fig 2.13: Flow Chart of The Proposed Project 25
Fig.2.14: Hardware setup 26
Fig.3.1: Supply from solar panel to DC bus 28
Fig.3.2: Supply from AC Source to DC bus 28
Fig.3.3: Supply given to AC grid 29
iii
List of Tables
Table.2.1: Specification of Arduino Nano 9
Table.2.2: Pin description of LED 19
iv
Nomenclature
PV Photovoltaic
PFC Power Factor Correction
MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracker
PIC Peripheral Interface Controller
LED Light Emitting Diode
TTL Transistors-Transistors Logic
UART Universally Asynchronous Receiver Transistors
FTDI Future Technology Device International Limited
USB Universal Serial Bus
SPI Serial Peripheral Interface
MOSFET Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
IC Integrated Circuit
RX receive
TX transmit
v
Table of Contents
CONTENT Page no.
Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
List of figures iii
List of tables iv
Nomenclature v
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 General 1-3
1.2 Literature survey 3-6
1.3 Objective 6
1.4 Organization 6
Chapter 2. Methodology
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Hardware Components 8
2.2.1 Arduino Nano 8-9
2.2.2 Arduino Nano Pinout Description 10-11
2.2.3 Solar Panel 11-12
2.2.4 MPPT 13-14
2.2.5 Bidirectional Inverter 15-17
2.2.6 Lcd Display 17-18
2.2.7 Lcd Pin Configuration 18-20
2.2.8 Boost Converter 20-21
2.3 Software Requirement 21-22
2.4 Working 23
2.4.1 Complete Circuit Diagram 23-24
2.4.2 Flow Chart Proposed Project 25-26
vi
2.6 Hardware Setup 26-27
2.7 Summary 27
Chapter 3. Result And Discussion
3.1 Result and Discussion 28
3.1.1 Supply from solar panel to DC bus 28
3.1.2 Supply from AC source to DC bus 28-29
3.1.3 Supply given to AC grid 29
3.2 Summary 29
Chapter 4. Conclusion And Future Scope
4.1 Conclusion 30
4.2 Future Scope 30
Bibliography 31-32
Students Information 33
vii
ANALYSISOF A SINGLE-PHASE BIDIRECTIONAL INVERTER WITH BUCK/BOOST MPPT FOR DC-DISTRIBUTION APPLICATIONS
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General:
Renewable energy-based systems are rapidly growing. Many types of renewable energy, such as
photovoltaic (PV), wind, tidal, and geothermal energy, have attracted a lot of attention over the past decade.
Among these natural resources, the PV energy is a main and appropriate renewable energy for low voltage
dc-distribution systems, owing to the merits of clean, quiet pollution free, and abundant. In the dc-
distribution applications, a power system, including renewable distributed generators dc loads (lighting,
DC motor, and DC socket etc.), and a bidirectional inverter in which two PV arrays with maximum power
point trackers (MPPT) are implemented. However, the i–v characteristics of the PV arrays are nonlinear,
and they require MPPTs to draw the maximum power from each PV array. Moreover, the bidirectional
inverter has to fulfil grid connection (sell power) and rectification (buy power) with power-factor correction
(PFC) to control the power flow between dc bus and ac grid, and to regulate the dc bus to a certain range
of voltages.
Nowadays, a conventional two-stage configuration is usually adopted in the PV inverter systems. Each
MPPT is realized with a buck/boost converter to step up/step down the PV-array voltage close to the
specified dc-link voltage. The boost converter is operated in by-pass mode. When the PV-array voltage is
higher than the dc link voltage, and the inverter will function as an MPPT. However, since the
characteristics of PV arrays are different from each other, the inverter operated in by-pass mode cannot
track each individual maximum power point accurately, and the inverter suffers from as high voltage stress
as the open voltage of the arrays. To release this limitation, an MPPT topology, which combines buck and
boost converters is proposed in this study. The MPPT will switch operation modes between buck and boost
when the output voltage of a PV array is close to the dc-bus voltage. The designed controller can switch
control laws to achieve smooth mode transition and full fill online configuration check for the MPPTs,
which can be either separate or in parallel connection, to draw the maximum power from the PV arrays
more effectively.
To eliminate leakage ground current circulating through PV arrays and ground, several transformers less
inverter topologies were proposed. Even though they can achieve high efficiency, they require more
components than the conventional full-bridge topology. Thus, in this study, the bidirectional full bridge
inverter is operated with bipolar modulation to avoid leakage ground current and to save power components
while still sustaining comparatively high efficiency. Full-bridge inverter operated with bipolar modulation
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Department of EEE, MCE
can achieve only low frequency common-mode voltage resulting in low leakage ground current. To regulate
the dc-bus voltage for the grid-connected inverter, the controls, such as robust, adaptive, and fuzzy, were
adopted. When adopting these controls for the studied dc-distribution system, a heavy step-load change at
the dc-bus side will cause high dc-bus voltage variation and fluctuation, and the system might run
abnormally or drop into under or over voltage protection. Bulky dc-bus capacitors can be adopted to
increase the hold-up time and suppress the fluctuation of the dc-bus voltage, but it will increase the size
and cost of the system significantly. Additionally, even though there are approaches to achieving fast dc-
bus voltage dynamics, the systems with load connected to the dc bus have not been studied yet. Therefore,
to operate the dc-distribution system efficiently while reducing the size of dc-bus capacitors, a droop
regulation mechanism according to the inverter current levels is proposed in this study. Operational
principle and control laws of the system are first described, and the MPPT control algorithm, online
configuration check, uniform current control, buck/boost mode transition, and dc-bus-voltage regulation
mechanism are then addressed. Experimental results from a 24-W, single-phase bidirectional inverter with
two buck/boost MPPT are presented to verify the analysis and discussion.
Solar energy:
Solar power is the conversion of sun radiation into electricity through the use of solar photovoltaic cells.
This conversion takes place in the solar cell by photovoltaic effect. The solar power generation is the most
efficient route for power generation because it takes a minimum number of steps (for producing electricity)
than that of other generation methods. There are two ways of converting sunlight into electricity. In one
method, solar energy is used simply as a source of heat. This heat is further used to produce the steam,
which drives the steam turbine. This method of power generation is called solar thermal power generation.
In the second method, solar energy is directly converted into electricity using PV (or solar) cells.
The PV cell is made with silicon semiconductor material. A PV cell (can be called as a solar cell) is a
semiconductor device that converts the sunlight energy into electricity without going through any energy
conversion steps. This conversion takes place by photovoltaic effect and hence they are called Photovoltaic
(PV) cells. It generates voltage and current at its terminals when sunlight incident on it. The way and the
amount of power generated by a solar cell depend on the sunlight falling on it. This also includes some
factors such as intensity of light, angle at which the light falls on it and area of the cell.The more is the
power generated, if higher is the light intensity. If the area of the cell is more, the power generated is also
more. And the optimum power is generated by it when light falling is perpendicular to the front side of the
cell. Irrespective of the technology and material used, every solar cell has two terminals (positive and
negative terminals) so as to take the electric current from it. Typically, a solar cell consists of front contact
at the top, PN junction in the middle and back contact at the bottom. Basically, the sunlight consists of
bundles of photons, where each photon has a finite amount of energy. To generate the electricity from a
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solar cell, these photons must be absorbed by it. The energy of the photon and also the band-gap energy of
semiconductor material decide the absorption of a photon. Here is the term Electron-volt (eV) which is the
unit of energy that expresses the photon energy and the band-gap energy of a semiconductor material.
Photo electric effect: The semiconductor material of the solar panel absorbs the photons in the sunlight.
Due to this, electron-hole pairs are generated at the junction. When the solar cell is connected to the load,
electrons and holes at the junction are separated from each other where the electrons are collected at the
negative terminal and holes at positive terminal.
Thus the electric potential is built between the terminals and hence the voltage is developed across it. This
further drives the current (DC) to the DC loads, inverter, or battery charging circuit.
If more photons are absorbed, greater will be the current generated. However, much of the solar radiation
fall on the solar cell is not converted into electricity.
Needs:
Solar energy is available freely and conveniently in nature and it needs no mains supply. Solar generation
plant can be installed in a few months while the conventional power plants take several years to build an
electricity generation plant. Solar power is clean energy as it produces no air or water pollution. Also, there
are no moving parts to create noise pollution. Unlike fossil fuels, no toxic emissions are released into the
atmosphere during solar energy power generation. Solar power has less running cost that means once the
capital investment is made, there is no need for continues purchase of fossil fuels as the solar energy is
effectively free in nature.
1.2 Literature survey:

Tsai-Fu Wu, Chai-Ling Kuo, Kun-Han Sun, Yu- Kai Chen, Yung-Ruei Chang, and YihDer Lee, proposed
on “Integration and operation of a single-phase bidirectional inverter with buck/boost MPPTs” [1]. In this
paper they explained integration and operation of a single-phase bidirectional inverter with two buck/boost
maximum power point trackers (MPPTs) for dc-distribution applications. The MPPTs have to draw
maximum power from solar PV panels and given to dc-to-dc converter for getting required range of
voltages. This DC voltage will be converted into AC by using bidirectional inverter for supplying grid. In
this paper, a single-phase bidirectional inverter with two buck/boost MPPTs has been designed and
implemented. The inverter controls the power flow between dc bus and ac grid, and regulates the dc bus to
a certain range of voltages. A droop regulation mechanism according to the inductor current levels has been
proposed to balance the power flow and accommodate load variation. Integration and operation of the
overall inverter system have been discussed in detail, which contributes to dc-distribution applications
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significantly. Experimental results obtained from a 5-kW, single-phase bidirectional inverter with the two
MPPTs have verified the analysis and discussion.
Felix Thomas and Jaison Mathew, proposed on “Transformer-less Solar PV Inverter with Fuzzy Assisted
MPPT for Standalone/Grid Connected System” [2]. In this paper they explained a transformer-less solar
PV inverter system which integrates a solar panel, battery, dc link, dc load and the AC power grid is
proposed. A 300W resistive load connected to the dc rail and the share of power that is supplied from
different power sources, to keep the dc rail voltage constant, is decided by fuzzy logic control. The amount
of power from the solar panel is controlled by a boost converter to operate in on/off MPPT modes as
prompted by the controller. A bi-directional dc-dc converter is used to control the flow of power between
the battery and the dc rail whereas an H-bridge inverter is provided for the bi-directional flow of power
between the grid and the dc rail. The transformer-less topology helps to reduce the size and weight of the
system. This paper proposed a fuzzy assisted control strategy for transformer less solar PV inverter, thereby
allowing it to operate in standalone, and grid-connected mode. The fuzzy control allowed the system to
operate in seven modes. It also provides a constant de-link voltage which feed a de load. This control allows
the flow of power between the sources intelligently. Here controller operates the panel in MPPT mode when
battery, grid and the load is connected. After that use the grid to feed the load and charge the battery.
Whenever the grid is disconnected then battery feed the load. If battery and grid is not there then panel at
OFF MPPT mode feed the load. The simulation of all modes by fuzzy control is presented using MATLAB-
Simulink.
Md Rokonuzzaman and Md Hossam-E-Haider proposed on “Design of a Peripheral Interface Controller

Based MPPT Charge Controller” [3]. This paper they present a smart charge controller (SCC) that can
extract maximum power from solar panel and could make instant decision to protect the system. In the same
time the designed controller can control high voltage disconnect (HVD)-reconnect, and low voltage
disconnect (LVD)-reconnect. An improved maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is achieved through a
Peripheral interface controller (PIC) based Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm.
J. M. Carrasco, L. G. Franquelo, J. T. Bialasiewicz, E. Galvan, R. C. P. Guisado, Ma. A. M. Prats, J. I.

Leon, and N. Moreno-Alfonso proposed on “Power-electronic systems for the grid integration of renewable
energy sources: a survey” [4]. In this paper they explained a review of the appropriate storage-system
technology used for the integration of intermittent renewable energy sources is also introduced. Discussions
about common and future trends in renewable energy systems based on reliability and maturity of each
technology are presented. In this paper, the common and future trends for renewable energy systems have
been described. As a current energy source, wind energy is the most advanced technology due to its installed
power and the recent improvements of the power electronics and control. In addition, the applicable
regulations favour the increasing number of wind farms due to the attractive economical reliability. On the
4|Page
other hand, the trend of the PV energy leads to consider that it will be an interesting alternative in the near
future when the current problems and disadvantages of this technology (high cost and low efficiency) are
solved.
Pawan D. Kale, D.S. Chaudhari proposed on “A Review on Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
Controlling Methods for A Photovoltaic System “[5]. In this paper they present an overview of the
Maximum Power Point Tracking methods and their difficulty of tracking, in the fast-changing
environmental conditions. Both of the most popular MPP trackers, the P&O and the INC possibly provide
the tracking in improper direction during rapidly changing environmental conditions. This is mainly
because of their inability to distinguish the result of their own perturbations from the environmental
changes. A simple and effective technique, which can overcome the drawback of above methods, has been
reviewed called open circuit and slope detection tracking for fast changing environmental condition. The
method separates the MPPT effects from environmental changes and provides correct information to the
tracker, which is therefore not influenced by the environmental changes.
G. Barca, A. Moschetto, C. Sapuppo, G. M. Tina, and R. Giusto, A. D. Grasso proposed on "A novel MPPT
charge regulator for a photovoltaic standalone telecommunication system." [6]. In this paper they explained
the an improved MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) algorithm charge controller exploiting an
interleaved synchronous buck converter has been designed and realized to extract the maximum power
from a photovoltaic panel. The converter sends the available photovoltaic energy to a battery pack thanks
to an input control loop that reads the input voltage and limits the output current of the converter, thus
fixing the photovoltaic panel voltage to its maximum power value. The MPPT is achieved through a
microcontroller-based PAO (Perturb and Observe) algorithm. The converter is capable of driving two
separate battery packs thanks to two on board solid-state switches, thus allowing a longer life cycle and a
better energy management.
N. K. Raghavendra and K. Padmavathi proposed on “Solar Charge Controller for Lithium-Ion Battery “.[7]
They explained the Lithium batteries have higher power density compared to other type of batteries. They
are used in mobiles, laptops and other portable electronic devices. A charging circuit for Lithium-ion battery
with reverse polarity protection is tested with a solar panel tracking MPPT by P&O algorithm implemented
using a microcontroller successfully in this work.
R. Li and F. Shi proposed on the “Control and Optimization of Residential Photovoltaic Power Generation
System with High Efficiency Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter," [8]. This paper they explained an
energy management scheme used for the system is proposed in this paper to guarantee the stability of the
system and to increase its economic benefits. Besides, the optimized method for the structure of the
bidirectional dc-dc converter is proposed. This structure can achieve higher DC voltage gain and higher
efficiency. Furthermore, for low voltage battery application in the residential system, LLC and CLLC under
5|Page
DC transformer (DCX) mode are evaluated and the LLC is selected as the isolated bidirectional DC-DC
converter. The optimized designed method of bidirectional LLC is proposed. Finally, experiments are
carried out to verify the performance of the optimized converters and the system.
C.T. Ma proposed on the “Design and Implementation of a Bidirectional DC/DC Converter for BESS
Operations “.[9] In this paper he explained a digital controller based dual active full bridge phase shift
(DAFBFS) DC/DC power converter for performing advanced energy management and control functions in
renewable energy based power generation systems, e.g., wind and solar power generation systems. The
hardware of the proposed DAFBFS DC/DC converter includes two full-bridge circuit units, a coupling
inductor and a high-frequency transformer, especially designed for fast charging and discharging control
of a battery-based energy storage system (BESS). The proposed DAFBFS converter has a number of merits,
i.e., electrical isolation, high voltage gain, fast response feature in current regulation and simplicity in
designing controllers with a single control variable. To achieve a better efficiency and enhance functional
flexibility in hardware implementation, a fully digital control scheme with a TI DSP as the core controller
is developed and verified. Typical simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the
performance of the proposed control scheme.
1.3 Objective:
• The MPPT is realized with a buck/boost converter to step up or Step down the PV-array voltage
close to the specified dc-link voltage.
• A bidirectional inverter is required to control the power flow between dc bus and ac grid, and to
regulate the dc bus to a certain range of voltages.
• The bidirectional full bridge inverter is operated with bipolar modulation to avoid leakage ground
current and to save power components while still sustaining comparatively high efficiency.
• Increase in efficiency of a multiple-panel PV system by allocating. MPPT with DC converters to
each panel.
1.4 Organization:
• Chapter 1 States the general introduction to single phase bidirectional inverter, literature review
and Objectives of the project work.
• Chapter 2 Elucidates the methodology of the single-phase bidirectional inverter with buck/boost
MPPT for dc-distribution applications and its components.
• Chapter 3 Discusses and analyses the results obtained from the system.
• Chapter 4 Gives an overall conclusion of work done. Suggestions for future work that can be
incorporated for further improvement of the system considered are also presented.
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Chapter 2
METHODOLOGY
2.1 Introduction:
Fig. 2.1 Block Diagram
The block diagram shows the Integration and Operation of a Single-Phase Bidirectional Inverter with a
Buck/Boost MPPT for DC-Distribution Applications. The block diagram consists of controller, MPPT,
bidirectional inverter, solar panels, and Dc bus. Solar panels is used to generate power. MPPT is used to
buck/boost the power from the solar. Bidirectional inverter is used to supply the ac power to grid and to get
back the power from ac supply. If in case power supply is low from the solar then two PV arrays with
MPPT are implemented.
Inverter system, its operational principle is first presented and the control laws for the inverter operation
are then derived. Block Diagram shows a configuration of the proposed single-phase bidirectional inverter
with buck/boost MPPT, which can fulfil either grid connection mode or rectification mode with power
factor correction (PFC). The proposed bidirectional inverter is a full-bridge configuration, which can full
fill grid connection and rectification. When the output power from PV arrays is higher than load
requirement, the dc-bus voltage increases; thus, the inverter is operated in grid-connection mode to inject
the excess power into ac grid. On the other hand, the inverter is operated in rectification mode with PFC
to convert ac source to replenish the dc bus.
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2.2 Hardware Components:

2.2.1 ARDUINO NANO
This article discusses about the technical specs most importantly the pin out and functions of each and every
pin in the Arduino Nano board.
Fig 2.2 Arduino nano
The Arduino Nano, as the name suggests is a compact, complete and bread-board friendly microcontroller
board. The Nano board weighs around 7 grams with dimensions of 4.5 cm to 1.8 cm (L to B).
Arduino Nano has similar functionalities as Arduino Duemilanove but with a different package. The Nano
is inbuilt with the ATmega328P microcontroller, same as the Arduino UNO. The main difference between
them is that the UNO board is presented in PDIP (Plastic Dual-In-line Package) form with 30 pins and
Nano is available in TQFP (plastic quad flat pack) with 32 pins. The extra 2 pins of Arduino Nano serve
for the ADC functionalities, while UNO has 6 ADC ports but Nano has 8 ADC ports. The Nano board
doesn’t have a DC power jack as other Arduino boards, but instead has a mini-USB port. This port is used
for both programming and serial monitoring. The fascinating feature in Nano is that it will choose the
strongest power source with its potential difference, and the power source selecting jumper is invalid.
The communication of an Arduino Nano board can be done using different sources like using an additional
Arduino board, a computer, otherwise using microcontrollers. The microcontroller using in Nano board
(ATmega328) offers serial communication (UART TTL). This can be accessible at digital pins like TX,
and RX. The Arduino software comprises of a serial monitor to allow easy textual information to transmit
and receive from the board. The TX & RX LEDs on the Nano board will blink whenever information is
being sent out through the FTDI & USB link in the direction of the computer. The library-like Software
Serial allows serial communication on any of the digital pins on the board. The microcontroller also
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supports SPI & I2C (TWI) communication. The programming of an Arduino nano can be done using the
Arduino software. Click the Tools option and select the nano board.
These boards are used to build Arduino Nano projects by reading inputs of a sensor, a button, or a finger
and gives an output by turning motor or LED ON.
Arduino Nano – Specification
Table 2.1 Specification of Arduino Nano
Arduino Nano Specification
Microcontroller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5 Volts
Flash Memory 32 KB of which 2 KB
SRAM 2KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Analog I/O Pins 8
EEPROM 1 KB
DC Current per I/O Pins 40 mA
Input Voltage (7-12) Volts
Digital I/O Pins 22
Power Consumption 19 mA
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2.2.2 Arduino Nano Pinout Description
Fig 2.3 Arduino nano Pinout Description
• Power: The Arduino Nano can be powered via the Mini-B USB connection, 6-20V unregulated
external power supply (pin 30), or 5V regulated external power supply (pin 27). The power source
is automatically selected to the highest voltage source.
• Memory: The ATmega328 has 32 KB, (also with 2 KB used for the boot loader. The ATmega328
has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EPROM.
• Input and Output: Each of the 14 digital pins on the Nano can be used as an input or output, using
pin Mode (), digital Write (), and digital Read () functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can
provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by
default) of 20 -50 k Ohms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions.
• Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are
connected to the corresponding pins of the FTDI USB -to-TTL Serial chip.
• External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a
rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt () function for details.
• PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog Write () function.
• SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication, which,
although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino language.
• LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED
is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
10 | P a g e
The Nano has 8 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e., 1024 different values). By
default, they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range
using the analog Reference () function. Analog pins 6 and 7 cannot be used as digital pins. Additionally,
some pins have specialized functionality: I2C: A4 (SDA) and A5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI)
communication using the Wire library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
• AREF: Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference ().
• RESET: Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to
shields which block the one on the board.
• Communication: The Arduino Nano has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino, or other microcontrollers.
The ATmega328 provide UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX)
and 1 (TX). An FTDI FT232RL on the board channels this serial communication over USB and the FTDI
drivers (included with the Arduino software) provide a virtual com port to software on the computer. The
Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the
Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the FTDI
chip and USB connection to computer.
A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the Nano's digital pins. The
ATmega328 also support I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library
to simplify use of the I2C bus.
2.2.3 SOLAR PANEL
The 5W 12Volts 36-cell Solar Panel (41 x 30 cm). Polycrystalline solar cells are used because they are
Laser cut to the proper size and encapsulated in the special sun and weather- resistant materials which give
them unique characteristics.
The 12v 5W mini–Solar Panel has Polycrystalline solar cells which are encased and protected by a durable
outer poly frame. Mini-Solar Panel are light weighted, very strong and weather-resistant substrates or
injection moulded trays custom-designed for the target product. These Small Epoxy Solar Panels are simple
to install.
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Fig 2.4 Solar panel

Polycrystalline solar cells have 2 to 3 times the power of amorphous thin-film solar panels. Very small
space is required for installation and to connect 12v Solar Panel.
Features:
• 12 volt 5-watt polycrystalline solar panel USB charging.
• High conversion speed, high-efficiency output.
• Excellent low light effect.
• High transmittance tempered glass.
• A unique technique to prevent water frozen within the deforming framework.
• Small Epoxy Solar Panels are simple to install.
• Small space required for installation.
• Has 2 to 3 times the power of amorphous thin-film solar panels
• Ready to use, they require no frame or special modifications.
Specification
• Type : polycrystalline solar panel

• Power output : 12DC, 5W
• Dimensions : 22*285*285mm
• Weight : 1.50Kg
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2.2.4 MPPT
An MPPT or a maximum power point tracking is an electronic DC to DC converter that optimizes the match
between the solar arrays (PV panels). This is a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) solar charger for
single-cell LiPo batteries.
Fig.2.5 MPPT
Set-up is easy as well, just plug solar panel into one side of the solar charger and battery into the other and
good to start charging.
Solar maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is to ensure that the light intensity change, photovoltaic cells
output maximum power, to make full use of solar energy. In general, need to use a switch-mode DC-DC
converter to realize the MPPT function, keep the output voltage, and charging current product maximize
(output).
The output of the Solar Charger is intended to charge a single polymer lithium-ion cell. The load should be
connected in parallel with the battery. Each Solar Charger comes equipped with a CN3722 power tracking
battery charging circuit.
MPPT solar charge controller is necessary for any solar power systems need to extract maximum power
from PV module; it forces PV module to operate at voltage close to maximum power point to draw
maximum available power.
MPPT solar charge controller allows users to use PV module with a higher voltage output than operating
voltage.
For example, if PV module has to be placed far away from charge controller and battery, its wire size must
be very large to reduce voltage drop. With a MPPT solar charge controller, users can wire PV module for
24 or 48 V (depending on charge controller and PV modules) and bring power into 12 or 24 V battery
system. This means it reduces the wire size needed while retaining full output of PV module.
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MPPT solar charge controller reduces complexity of system while output of system is high efficiency.
Additionally, it can be applied to use with more energy sources. Since PV output power is used to control
DC-DC converter directly. MPPT can be applied in photovoltaic inverter to coordinate with solar panels,
batteries and workloads. MPPT controllers are more expensive, but give greater flexibility in terms of
number of panels. The voltage from the PV module will drop down, with a corresponding increase in the
current amperage, to match the battery bank or load. An increase in amperage will lead to faster recharge.
These solar charge controllers will automatically adjust as per the P = V x A equation. As a result, get more
power to charge the battery and there will be no loss, unlike the PWM.
Features:
• CN3722 is the use of switching buck mode DC-DC conversion way to achieve the maximum power
point tracking function of photovoltaic cells, the input voltage up to 25V, very suitable for input
voltage.
• MPPT solar maximum power tracking charging management chip, with trickle, constant current
and constant voltage charging management.
• It adopts imported high frequency low conduction internal resistance double MOS tube, high
current diode, high efficiency flat high-power inductor, alloy current detection resistor.
• The large aluminium heat sink at the bottom ensures long-term stable operation under high current.
• High-speed and efficient charging method.
Specification:
• Model Number : 12V MPPT Solar Panel Controller CN3722 3S

• Input Voltage : DC 7-18V
• Output : DC 12V
• Output Current : 2A
• Work Temperature: 25℃~85℃.
• Package Includes:
1 x CN3791 12V MPPT Solar Charger Module
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2.2.5 BIDIRECTIONAL INVERTER
Bidirectional inverter is an inverter that can convert direct current into alternating current and alternating
current into direct current, which is an important part of the energy storage system.
Rectifier
Inverter
Fig. 2.6 Bidirectional Inverter
A bidirectional inverter, in a DC-distribution system, is a device that is used to regulate and monitor the
flow of power between a DC bus and an AC grid and to restrict the voltage expanse at the former to only a
certain permissible range of voltages. In other words, a bi-directional inverter is the one that not only
performs the DC to AC conversion, but also performs the conversion of AC power to DC.
Changing AC to DC is called rectification, and changing DC to AC is called inverter. It can convert the AC
power from the mains or generators into DC power to charge.
The proposed bidirectional inverter is a full-bridge configuration, which can full fill grid connection and
rectification. When the output power from PV arrays is higher than load requirement, the dc-bus voltage
increases; thus, the inverter is operated in grid-connection mode to inject the excess power into ac grid. On
the other hand, the inverter is operated in rectification mode with PFC to convert ac source to replenish the
dc bus.
The major advantage of using a bidirectional inverter is that their use provides users—typically
homeowners and business owners—with additional flexibility in terms of the ability to decide when to buy
power from an electrical grid and when to sell so as to make the maximum profit based on the price of
electricity at a particular point in time.
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Circuit Diagram of Inverter:
The inverter is used to convert DC supply into AC supply. Inverter circuit consists of MOSFET, IC
(integrated circuit), Resistors, Capacitor, Diode and Trimmer Resistor.
Fig.2.7 Circuit Diagram of Inverter
Basically, CD4047 is the 14 pin IC with having very low power consumption. The only purpose of this IC
in the circuit is to generate a duty cycle of 50%. The IC is an ideal choice for frequency Division and time
Delay applications. The IC used to generate a square wave. A capacitor is connected externally between
pins 1 and 3 to determine the pulse width of the output signal. The output frequency is determined by
connecting a resistor between pins 2 and 3. To drive the output coming from an IC, two IRF540 MOSFETs
are used. Since the MOSFET is a high switching transistor, needs low gate power for division and has high
impedance. Therefore, preferable to use. At the final stage, the transformer steps up the oscillation and
provides it at the output to use.
Circuit Diagram Rectifier:
The process of converting AC to DC is called Rectification, and the device used called Rectifier. The
first stage is in AC to DC is to take down the voltage required level using a step-down transformer. The
second stage is the Rectifying the signal, Rectifiers are used to rectifying the signal. Rectifying means
convert the ac signal to dc as possible. The third stage is to filter the signal. After rectifying the signal, it
consists ripple noise in dc signal that is not perfectly suitable for operate the circuit.
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Fig.2.8 Circuit Diagram Rectifier
Capacitor is used to filter the signal. The fourth stage is the Regulation, Regulation makes the more stable
of any signal to give the circuit to constant supply. A regulator is used to make the constant signal.
2.2.6 LCD DISPLAY
The LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a type of display that uses the liquid crystals for its operation. The
process includes putting the data (to be displayed on the LCD screen) into the data registers. The
instructions in the Register Select are kept in the instruction register. The liquid crystal library has simplified
process to display the characters on the LCD. An LCD is a Liquid Crystal Display which displays electronic
visual display.
Fig.2.9 LCD Display
Among different types of LCD’s16×2 LCD module is a very common type of LCD module that is used in
embedded projects. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In
this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. It is available in a 16-pin package with back light,
contrast adjustment function and each dot matrix have 5×8 dot resolution. The library that allows us to
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control the LCD display is called Liquid Crystal Library. The library is declared as:
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>.
2.2.7 LCD PIN CONFIGURATION
Fig.2.10 Pin Configuration
RS-Register
As said above there are 2 very important registers in LCD; the Command Code register and the Data
Register.
• If RS=0, the Code register is selected, allowing user to send command.

• If RS=1, the Data register is selected allowing to send data that has to be displayed.
R\W-Read\Write:
R\W input allows the user to write information to LCD or read information from it. How do we read data
from LCD? The data that is being currently displayed will be stored in a buffer memory DDRAM. This
data could be read if necessary.
• If R\W=1, then set for reading.

• R\W=0, then set for Writing.
E- Enable:
The enable Pin is used by the LCD to latch information at its data pins. When data is supplied to data pins,
a high to low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the LCD to latch the data present in the data
pins. This pulse must be minimum of 450ns wide. E=1 then 0, set the LCD a Toggle.
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VEE:
VEE pin is meant for adjusting the contrast of the LCD display and the contrast can be adjusted by varying
the voltage at this pin. This is done by connecting one end of a POT to the Vcc (5V), other end to the
Ground and connecting the centre terminal (wiper) of the POT to the VEE pin.
Data pins:
DB0 to DB7 are the data pins. The data to be displayed and the command instructions are placed on these
pins.
LED+ and LED- :
LED+ is the anode of the back light LED and this pin must be connected to Vcc through a suitable
series current limiting resistor. LED- is the cathode of the back light LED and this pin must be connected
to ground.
Table 2.2 Pin description of LED
Pin No: Name Function
1 VSS This pin must be connected to the ground
2 VCC Positive supply voltage pin (5V DC)

3 VEE Contrast adjustment
4 RS Register selection
5 R/W Read or write
6 E Enable
7 DB0 Data
8 DB1 Data
9 DB2 Data
10 DB3 Data
11 DB4 Data
12 DB5 Data
13 DB6 Data
14 DB7 Data
15 LED+ Back light LED+
16 LED- Back light LED-
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Sending data to the LCD: The steps for sending data to the LCD module are given below. It is the logic
state of these pins that make the module to determine whether a given data input is a command or data to
be displayed.
▪ Make R/W low.
▪ Make RS=0 if data byte is a command and make RS=1 if the data byte is a data to be displayed.
▪ Place data byte on the data register.
▪ Pulse E from high to low.
2.2.8 Boost converter
A boost converter (step-up converter) is a DC-to-DC power converter that steps up voltage (while stepping
down current) from its input (supply) to its output. A boost converter (step-up converter) is a DC-to-DC
power converter that steps up voltage (while stepping down current) from its input (supply) to its output.
Fig.2.11 boost converter
A boost converter (step-up converter) is a DC-to-DC power converter that steps up voltage (while stepping
down current) from its input (supply) to its output. XL6009 module is a non-isolated step-up boost voltage
converter featuring adjustable output voltage, high efficiency. A boost converter is one of the simplest types
of switch mode converter. As the name suggests, it takes an input voltage and boosts or increases it. All it
consists of is an inductor, a semiconductor switch (these days it’s a MOSFET, since you can get really nice
ones these days), a diode, and a capacitor. Also needed is a source of a periodic square wave. This can be
something as simple as a 555 timer. It performs step-up or step-down of voltage using minimum
components. It offers lower operating duty cycle. It offers high efficiency across wide input and output
voltage ranges. It is less expensive compare to most of the converters.
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Features:
• Model name : XL6009
• Wide input voltage : 3V ~ 32V.
• Wide Output voltage : 5V ~ 35V
• Input current : 4A
• Output Ripple Voltage : 50mV
• Length : 43mm
• Width : 20mm
• Height : 12mm
• Weight : 12mm
Test Results:
• Input 3V Output 12V

2.3 Software Requirement

Having decided to use an 8051 processor as the basis of embedded system, the next key decision that needs
to be made is the choice of programming language. In order to identify a suitable language for embedded
systems, might begin by making the following observations:
Computers (such as microcontroller, microprocessor or DSP chips) only accept instructions in ‘machine
code’ (‘object codes’). Machine code is, by definition, in the language of the computer, rather than that of
the programmer.
All software, whether in assembly, C, C++, Java must ultimately be translated into machine code in order
to be executed by the computer.
There is no point in creating ‘perfect’ source code, if we then make use of a poor translator program (such
as an assembler or compiler) and thereby generate executable code that does not operate as we intended.
Embedded processors – like the 8051 – have limited processor power and very limited memory available:
the language used must be efficient.
To program embedded systems, we need low-level access to the hardware this means, at least, being able
to read from and write to particular memory locations.
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No software company remains in business for very long if it generates new code, from scratch, for every
project. The language used must support the creation of flexible libraries, making it easy to re-use (well-
tested) code components in a range of projects.
The language chosen should be in common use. This will ensure that can continue to recruit experienced
developers who have knowledge of the language. It will also mean that your existing developers will have
access to sources of information which give examples of good design and programming practice. Even this
short list immediately raises the paradox of programming language selection. From one point of view, only
machine code is safe, since every other language involves a translator, and any code you create is only as
safe as the code written by the manufacturers of the translator.
C’s features as follows:
• It is ‘mid-level’, with ‘high-level’ features (such as support for functions and modules), and ‘low-
level’ features (such as good access to hardware via pointers).
• It is very efficient.
• It is popular and well understood. Even desktop developers who have used only Java or C++ can
soon understand C syntax.
• Good, well-proven compilers are available for every embedded processor (8-bitto 32-bit or more).
• Experienced staff is available.
• Overall, C’s strengths for embedded system development greatly outweigh its weaknesses. It may
not be an ideal language for developing embedded systems, but it is unlikely that a ‘perfect’
language will ever be created.
ARDUINO:
The open-source Arduino software (IDE) makes it easy to write code and upload it to the board. It runs on
windows, Mac OS, and Linux. The environment is written in java and based on processing and other open-
source software.
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2.4 Working
2.4.1 Complete Circuit Diagram
Fig.2.12 Complete Circuit Diagram
From figure consists of PV solar panels, MPPT, power grid, bidirectional inverter, controller and LCD
display. When light falls on the solar panels, the photons present in the solar panel converts light energy
into electrical energy. The generated power given to the MPPT with buck/boost converter to increase the
efficiency of MPPT. MPPT solar charge controller is necessary for any solar power systems need to extract
maximum power from PV module. It forces PV module to operate at voltage close to maximum power
point to draw maximum available power.
In proposed project the boost converter is step up the solar voltage from its input voltage to output. The out
-put voltage from booster is given to MPPT. If the voltage more than 12V, the MPPT switches to buck
mode, the voltage is stepped down to 12V then send to the DC bus to maintain constant voltage at DC bus.
When there is excess of power generated from solar panel that time the power is send to the grid through
bidirectional inverter.
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The proposed bidirectional inverter is a full-bridge configuration, which can full fill grid connection and
rectification. When the output power from PV arrays is higher than load requirement, the dc-bus voltage
increases; thus, the inverter is operated in grid-connection mode to inject the excess power into ac grid. On
the other hand, the inverter is operated in rectification mode with PFC to convert ac source to replenish the
dc bus.
An Arduino Nano, a microcontroller is connected to MPPT, Bidirectional inverter and LCD display. If
there is no voltage generated from solar panels. It is recognised by controller and sends the signal to relay.
This relay switches to rectifier and the bidirectional inverter operated in rectification mode, To get the
power from AC source. The AC voltage is step down to 12V using step down transformer. The AC voltage
is converted into DC by using rectifier. Then the rectified voltage is given to DC bus through regulator to
maintain constant voltage at DC bus.
If the excess of voltage is generated from solar panel, Arduino nano sends the signal to relay. Then relay
switches to inverter. The inverter is operated in grid-connection mode. The inverter converts the DC voltage
into AC voltage. This voltage is stepped up to 230V by using step up transformer and given to AC grid.
The voltage at DC bus, voltage generated from the solar, the rectified voltage are displayed on the LCD
display. DC motor and DC lamp is used as DC application.
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2.4.2 Flow Chart of Proposed project
Start
If No
Bus==1
Yes
No
if source
solar==1
Yes
Solar Enable Solar Disable Solar Disable
Rectifier Disable Rectifier Enable Rectifier Disable
Source
If Solar No
volt>=12
yes
Inverter ON
Fig 2.13 Flow Chart of The Proposed Project.

The above figure 2.3.4 shows the flow chart of the proposed project, it provides the detailed information
about software output. The steps of working are as follows:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: When Bus gets supply, It checks the source
Step 3: If supply from solar, solar is enable and rectifier gets disable.
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Step 4: If solar voltage is greater than or equal to 12 V the inverter is ON.
Step 5: If the solar voltage is disable and rectifier gets enabled.
2.6 Hardware Setup
Fig.2.14 Hardware setup
The complete model of “Analysis of A Single-Phase Bidirectional Inverter with Buck/Boost MPPT For
Dc-Distribution Applications” is show in above figure. In this proposed system, two 12V 5W solar panels
connected in series. The output of the solar panels is connected to the DC-DC converter (Boost Converter).
The output of boost converter connected to MPPT. The output of the MPPT is connected to DC bus. DC
lamp and DC motor are connected to DC bus. The dc bus is connected to Bidirectional inverter. Input of
boost converter connected to Arduino nano (pin A5) and dc bus connected to pin A4 and pin A6 is
connected to output of the rectifier to display the generated voltage from solar panels, voltage at bus and
rectified voltage in LCD. In bidirectional inverter, inverter side is connected to step up transformer, rectifier
side is connected to step down transformer. The step-up transformer is connected to LED bulb used as AC
grid which step up the voltage to 220V and step-down transformer is connected to AC source to get supply
from AC source which step down voltage from 220V/230V to 12V. A relay is connected between rectifier
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and inverter which acts as switch which switch ON the rectifier and inverter according to get the signals
from controller.
2.7 SUMMARY
The hardware and software requirements are discussed, working include block diagram, circuit diagram
and flow chart of the proposed project are discussed in the present chapter. The next chapter states the
implementation and results obtained and discusses the analysis of various results.
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Chapter 3
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Result and Discussion
3.1.1 Supply from Solar panels
Fig.3.1 Supply from solar panel to DC bus
From the Fig.3 it is observed that the solar energy generated is 4V, which is less than 12V so, MPPT
switches to boost mode and step ups the voltage to 12V and maintain constant voltage at a DC bus i.e. 12V.
Here the supply for dc motor and dc lamp is solar energy and it is displayed on the LCD display.
3.1.2 Supply from AC source
Fig.3.2. Supply from AC source to DC bus
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From the fig. If the solar energy is not generated due to some problem, then AC source can be used as a
supply to dc motor and dc lamp through rectifier, which converts AC voltage to DC voltage. Here using
rectifier, the constant voltage is maintained at a DC bus i.e., 12V and it is displayed on the LCD display.
3.1.3 Power supply given to AC grid
Fig.3.3 power supply given to grid
Figure 3.3 shows excess power is given to grid. When solar panel generate more than 12V, relay switch
ON the inverter, which converts the DC voltage into AC. By using step up transformer the voltage is step
up to 230V and then supply is given to AC grid.
3.2 Summary
The present chapter explains the implementation and result of the Analysis of a Single-Phase Bidirectional
Inverter with Buck/Boost MPPT for Dc-Distribution Applications. Also, the results obtained are analysed.
The conclusion drawn out of the present project work and scope for the future work are stated in the next
chapter.
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Chapter 4
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
4.1 Conclusion
A single-phase bidirectional inverter has been designed and implemented. The inverter controls the power
flow between dc bus and ac grid, and regulates the dc bus to a certain range of voltages. Since the PV-array
voltage can vary from 0 to 24V, the MPPT topology is formed with buck or boost converters to operate at
the dc-bus voltage around 12V, reducing the voltage stress of its followed inverter. Integration and
operation of the overall inverter system have been discussed in detail, which contributes to dc-distribution
applications significantly. Experimental results obtained from Single-phase bidirectional inverter with the
MPPT have verified the analysis and discussion.
4.2 Future Scope
In future this venture can be utilized as a part of houses, healing centres and businesses and so on. The
preferences of this venture are chiefly utilized for high power applications. Also, in future numerous
machines will be in DC, so this will convey something new to this environment.
The work that had been carried out by the researchers, the designing of MPPT controller, should be
extended by tracking larger number of input parameters which are varying with respect to the time such as
parameters variations of the system. The grid tied inverters are having the problem that if the grid fails,
customer will not get any supply even though there is power generation from the PV system. This should
be considered as a serious problem and research should be carried out in this area.
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ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE-PHASE BIDIRECTIONAL INVERTER

WITH BUCK/BOOST MPPT FOR DC-DISTRIBUTION
APPLICATIONS
2022
Guide:
Mrs. Yogitha S.K B.E., M.Tech.
Mrs. Pooja Suman B.E., M.Tech.

Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan – 573201
Sl. Name of the student Contact address for Permanent address Space for stamp
No. (USN, Date of birth & E- communication at size photo
mail ID) Hassan
KAVANASHREE T M D/o Teekeshappa D/o Teekeshappa
4MC19EE015 Talagunda, Talagunda,
28-07-2000 Talagunda hobli, Talagunda hobli,
Kavanashree274@gmail.com Talagunda post, Talagunda post,
1 Shikaripura Taluk, Shikaripura Taluk,
Shimoga- 577450 Shimoga- 577450
Ph: 8971307203 Ph: 8971307203
SNEHA H K D/o Krishna Kumar D/o Krishna Kumar
4MC18EE044 Srisha nilaya Srisha nilaya
30-04-2000 kitturani chennamma kitturani chennamma
snehasnehahk@gmail.com road 1st cross road 1st cross
2 vivekanagar, Hassan- vivekanagar, Hassan-
573201 573201
Ph: 6361616984 Ph: 6361616984
NALINA M J D/o Jayanna D/o Jayanna

4MC18EE023 Marasu, Marasu,
01-10-2000 wardnumber-01 wardnumber-01
mjnalina18@gmail.com kasaba hobli kasaba hobli
3 Alur Taluk Alur Taluk
Alur post-573213 Alur post-573213
Hassan District. Hassan District.
Ph:6363308794 Ph:6363308794
ANUSUYA N M D/o Manjunatha NM D/o Manjunatha NM
4MC18EE004 #LIG 41 Viveka Nilaya
01-06-2000 Housing Board Chennigarayya
4 nmanusuya@gmail.com Channarayapatna badavane.
Taluk -573116 Channarayapatna
Hassan(D) Taluk -573116
Ph:9845862278 Hassan(D)
Ph:9845862278
33 | P a g e

Project Report (Batch 4)

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Malnad College of Engineering

(An Autonomous Institution under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgavi)

ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE-PHASE BIDIRECTIONAL INVERTER

KAVANASHREE T M (4MC18EE015) NALINA M J (4MC18EE023)

under the guidance of

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Tel.: 08172-245093 Fax: 08172-245683 URL: www.mcehassan.ac.in

Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi

(M&Togitha S. K) (Dr. Kkothi) (Dr.C.V. Venkatesh)

(Mrs. Pooja Suman)

Mission of the Institution

• Create conductive environment for learning and research.

• Establish industry and academic collaborations.

• Ensure professional and ethical values in all institutional endeavors.

Vision of the Department

Mission of the Department

• Enhance industry and alumni interactions.

Name of students USN

Fig 2.2: Arduino Nano 8

Fig 2.3: Arduino nano Pinout Description 10

Fig 2.4: Solar Panel 12

Fig.2.6: Bidirectional Inverter 15

Fig.2.7: Circuit diagram of Inverter 16

Fig.2.8: Circuit diagram of Rectifier 17

Fig.2.9: LCD Display 17

Fig.2.10: Pin Configuration 18

Fig.2.11: Boost Converter 20

Fig.2.12: Complete Circuit Diagram 23

Fig 2.13: Flow Chart of The Proposed Project 25

Fig.2.14: Hardware setup 26

Fig.3.1: Supply from solar panel to DC bus 28

Fig.3.2: Supply from AC Source to DC bus 28

Fig.3.3: Supply given to AC grid 29

Table.2.2: Pin description of LED 19

PFC Power Factor Correction

MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracker

PIC Peripheral Interface Controller

LED Light Emitting Diode

TTL Transistors-Transistors Logic

UART Universally Asynchronous Receiver Transistors

FTDI Future Technology Device International Limited

USB Universal Serial Bus

SPI Serial Peripheral Interface

MOSFET Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

1.2 Literature survey:

Md Rokonuzzaman and Md Hossam-E-Haider proposed on “Design of a Peripheral Interface Controller

J. M. Carrasco, L. G. Franquelo, J. T. Bialasiewicz, E. Galvan, R. C. P. Guisado, Ma. A. M. Prats, J. I.

Fig. 2.1 Block Diagram

2.2 Hardware Components:

Fig 2.2 Arduino nano

Arduino Nano – Specification

Table 2.1 Specification of Arduino Nano

Arduino Nano Specification

Operating Voltage 5 Volts

Flash Memory 32 KB of which 2 KB

Clock Speed 16 MHz